SMS Bodrog

The Yugoslav monitor ''Sava'' is a ''Temes''-class river monitor that was built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy as SMS ''Bodrog''. She fired the first shots of World War I just after 01:00 on 29 July 1914, when she and two other monitors shelled Serbian defences near Belgrade. She was part of the Danube Flotilla, and fought the Serbian and Romanian armies from Belgrade to the mouth of the Danube. In the closing stages of the war, she was the last monitor to withdraw towards Budapest, but was captured by the Serbs when she grounded on a sandbank downstream from Belgrade. After the war, she was transferred to the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and renamed ''Sava''. She remained in service throughout the interwar period, although budget restrictions meant she was not always in full commission.

During the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, ''Sava'' served with the 1st Monitor Division. Along with her fellow monitor , she laid mines in the Danube near the Romanian border during the first few days of the invasion. The two monitors fought off several attacks by the ''Luftwaffe'', but were forced to withdraw to Belgrade. Due to high river levels and low bridges, navigation was difficult, and ''Sava'' was scuttled on 11 April. Some of her crew tried to escape cross-country towards the southern Adriatic coast, but all were captured prior to the Yugoslav surrender. The vessel was later raised by the navy of the Axis puppet state known as the Independent State of Croatia and continued to serve as ''Sava'' until the night of 8 September 1944 when she was again scuttled.

Following World War II, ''Sava'' was raised once again, and was refurbished to serve in the Yugoslav Navy from 1952 to 1962. She was then transferred to a state-owned company that was eventually privatised. In 2005, the government of Serbia granted her limited heritage protection after citizens demanded that she be preserved as a floating museum, but little else was done to restore her at the time. In 2015, the Serbian Ministry of Defence and Belgrade's Military Museum acquired the ship. She was restored by early 2019 and opened as a floating museum in November 2021.

Description and construction

A ''Temes''-class river monitor, the ship was built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy by H. Schönichen, and designed by Austrian naval architect Josef Thiel. Originally named SMS ''Bodrog'', she was laid down at Neupest on 14 February 1903. Like her sister ship , she had an overall length of , a beam of , and a normal draught of . Her standard displacement was with a full load displacement of , and her crew consisted of between 77 and 79 officers and enlisted men. ''Bodrog'' had two triple-expansion steam engines, each driving a single propeller shaft. Steam was provided by two Yarrow water-tube boilers, and her engines were rated at . As designed, she had a maximum speed of , and carried of coal.

''Bodrog'' was armed with two L/35 guns in single gun turrets. These were positioned forward on either side of the conning tower, which greatly reduced their firing arcs from the gun arrangement on previous Austro-Hungarian river monitors. She also mounted a single L/10 howitzer in a central pivot mount, positioned aft, but it was a far less effective weapon than the forward guns. The maximum range of her Škoda 120 mm guns was , and her howitzer could fire its shells a maximum of .

Her armour consisted of a belt ranging from to in thickness, casemates and gun turrets to thick, and deck armour thick. The armour on her conning tower was thick. Her armour, made of iron–nickel alloy, was an improvement on that of earlier Austro-Hungarian river monitors. ''Bodrog'' was launched on 12 April 1904, commissioned on 2 August 1904, and completed on 10 November 1904.

Career

World War I

Serbian campaign

''Bodrog'' was part of the Danube Flotilla, and at the start of World War I she was based in Zemun, just upstream from Belgrade on the Danube, under the command of ''Linienschiffsleutnant'' (LSL) Paul Ekl. She shared the base with three other monitors and three patrol boats. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914, and a little after 01:00 on the following day, ''Bodrog'' and two other monitors fired the first shots of the war against Serb fortifications on the Zemun–Belgrade railway bridge over the Sava river and on Topčider Hill. The Serbs were outgunned by the monitors, and by August began to receive assistance from the Russians. This support included the supply and emplacement of naval guns and the establishment of river obstacles and mines. On 8 September, the Austro-Hungarian base at Zemun was evacuated in the face of a Serbian counterattack. ''Bodrog'' and the minesweeper ''Andor'' conducted a deception operation towards Pančevo on 19 September, and six days later, ''Bodrog'' bombarded Serb positions on the bank of the Sava near Belgrade. On 28 September, she rendezvoused with the monitor at Banovci, and the following day the two monitors targeted the Belgrade Fortress and conducted a reconnaissance of Zemun. On 1 October, ''Bodrog'' sailed to Budapest, where she was placed in dry dock for two weeks. She returned to the flotilla on 15 October. By November, French artillery support had arrived in Belgrade, endangering the monitor's anchorage, and on 12 November, Ekl was replaced by LSL Olaf Wulff. The stalemate continued until the following month, when the Serbs evacuated Belgrade in the face of an Austro-Hungarian assault. On 1 December, ''Bodrog'' and the newly commissioned monitor engaged the retreating Serbs. After less than two weeks, the Austro-Hungarians retreated from Belgrade, and it was soon recaptured by the Serbs with Russian and French support. ''Bodrog'' continued in action against Serbia and her allies at Belgrade until December, when her base was withdrawn to Petrovaradin, near Novi Sad, for the winter.

The Germans and Austro-Hungarians wanted to transport munitions down the Danube to the Ottoman Empire, so on 24 December 1914, ''Bodrog'' and the minesweeper ''Almos'' escorted the steamer ''Trinitas'' loaded with munitions, the patrol boat ''b'' and two tugs from Zemun pas Belgrade towards the Iron Gates gorge on the Serbian–Romanian border. The convoy ran the gauntlet of the Belgrade defences unharmed, but when it reached Smederevo it received information that the Russians had established a minefield and log barrier just south of the Iron Gates. It turned back under heavy fire, and withdrew as far as Pančevo without serious damage to any vessel. ''Bodrog'' returned to base, and the monitor was sent to guard the munitions and escort the convoy back to Petrovaradin. In January 1915, British artillery arrived in Belgrade, further bolstering its defences, and ''Bodrog'' spent the first months of the year at Zemun. On 23 February, LSL Kosimus Böhm took command. On 1 March, ''Bodrog'' and several other vessels including the monitor were relocated to Petrovaradin. After the commencement of the Gallipoli campaign, munitions supply to the Ottomans became critical, so another attempt was planned. On 30 March, the steamer ''Belgrad'' left Zemun, escorted by ''Bodrog'' and ''Enns''. The convoy was undetected as it sailed passed Belgrade at night during a storm, but after the monitors returned to base, ''Belgrad'' struck a mine near Vinča, and after coming under heavy artillery fire, exploded near Ritopek. On 22 April 1915, a British picket boat that had been brought overland by rail from Salonika was used to attack the Danube Flotilla anchorage at Zemun, firing two torpedoes without success.

In September 1915, the Central Powers were joined by Bulgaria, and the Serbian Army soon faced an overwhelming Austro-Hungarian, German and Bulgarian ground invasion. In early October, the Austro-Hungarian 3rd Army attacked Belgrade, and ''Bodrog'', along with the majority of the flotilla, was heavily engaged in support of crossings near the Belgrade Fortress and the island of Ada Ciganlija.

Romanian campaign

Following the capture of Belgrade on 11 October and the initial clearance of mines and other obstacles, the flotilla sailed downstream to Orșova near the Hungarian–Romanian border and waited for the lower Danube to be swept for mines. Commencing on 30 October 1915, they escorted a series of munitions convoys down the Danube to Lom where the munitions were transferred to the Bulgarian railway system for shipment to the Ottoman Empire.

In November 1915, ''Bodrog'' and the other monitors were assembled at Rustschuk, Bulgaria. The Central Powers were aware that the Romanians were negotiating to enter the war on the side of the Entente, so the flotilla established a sheltered base in the Belene Canal to protect the Danube border between Romania and Bulgaria. During 1915, the 120 mm howitzer on the ''Bodrog'' was replaced with a single L/18 gun, and three machine guns were also fitted.

When the Romanians entered the war on 27 August 1916, the monitors were again at Rustschuk, and were immediately attacked by three improvised torpedo boats operating out of the Romanian river port of Giurgiu. The torpedoes that were fired missed the monitors but struck a lighter loaded with fuel. Tasked with shelling Giurgiu the following day, the Second Monitor Division, consisting of ''Bodrog'' and three other monitors, set fire to oil storage tanks, the railway station and magazines, and sank several Romanian lighters. While the attack was underway, the First Monitor Division escorted supply ships back to the Belene anchorage. ''Bodrog'' and her companions then destroyed two Romanian patrol boats and an improvised minelayer on their way back to Belene. This was followed by forays of the Division both east and west of Belene, during which both Turnu Măgurele and Zimnicea were shelled.

On 2 October 1916, ''Bodrog'' and ''Körös'' attacked a Romanian pontoon bridge being established across the Danube at Oryahovo, obtaining five direct hits, thus contributing to the defeat of the Romanian Flămânda Offensive. ''Bodrog'' herself received five hits from the Romanian artillery during the engagement and had to retreat behind the Taban Island to repair her damaged turret. News that floating mines were launched by the Romanians forced the monitors to leave and later withdraw to Belene. This was followed by action supporting the crossing of ''Generalfeldmarschall'' August von Mackensen's Austro-Hungarian Third Army at Sistow. ''Bodrog'' then wintered at Turnu Severin.

From 21 February 1917, ''Bodrog'' and ''Körös'' were deployed as guardships at Brăila. On 1 March, ''Bodrog'' became stuck in ice at nearby Măcin. LSL Guido Taschler took command of ''Bodrog'' in 1918. That year's spring thaw saw ''Bodrog'', ''Körös'', ''Szamos'', ''Bosna'' and several other vessels sent through the mouth of the Danube into the Black Sea as part of ''Flottenabteilung Wulff'' (Fleet Division Wulff) under the command of ''Flottenkapitän'' (Fleet Captain) Olav Wulff, arriving in Odessa on 12 April. On 15 July, she and ''Bosna'' sailed to the port of Nikolaev, and from 5 August, ''Bodrog'' was stationed at Cherson. On 12 September, she returned to Brăila along with other vessels.

''Bodrog'' was sent to Reni near the mouth of the Danube to protect withdrawing Austro-Hungarian troops, arriving there on 1 October. She then sailed upstream, reaching Rustschuk on 11 October, and Giurgiu two days later. On 14 October, she was deployed at Lom. She was the last Austro-Hungarian monitor to withdraw towards Budapest and was the only one that failed to reach the city. On 31 October 1918, ''Bodrog'' collided with a sand bank while navigating through heavy fog near Vinča, and heavy Serbian artillery fire prevented her from being salvaged. She was later captured by the Serbian Army.

Interwar period and World War II

From the Armistice to September 1919, ''Bodrog'' was crewed by sailors of the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (, KSCS; later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). Under the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, ''Bodrog'' was transferred to the KSCS along with a range of other vessels, including three other river monitors, but was not officially handed over to the KSCS Navy and renamed ''Sava'' until 15 April 1920. Her sister ship ''Temes'' was transferred to Romania and renamed ''Ardeal''. In 1925–26, ''Sava'' was refitted, but by the following year only two of the four river monitors of the KSCS Navy were being retained in full commission at any time. In 1932, the British naval attaché reported that Yugoslav ships were engaging in little gunnery training, and few exercises or manoeuvres, due to reduced budgets. Between 1933 and 1934, a single Vickers QF 2-pounder () L/39 anti-aircraft gun, which had been removed from one of the s during a rebuild, was mounted on ''Sava'' to improve her anti-aircraft defences. In 1939, this gun was replaced by a single Škoda 40 mm L/67 anti-aircraft gun.

''Sava'' was based at Dubovac when the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia began on 6 April 1941. She was assigned to the 1st Monitor Division, and was responsible for the Romanian border on the Danube, under the operational control of the 3rd Infantry Division ''Dunavska''. Her commander was ''Poručnik bojnog broda'' Srećko Rojs.

On that day, ''Sava'' and her fellow monitor fought off several attacks by individual ''Luftwaffe'' aircraft on their base. Over the next three days, the two monitors laid mines in the Danube near the Romanian border. On 11 April, they were forced to withdraw from Dubovac towards Belgrade. During their withdrawal, they came under repeated attacks by Junkers Ju 87 ''Stuka'' dive bombers. ''Sava'' and her fellow monitor were undamaged, and anchored at the confluence of the Danube and Sava near Belgrade at about 20:00, where they were joined by the . The three captains conferred, and decided to scuttle their vessels due to the high water levels in the rivers and low bridges, which meant there was insufficient clearance for the monitors to navigate freely. The crews of the monitors were then transshipped to two tugboats, but when one of the tugs was passing under a railway bridge, charges on the bridge accidentally exploded and the bridge fell onto the tug. Of the 110 officers and men aboard the vessel, 95 were killed.

After the scuttling of the monitors, around 450 officers and men from the ''Sava'' and various other riverine vessels gathered at Obrenovac. Armed only with personal weapons and some machine guns stripped from the scuttled vessels, the crews started towards the Bay of Kotor in the southern Adriatic in two groups. The smaller of the two groups reached its objective, but the larger group only made it as far as Sarajevo by 14 April before they were obliged to surrender. The remainder made their way to the Bay of Kotor, which was captured by the Italian XVII Corps on 17 April.

''Sava'' was raised and repaired by the navy of the Axis puppet state the Independent State of Croatia, at the railway rolling stock factory at Slavonski Brod, and served alongside her fellow monitor ''Morava'', which was also raised, repaired, and was renamed ''Bosna''. Along with six captured motorboats and ten auxiliary vessels, they made up the riverine police force of the Croatian state. ''Sava'' was part of the 1st Patrol Group of the River Flotilla Command, headquartered at Zemun, and was commanded by ''Kapetan korvete'' Stjepan Lerner. In Croatian service, ''Sava'' was armed with two 120 mm guns, one 40 mm anti-aircraft gun, one Zbrojovka Brno ZB-60 anti-aircraft machine gun, two light machine guns, and two mine throwers. Her crew scuttled her near Slavonski Brod on the night of 8 September 1944 and defected to the Yugoslav Partisans.

Post-war period

''Sava'' was again raised and refurbished after World War II. Armed with two single gun turrets, three single gun mounts and six weapons, she served in the Yugoslav Navy from 1952 to 1962. Afterwards, she was placed into the hands of a state-owned company, which was privatised after the breakup of Yugoslavia. In 2005, the government of Serbia granted her limited heritage protection after citizens demanded that she be preserved as a floating museum, though little else had been done to restore her as of 2014, by which time she was serving as a gravel barge. In December 2015, ''Sava'' was acquired by the Serbian Ministry of Defence and Belgrade's Military Museum, which planned on restoring her. The ship is one of only two surviving Austro-Hungarian river monitors that served during World War I. The other is SMS ''Leitha'', a much older monitor, which has been a museum ship anchored alongside the Hungarian Parliament Building in Budapest since 2014. By early 2019, ''Sava'' had been restored. She was inaugurated as a floating museum along the Sava River in Belgrade in November 2021.

Notes

Footnotes

References

Books and journals

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Online sources

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sava
1904 ships
July Crisis
Maritime incidents in April 1941
Maritime incidents in September 1944
Navy of the Independent State of Croatia
Riverine warfare
Ships built in Austria-Hungary
Ships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy
Ships of the Yugoslav Navy
Temes-class river monitors
World War I monitors
World War II monitors
World War I naval ships of Austria-Hungary
World War II naval ships of Yugoslavia