Rosobrnadzor

The Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media, abbreviated as ''Roskomnadzor'' (RKN), is the Russian federal executive agency responsible for monitoring, controlling and censoring Russian mass media. Its areas of responsibility include electronic media, mass communications, information technology and telecommunications, supervising compliance with the law, protecting the confidentiality of personal data being processed, and organizing the work of the radio-frequency service.

History

In March 2007, the authority—then a subdivision of the Cultural Ministry of Russia called "Russian Federal Surveillance Service for Compliance with the Legislation in Mass Media and Cultural Heritage Protection" (''Rosokhrankultura'')—warned the ''Kommersant'' newspaper that it should not mention the National Bolshevik Party on its pages, as the party had been denied official registration.

The Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Telecom, Information Technologies and Mass Communications was re-established in May 2008. Resolution number 419, "On Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Telecom, Information Technologies and Mass Communications", was adopted on 6 February 2008.

In December 2019, media criticized the service's choice of experts who are performing analysis of referred publications to assess their compliance with regulations. A number of experts recruited by ''Roscomnadzor'' are associated with pseudo-scientific and sectarian movements, including HIV/AIDS deniers, ultra-conservative, anti-vaccination and alternative medicine activists. Three such experts—Anna Volkova, Tatyana Simonova and Elena Shabalina—assessed lyrics of popular rapper Egor Kreed in which they found "mutagenic effect", "satanic influence" and "psychological warfare".

Also in 2019, ''Roskomnadzor'' published the first iteration of the "list of information resources who had in the past been spreading unreliable information" including a number of social media groups and media websites accused mostly of incorrectly reporting on a single incident in Dzerzhinsk in June 2019.

After nationwide pro-Navalny protests in 2021, ''Roskomnadzor'' fined seven social media companies for not removing pro- Navalny videos: "Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, VKontakte, Odnoklassniki and YouTube will be fined for non-compliance with requirements to prevent the dissemination of calls to minors to participate in unauthorized rallies" it said in a statement published on its website.

On 10 March 2022, 820 GB of Roskomnadzor data was leaked and published, with the hacking group Anonymous claiming responsibility. Anonymous engaged in several cyberattacks against Russian websites as the Russian invasion of Ukraine occurred.

Because of its actions that supported the invasion of Ukraine, Roskomnadzor has been sanctioned by Ukraine, the European Union and Canada.

In February 2023, it was revealed that Belarusian Cyberpartisans had hacked and leaked Roskomnadzor data to journalists. The leak exposed surveillance and censorship programs and ways to discredit journalists.

Purpose

''Roskomnadzor'' is a federal executive body responsible for control, censorship, and supervision in the field of media, including electronic media and mass communications, information technology and communications functions control and supervision over the compliance of personal data processing requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of personal data, and the role of co-ordinating the activities of radio frequency service. It's an authorized federal executive body for the protection of human subjects of personal data. It is also the body administering Russian Internet censorship filters. It also designs and implements procedures of Russian Autonomous Internet Subnetwork, like inventory of Russian Autonomous Systems, alternative DNS root servers in Russian National Domain Name System, controls local ISPs interconnect and Internet exchanges. The main goal is to provide access to the Russian Autonomous Internet Subnetwork even after disconnection or isolation from the global Internet ( Sovereign Internet Law).

Enforcement actions

On 31 March 2013, ''The New York Times'' reported that Russia was "selectively blocking heInternet". In 2014, during the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, ''Roskomnadzor'' had a number of websites criticising Russian policy in Ukraine blocked, including the blog of Alexei Navalny, Kasparov.ru and . Also, on 22 June 2016 Amazon Web Services was entirely blocked for a couple of hours because of a poker app.

As of April 2024, 200,000 websites related to the Russian invasion of Ukraine are blocked. ''Roskomnadzor'' is blocking around 150 virtual private network (VPN) services and 700 websites involved in advertising VPNs.

GitHub

In October 2014, GitHub was blocked for a short time. On 2 December, GitHub was blocked again for some satiric notes, describing "methods of suicide", which caused major tensions among Russian software developers. It was unblocked on 4 December 2014 and GitHub had set up a special page dedicated to ''Roskomnadzor''-related issues. All content was and remains available for non-Russian networks.

Russian Wikipedia

On 5 April 2013, it was confirmed by a spokesperson for ''Roskomnadzor'' that Wikipedia had been blacklisted over the article "Cannabis smoking" ( Курение каннабиса) on the Russian Wikipedia.

On 18 August 2015, an article in Russian Wikipedia about charas ( Чарас (наркотическое вещество) ) was blacklisted by ''Roskomnadzor'' as containing propaganda on narcotics. The article was then rewritten from scratch using UN materials and textbooks, but on 24 August it was included in the list of forbidden materials sent to Internet providers of Russia. As Wikipedia uses the HTTPS protocol to encrypt traffic, effectively all of the site with all language versions of Wikipedia was blocked in Russia on the night of August 25.

On 1 March 2022, ''Roskomnadzor'' threatened to block access to Russian Wikipedia over the article " Вторжение России на Украину (2022)" ("Russia's invasion of Ukraine (2022)"), claiming that the article contained "illegally distributed information" including "reports about numerous casualties among service personnel of the Russian Federation and also the civilian population of Ukraine, including children". ''Roskomnadzor'' made similar threats on 31 March, demanding that Wikipedia remove any information about the invasion that is "misinforming" Russians or it could face a fine of up to 4 million rubles (approximately US$49,000).

''The Daily Stormer''

In 2017, the neo-Nazi website ''The Daily Stormer'' was briefly moved to a Russian domain name, but ''Roskomnazdor'' subsequently acted to remove its access, and the site moved to the dark web.

Telegram

On 16 April 2018, ''Roskomnadzor'' ordered Russian ISPs to block access to the instant messenger Telegram, as the company refused to hand over the encryption keys for users' chats to Russian authorities. The information watchdog applied the method of mass IP address blockings, hitting major hosting providers, such as Amazon, and disrupting hundreds of Russian internet services. ''Roskomnadzor'' had to abandon this approach, but failed to implement any other means to stop Russian users from accessing Telegram. In the end, ''Roskomnadzor'' and other government structures set up their own channels in the "outlawed" app. In mid-2020 Roskomnadzor officially gave up on trying to block Telegram.

Twitter

On 10 March 2021, ''Roskomnadzor'' started to "slow down" Twitter for users in Russia, attributing the decision to the platform's failure to remove content deemed illegal by the Russian government. This action occasionally caused Russia's key websites, including ''Roskomnadzor'' itself, to stop working. It also led to malfunctions of major commercial services, such as Qiwi payment system, and blocked some users from accessing Yandex, Google, and YouTube. In addition, along with Twitter, ''Roskomnadzor'' throttled access to numerous websites with domain names ending in "t.co" (t.co being among the Twitter domain), thus affecting no fewer than 48 thousand hosts, including GitHub, Russia Today, Reddit, Microsoft, Google, Dropbox, Steam.

On 26 February 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Twitter said that access to the platform was being restricted to some users in Russia. On 1 March, ''Roskomnadzor'' again slowed access to Twitter, accusing the company of failing to remove what it called "fake posts" about the "special operation".

On 28 April 2022, Twitter was fined 3 million rubles (US$41,000) after being sued by ''Roskomnadzor'' for not removing content that included instructions for how to prepare and use molotov cocktails against Russian armored vehicles.

Meta

On 4 March 2022, ''Roskomnadzor'' said it was blocking access to Facebook over restrictions that were imposed on Russian state media outlets. On 21 March, further action was taken after a court ruled that Meta Platforms was guilty of "extremist activity", affecting access to Facebook and Instagram but not WhatsApp. The ruling came after a Reuters report stated that Meta would allow its users to post messages supporting violence against Russian soldiers and Russian president Vladimir Putin following the invasion of Ukraine; however, Meta later narrowed its moderation policy to prohibit calls for the death of a head of state.

Google

In April 2022, ''Roskomnadzor'' fined Google more than 7 billion rubles (US$94 million), for not removing what it claimed was illegal content from YouTube.

TikTok

In April 2022, ''Roskomnadzor'' drew up a protocol and a court in Moscow fined TikTok two million rubles (US$27,000) for not removing content related to the LGBT community.

Chess.com

On 23 April 2022, ''Roskomnadzor'' blocked the online chess website Chess.com in Russia because of two articles that were critical of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and links to those articles replacing the flags of all Russian users on the website. The general prosecutor's office only wanted the two aforementioned anti-war articles banned, but because Chess.com uses the HTTPS protocol, this blocked the entire website.

See also

* Ofcom
* Cyberspace Administration of China
* Censorship in Russia
* Federal Agency on Press and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation (Rospechat)
* Information privacy
* Internet censorship in Russia

Notes

References

Further reading

How Russians Are Outsmarting Internet Censorship – Global Voices Advocacy

Federal Service for Monitoring Compliance with Cultural Heritage Protection Law

External links

*

{{Government of the Russian Federation

Politics of Russia
Censorship in Russia
2008 establishments in Russia
Government agencies established in 2008
Information operations and warfare
Communications authorities