Romanticism in the visual arts, originating in the 1760s, marked a shift towards depicting wild landscapes and dramatic scenes, reflecting a departure from classical artistic norms. This movement emphasized the sublime beauty of nature, the intensity of human emotions, and the glorification of the past, often through the lens of national identity and historical events. Romantic art spread across Europe, gradually influencing various forms of artistic expression, and later resonated in America where artists incorporated these themes into portrayals of the unique American landscape. Its influence eventually spread globally, shaping various art forms and inspiring artists to express a more profound, emotional response to the natural world and societal changes. Romantic art highlighted the power of the individual perspective and the universal human experience, resonating across different cultures and leading to lasting impacts on artistic expression worldwide.

Themes

;Apocalyptic art :Another trend was for very large apocalyptic history paintings, often combining extreme natural events, or divine wrath, with human disaster, attempting to outdo ''The Raft of the Medusa'', and now often drawing comparisons with effects from Hollywood. The leading English artist in the style was John Martin, whose tiny figures were dwarfed by enormous earthquakes and storms, and worked his way through the biblical disasters, and those to come in the final days. Other works such as Delacroix's '' Death of Sardanapalus'' included larger figures, and these often drew heavily on earlier artists, especially

Poussin Nicolas Poussin (, , ; June 1594 – 19 November 1665) was a French painter who was a leading painter of the Classicism, classical French Baroque style, although he spent most of his working life in Rome. Most of his works were on religious and ...

and

Rubens Sir Peter Paul Rubens ( ; ; 28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist and diplomat. He is considered the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque tradition. Rubens' highly charged compositions reference erudite aspects of clas ...

, with extra emotionalism and special effects.

Beginnings

In the visual arts, Romanticism first showed itself in

landscape painting Landscape painting, also known as landscape art, is the depiction in painting of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, rivers, trees, and forests, especially where the main subject is a wide view—with its elements arranged into a cohe ...

, where from as early as the 1760s British artists began to turn to wilder landscapes and storms, and

Gothic architecture Gothic architecture is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High Middle Ages, High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved f ...

, even if they had to make do with Wales as a setting.

Caspar David Friedrich Caspar David Friedrich (; 5 September 1774 – 7 May 1840) was a German Romanticism, German Romantic Landscape painting, landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation, whose often symbolic, and anti ...

and

J. M. W. Turner Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 177519 December 1851), known in his time as William Turner, was an English Romantic painter, printmaker and watercolourist. He is known for his expressive colouring, imaginative landscapes and turbu ...

were born less than a year apart in 1774 and 1775 respectively and were to take German and English landscape painting to their extremes of Romanticism, but both their artistic sensibilities were formed when forms of Romanticism was already strongly present in art.

John Constable John Constable (; 11 June 1776 – 31 March 1837) was an English landscape painter in the Romanticism, Romantic tradition. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for revolutionising the genre of landscape painting with his pictures of Dedha ...

, born in 1776, stayed closer to the English landscape tradition, but in his largest "six-footers" insisted on the heroic status of a patch of the working countryside where he had grown up—challenging the traditional

hierarchy of genres A hierarchy of genres is any formalization which ranks different genres in an art form in terms of their prestige and cultural value. In literature, the Epic poetry, epic was considered the highest form, for the reason expressed by ...

, which relegated landscape painting to a low status. Turner also painted very large landscapes, and above all, seascapes. Some of these large paintings had contemporary settings and

staffage In painting, staffage () are the human and animal figures depicted in a scene, especially a landscape A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or human-made features, often c ...

, but others had small figures that turned the work into

history painting History painting is a genre in painting defined by its subject matter rather than any artistic style or specific period. History paintings depict a moment in a narrative story, most often (but not exclusively) Greek and Roman mythology and B ...

in the manner of

Claude Lorrain Claude Lorrain (; born Claude Gellée , called ''le Lorrain'' in French; traditionally just Claude in English; c. 1600 – 23 November 1682) was a French painter, draughtsman and etcher of the Baroque era. He spent most of his life in I ...

, like Salvator Rosa, a late Baroque artist whose landscapes had elements that Romantic painters repeatedly turned to. Friedrich often used single figures, or features like crosses, set alone amidst a huge landscape, "making them images of the transitoriness of human life and the premonition of death". Other groups of artists expressed feelings that verged on the mystical, many largely abandoning classical drawing and proportions. These included

William Blake William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his life, Blake has become a seminal figure in the history of the Romantic poetry, poetry and visual art of the Roma ...

and Samuel Palmer and the other members of the Ancients in England, and in Germany Philipp Otto Runge. Like Friedrich, none of these artists had significant influence after their deaths for the rest of the 19th century, and were 20th-century rediscoveries from obscurity, though Blake was always known as a poet, and Norway's leading painter Johan Christian Dahl was heavily influenced by Friedrich. The Rome-based

Nazarene movement The epithet Nazarene was adopted by a group of early 19th-century German Romantic painters who aimed to revive spirituality in art. The name Nazarene came from a term of derision used against them for their affectation of a biblical manner of c ...

of German artists, active from 1810, took a very different path, concentrating on medievalizing history paintings with religious and nationalist themes.

By country

Germany

German Romantic art, flourishing primarily during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, emerged as a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the industrial revolution. It emphasized emotion, imagination, and the sublime, often focusing on nature, the individual, and the supernatural. In painting, artists like Caspar David Friedrich and Karl Friedrich Schinkel explored themes of spirituality and the infinite within vast landscapes. Friedrich’s iconic works, such as Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, symbolize the search for meaning within nature's overwhelming beauty and the solitude of the human experience. The portrayal of nature as both majestic and mysterious was central, reflecting the era’s fascination with the sublime. The movement was also marked by a focus on medieval and folkloric themes. Artists like Philipp Otto Runge and Joseph Anton Koch often drew upon German mythology, national identity, and the folk traditions of their homeland, blending historical subjects with dreamlike and fantastical elements. In literature, the Romantics, including poets like Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Novalis, sought to transcend the boundaries of reason and explore the depths of human emotion and spirituality, deeply influencing the visual arts. Overall, German Romanticism celebrated the personal, the emotional, and the transcendental, seeking beauty in the mysterious and the unknown. File:Philipp Otto Runge, Birth of the Human Soul (ca. 1806), oil on panel.jpg, Philipp Otto Runge, ''Birth of the Human Soul'', ca. 1806 File:Caspar David Friedrich - Das Kreuz im Gebirge.jpg,

, '' Cross in the Mountains (Tetschen Altar)'', 1808. Friedrich's first major work, breaking with the traditional representation of

crucifixion Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the condemned is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross, beam or stake and left to hang until eventual death. It was used as a punishment by the Achaemenid Empire, Persians, Ancient Carthag ...

in altarpieces by depicting the scene as a landscape File:Caspar David Friedrich's Chalk Cliffs on Rügen.jpg, Friedrich, '' Chalk Cliffs on Rügen'', (1818). Friedrich married Christiane Caroline Bommer in 1818, and on their honeymoon they visited relatives in

Neubrandenburg Neubrandenburg (, Low German ''Niegenbramborg'', both lit. ''New Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg'') is a city in the southeast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is located on the shore of a lake called Tollensesee and forms the urban c ...

and

Greifswald Greifswald (), officially the University and Hanseatic City of Greifswald (, Low German: ''Griepswoold'') is the fourth-largest city in the German state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin and Neubrandenburg. In 2021 it surpa ...

. This painting celebrates the couple's union.] File:Schadow, Friedrich Wilhelm von - Mignon - 1828.jpg, Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, ''Mignon'', (1828)

France

The arrival of Romanticism in French art was delayed by the strong hold of

Neoclassicism Neoclassicism, also spelled Neo-classicism, emerged as a Western cultural movement in the decorative arts, decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiq ...

on the academies, but from the Napoleonic period it became increasingly popular, initially in the form of history paintings propagandising for the new regime, of which Girodet's ''

Ossian Ossian (; Irish Gaelic/Scottish Gaelic: ''Oisean'') is the narrator and purported author of a cycle of epic poems published by the Scottish poet James Macpherson, originally as ''Fingal'' (1761) and ''Temora (poem), Temora'' (1763), and later c ...

receiving the Ghosts of the French Heroes'', for Napoleon's Château de Malmaison, was one of the earliest. Girodet's old teacher

David David (; , "beloved one") was a king of ancient Israel and Judah and the third king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament. The Tel Dan stele, an Aramaic-inscribed stone erected by a king of Aram-Dam ...

was puzzled and disappointed by his pupil's direction, saying: "Either Girodet is mad or I no longer know anything of the art of painting". A new generation of the French school, developed personal Romantic styles, though still concentrating on history painting with a political message.

Théodore Géricault Jean-Louis André Théodore Géricault (; 26 September 1791 – 26 January 1824) was a French painter and lithographer, whose best-known painting is '' The Raft of the Medusa''. Despite his short life, he was one of the pioneers of the Romanti ...

(1791–1824) had his first success with '' The Charging Chasseur'', a heroic military figure derived from

, at the

Paris Salon The Salon (), or rarely Paris Salon (French: ''Salon de Paris'' ), beginning in 1667 was the official art exhibition of the in Paris. Between 1748 and 1890 it was arguably the greatest annual or biennial art event in the Western world. At the ...

of 1812 in the years of the Empire, but his next major completed work, '' The Raft of the Medusa'' of 1818–19, remains the greatest achievement of the Romantic history painting, which in its day had a powerful anti-government message.

Eugène Delacroix Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix ( ; ; 26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French people, French Romanticism, Romantic artist who was regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school.Noon, Patrick, et al., ''Crossing the Channel: ...

(1798–1863) made his first Salon hits with '' The Barque of Dante'' (1822), '' The Massacre at Chios'' (1824) and '' Death of Sardanapalus'' (1827). The second was a scene from the Greek War of Independence, completed the year Byron died there, and the last was a scene from one of Byron's plays. With Shakespeare, Byron was to provide the subject matter for many other works of Delacroix, who also spent long periods in North Africa, painting colourful scenes of mounted Arab warriors. His '' Liberty Leading the People'' (1830) remains, with the ''Medusa'', one of the best-known works of French Romantic painting. Both reflected current events, and increasingly "

", literally "story painting", a phrase dating back to the Italian Renaissance meaning the painting of subjects with groups of figures, long considered the highest and most difficult form of art, did indeed become the painting of historical scenes, rather than those from religion or mythology. ;Troubadour style : :In France, historical painting on idealized medieval and Renaissance themes is known as the ''style Troubadour'', a term with no equivalent for other countries, though the same trends occurred there. Delacroix,

Ingres Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres ( ; ; 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassicism, Neoclassical Painting, painter. Ingres was profoundly influenced by past artistic traditions and aspired to become the guardian of academic ...

and

Richard Parkes Bonington Richard Parkes Bonington (25 October 1802 – 23 September 1828) was an English Romantic landscape painter. He moved to France at the age of 14 and can also be considered as a French artist, and an intermediary bringing aspects of English styl ...

all worked in this style, as did lesser specialists such as Pierre-Henri Révoil (1776–1842) and Fleury-François Richard (1777–1852). Their pictures are often small, and feature intimate private and anecdotal moments, as well as those of high drama. The lives of great artists such as

Raphael Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (; March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), now generally known in English as Raphael ( , ), was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. List of paintings by Raphael, His work is admired for its cl ...

were commemorated on equal terms with those of rulers, and fictional characters were also depicted. Fleury-Richard's ''Valentine of Milan weeping for the death of her husband'', shown in the Paris Salon of 1802, marked the arrival of the style, which lasted until the mid-century, before being subsumed into the increasingly academic history painting of artists like

Paul Delaroche Hippolyte-Paul Delaroche (; Paris, 17 July 1797 – Paris, 4 November 1856) was a French painter who achieved his greater successes painting historical scenes. He became famous in Europe for his melodramatic depictions that often portrayed subje ...

Spain

Francisco Goya Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; ; 30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish Romanticism, romantic painter and Printmaking, printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Hi ...

was called "the last great painter in whose art thought and observation were balanced and combined to form a faultless unity". But the extent to which he was a Romantic is a complex question. In Spain, there was still a struggle to introduce the values of the Enlightenment, in which Goya saw himself as a participant. The demonic and anti-rational monsters thrown up by his imagination are only superficially similar to those of the Gothic fantasies of northern Europe, and in many ways he remained wedded to the classicism and realism of his training, as well as looking forward to the Realism of the later 19th century. But he, more than any other artist of the period, exemplified the Romantic values of the expression of the artist's feelings and his personal imaginative world. He also shared with many of the Romantic painters a more free handling of paint, emphasized in the new prominence of the brushstroke and

impasto Impasto is a technique used in painting, where paint is laid on an area of the surface thickly, usually thick enough that the brush or painting-knife strokes are visible. Paint can also be mixed right on the canvas. When dry, impasto provides tex ...

, which tended to be repressed in neoclassicism under a self-effacing finish. File:George Stubbs - A Lion Attacking a Horse - 1955.27.1 - Yale University Art Gallery.jpg, George Stubbs, ''A Lion Attacking a Horse'' (1770), oil on canvas, 38 in. x 49 1/2in., Yale Center for British Art File:Henry Fuseli (1741–1825), The Nightmare, 1781.jpg, John Henry Fuseli, ''The Nightmare'' (1781), oil on canvas, 101.6 cm × 127 cm.,

Detroit Institute of Arts The Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA) is a museum institution located in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It has list of largest art museums, one of the largest and most significant art collections in the United States. With over 100 galleries, it cove ...

File:El Tres de Mayo, by Francisco de Goya, from Prado thin black margin.jpg,

, '' The Third of May 1808'', 1814 File:JEAN LOUIS THÉODORE GÉRICAULT - La Balsa de la Medusa (Museo del Louvre, 1818-19).jpg,

, '' The Raft of the Medusa'', 1819 File:The Fighting Temeraire, JMW Turner, National Gallery.jpg,

, '' The Fighting Téméraire tugged to her last Berth to be broken up'', 1839

United States

Literary Romanticism had its counterpart in the American visual arts, most especially in the exaltation of an untamed American

landscape A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or human-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionary''. A landscape includes th ...

found in the paintings of the

Hudson River School The Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by Romanticism. Early on, the paintings typically depicted the Hudson River Valley and the sur ...

. Painters like

Thomas Cole Thomas Cole (February 1, 1801 – February 11, 1848) was an English-born American artist and the founder of the Hudson River School art movement. Cole is widely regarded as the first significant American landscape painter. He was known for hi ...

Albert Bierstadt Albert Bierstadt (January 7, 1830 – February 18, 1902) was a German American painter best known for his lavish, sweeping landscapes of the American West. He joined several journeys of the Westward Expansion to paint the scenes. He was no ...

and

Frederic Edwin Church Frederic Edwin Church (May 4, 1826 – April 7, 1900) was an American landscape painting, landscape painter born in Hartford, Connecticut. He was a central figure in the Hudson River School of American landscape painters, best known for paintin ...

and others often expressed Romantic themes in their paintings. They sometimes depicted ancient ruins of the old world, such as in Fredric Edwin Church's piece ''Sunrise in Syria''. These works reflected the Gothic feelings of death and decay. They also show the Romantic ideal that Nature is powerful and will eventually overcome the transient creations of men. More often, they worked to distinguish themselves from their European counterparts by depicting uniquely American scenes and landscapes. This idea of an American identity in the art world is reflected in W. C. Bryant's poem ''To Cole, the Painter, Departing for Europe'', where Bryant encourages Cole to remember the powerful scenes that can only be found in America. Some American paintings (such as Albert Bierstadt's '' The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak'') promote the literary idea of the "

noble savage In Western anthropology, Western philosophy, philosophy, and European literature, literature, the Myth of the Noble savage refers to a stock character who is uncorrupted by civilization. As such, the "noble" savage symbolizes the innate goodness a ...

" by portraying idealized Native Americans living in harmony with the natural world. Thomas Cole's paintings tend towards

allegory As a List of narrative techniques, literary device or artistic form, an allegory is a wikt:narrative, narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent a meaning with moral or political signi ...

, explicit in ''

The Voyage of Life ''The Voyage of Life'' is a series of four paintings created by the American artist Thomas Cole in 1840 and reproduced with minor alterations in 1842, representing an allegory of the four stages of human life. The paintings, ''Childhood'', ''Youth ...

'' series painted in the early 1840s, showing the stages of life set amidst an awesome and immense nature. File:Thomas Cole - The Voyage of Life Childhood, 1842 (National Gallery of Art).jpg,

, ''

Childhood A child () is a human being between the stages of childbirth, birth and puberty, or between the Development of the human body, developmental period of infancy and puberty. The term may also refer to an unborn human being. In English-speaking ...

'' (1842), one of the four scenes in ''

'' File:Thomas Cole - The Voyage of Life Old Age, 1842 (National Gallery of Art).jpg, Thomas Cole, ''The Voyage of Life

Old Age Old age is the range of ages for people nearing and surpassing life expectancy. People who are of old age are also referred to as: old people, elderly, elders, senior citizens, seniors or older adults. Old age is not a definite biological sta ...

'' (1842) File:William Blake - Albion Rose - from A Large Book of Designs 1793-6.jpg,

, ''

Albion Albion is an alternative name for Great Britain. The oldest attestation of the toponym comes from the Greek language. It is sometimes used poetically and generally to refer to the island, but is less common than "Britain" today. The name for Scot ...

Rose'', 1794–95 File:Le poeme de lAme-14-Louis Janmot-MBA Lyon-IMG 0497.jpg, Louis Janmot, from his series ''The Poem of the Soul'', before 1854

Other

Elsewhere in Europe, leading artists adopted Romantic styles: in Russia there were the portraitists

Orest Kiprensky Orest Adamovich Kiprensky (; – ) was a leading Russian portraitist in the Age of Romanticism. His most familiar work is probably his portrait of Alexander Pushkin (1827), which prompted the poet to remark that "the mirror flatters me." Bi ...

and

Vasily Tropinin Vasily Andreevich Tropinin (; – ) was a Russian Romanticism, Romantic painter. Much of his life was spent as a serf, not attaining freedom until he was more than forty years old. Three of his more important works are a portrait of Alexand ...

, with

Ivan Aivazovsky Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (; ) was a Russian Romantic painter who is considered one of the greatest masters of marine art. Baptized as Hovhannes Aivazian, he was born into an Armenian family in the Black Sea port of Feodosia in Crime ...

specializing in marine painting, and in Norway Hans Gude painted scenes of

fjord In physical geography, a fjord (also spelled fiord in New Zealand English; ) is a long, narrow sea inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by a glacier. Fjords exist on the coasts of Antarctica, the Arctic, and surrounding landmasses of the n ...

s. In Poland, Piotr Michałowski (1800–1855) used a Romantic style in paintings particularly relating to the history of

Napoleonic Wars {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Napoleonic Wars , partof = the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , image = Napoleonic Wars (revision).jpg , caption = Left to right, top to bottom:Battl ...

. In Italy

Francesco Hayez Francesco Hayez (; 10 February 1791 – 12 February 1882) was an Italian painter. He is considered one of the leading artists of Romanticism in mid-19th-century Milan, and is renowned for his grand historical paintings, political allegories, and ...

(1791–1882) was the leading artist of Romanticism in mid-19th-century

Milan Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nea ...

. His long, prolific and extremely successful career saw him begin as a Neoclassical painter, pass right through the Romantic period, and emerge at the other end as a sentimental painter of young women. His Romantic period included many historical pieces of "Troubadour" tendencies, but on a very large scale, that are heavily influenced by Gian Battista Tiepolo and other late Baroque Italian masters.

Sculpture

Sculpture Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sc ...

remained largely impervious to Romanticism, probably partly for technical reasons, as the most prestigious material of the day, marble, does not lend itself to expansive gestures. The leading sculptors in Europe,

Antonio Canova Antonio Canova (; 1 November 1757 – 13 October 1822) was an Italians, Italian Neoclassical sculpture, Neoclassical sculptor, famous for his marble sculptures. Often regarded as the greatest of the Neoclassical artists,. his sculpture was ins ...

and

Bertel Thorvaldsen Albert Bertel Thorvaldsen (; sometimes given as Thorwaldsen; 19 November 1770 – 24 March 1844) was a Danes, Danish-Icelanders, Icelandic Sculpture, sculptor and medallist, medalist of international fame, who spent most of his life (1797–183 ...

, were both based in Rome and firm Neoclassicists, not at all tempted to allow influence from medieval sculpture, which would have been one possible approach to Romantic sculpture. When it did develop, true Romantic sculpture—with the exception of a few artists such as

Rudolf Maison Rudolf Maison (July 29, 1854 – February 12, 1904) was a German sculptor born in Regensburg, Germany, where he began his studies. He continued studying in Munich. His work can be found all over Germany and is in the Romantic tradition. Maison " ...

— rather oddly was missing in Germany, and mainly found in France, with

François Rude François Rude (; 4 January 1784 – 3 November 1855) was a French sculptor, best known for the ''Departure of the Volunteers'', also known as ''La Marseillaise'' on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. (1835–36). His work often expressed patriotic t ...

, best known from his group of the 1830s from the

Arc de Triomphe The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile, often called simply the Arc de Triomphe, is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France, standing at the western end of the Champs-Élysées at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Plac ...

in Paris, David d'Angers, and

Auguste Préault Auguste may refer to: People Surname * Arsène Auguste (1951–1993), Haitian footballer * Donna Auguste (born 1958), African-American businesswoman * Georges Auguste (born 1933), Haitian painter * Henri Auguste (1759–1816), Parisian gol ...

. Préault's plaster relief entitled ''Slaughter'', which represented the horrors of wars with exacerbated passion, caused so much scandal at the Salon of 1834 that Préault was banned from this official annual exhibition for nearly twenty years. In Italy, the most important Romantic sculptor was Lorenzo Bartolini.

Gallery

;Emerging Romanticism in the 18th century File:Shipwrec-vernet.jpg, Joseph Vernet, 1759, ''Shipwreck''; the 18th-century "sublime" File:Joseph Wright 004.jpg, Joseph Wright, 1774, ''Cave at evening'',

Smith College Museum of Art The Smith College Museum of Art, abbreviated SCMA, is the art museum of Smith College, located in Northampton, Massachusetts, Northampton, Massachusetts. First established in 1870, the museum is part of the American Alliance of Museums, Five Coll ...

Northampton, Massachusetts The city of Northampton is the county seat of Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, the population of Northampton (including its outer villages, Florence, Massachusetts, Florence and ...

File:Philipp Jakob Loutherbourg d. J. 002.jpg,

Philip James de Loutherbourg Philip James de Loutherbourg, RA (born Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg; 31 October 174011 March 1812) was a French-born British painter who became known for his large naval works, his elaborate set designs for London theatres, and his invent ...

, '' Coalbrookdale by Night'', 1801, a key location of the English

Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succee ...

;French Romantic painting File:GericaultHorseman.jpg,

, '' The Charging Chasseur'', File:IngresDeathOfDaVinci.jpg,

, '' The Death of Leonardo da Vinci'', 1818, one of his Troubadour style works File:Eugène Delacroix - Collision of Moorish Horsemen - Walters 376.jpg,

, ''Collision of Moorish Horsemen'', 1843–44 File:Eugène Delacroix - The Bride of Abydos - WGA06224.jpg,

, ''The Bride of Abydos'', 1857, after the poem by Byron ;Other File:Waterfalls at Subiaco Joseph Anton Koch.jpeg, Joseph Anton Koch, ''Waterfalls at Subiaco'', 1812–1813, a "classical" landscape to art historians File:James Ward - Gordale Scar (A View of Gordale, in the Manor of East Malham in Craven, Yorkshire, the Property of Lord Ribblesdale) - Google Art Project.jpg, James Ward, 1814–1815, '' Gordale Scar'' File:John Constable The Hay Wain.jpg,

, 1821, ''

The Hay Wain ''The Hay Wain'' – originally titled ''Landscape: Noon'' – is a painting by John Constable, completed in 1821, which depicts a rural scene on the River Stour, Suffolk, River Stour between the English counties of Suffolk and Essex. It hangs ...

'', one of Constable's large "six footers" File:J.C. Dahl - Eruption of the Volcano Vesuvius - Google Art Project.jpg, J. C. Dahl, 1826, ''Eruption of

Vesuvius Mount Vesuvius ( ) is a Somma volcano, somma–stratovolcano located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania, Italy, about east of Naples and a short distance from the shore. It is one of several volcanoes forming the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuv ...

'', by Friedrich's closest follower File:The Wood of the Self-Murderers.jpg,

, –27, '' The Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides'',

Tate Tate is an institution that houses, in a network of four art galleries, the United Kingdom's national collection of British art, and international modern and contemporary art. It is not a government institution, but its main sponsor is the UK ...

File:Karl Brullov - The Last Day of Pompeii - Google Art Project.jpg,

Karl Bryullov Karl Pavlovich Bryullov ( Bryullo; ; – ) was a Russian painter and draughtsman during the Romantic period, remembered among the greatest visual artists in the history of Russian art. Biography Karl Bryullov was born on 12 (23) December 179 ...

, '' The Last Day of Pompeii'', 1833, The State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia File:Isaak Ilitsch Lewitan 003.jpg, Isaac Levitan, ''Pacific'', 1898, State Russian Museum, St.Petersburg File:Turner-The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons.jpg,

, '' The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons'' (1835),

Philadelphia Museum of Art The Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMA) is an List of art museums#North America, art museum originally chartered in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The main museum building was completed in 1928 on Fairmount, a hill located at ...

File:Hans Gude--Vinterettermiddag--1847.jpg, Hans Gude, ''Winter Afternoon'', 1847,

National Gallery of Norway The National Gallery () is a gallery in Oslo, Norway. Since 2003 it is administratively a part of the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design. History It was established in 1842 following a parliamentary decision from 1836. Originally lo ...

Oslo Oslo ( or ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality. The municipality of Oslo had a population of in 2022, while the city's greater urban area had a population of 1,064,235 in 2022 ...

File:Fra Hardanger Gude.jpg, Hans Gude, ''Fra Hardanger'', 1847. Example of Norwegian romantic nationalism. File:Hovhannes Aivazovsky - The Ninth Wave - Google Art Project.jpg,

, 1850, '' The Ninth Wave'',

Russian Museum The State Russian Museum (), formerly known as the Russian Museum of His Imperial Majesty Alexander III (), on Arts Square in Saint Petersburg, is the world's largest depository of Russian fine art. It is also one of the largest art museums in ...

, St. Petersburg File:John Martin - Sodom and Gomorrah.jpg, John Martin, 1852, ''The Destruction of

Sodom and Gomorrah In the Abrahamic religions, Sodom and Gomorrah () were two cities destroyed by God for their wickedness. Sodom and Gomorrah are repeatedly invoked throughout the Hebrew Bible, Deuterocanonical texts, and the New Testament as symbols of sin, di ...

'',

Laing Art Gallery The Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, is located on New Bridge Street West. The gallery was designed in the Baroque style with Art Nouveau elements by architects Cackett & Burns Dick and is now a Grade II listed building. It ...

File:Twilight in the Wilderness by Frederic Edwin Church (3).jpg,

, 1860, '' Twilight in the Wilderness'',

Cleveland Museum of Art The Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA) is an art museum in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Located in the Wade Park District of University Circle, the museum is internationally renowned for its substantial holdings of Asian art, Asian and Art of anc ...

File:Albert Bierstadt - The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak.jpg,

, 1863, '' The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak'' File:Hayez, Fracesco - Crusaders Thirsting near Jerusalem - 1836-50.jpg,

, ''Crusaders Thirsting near Jerusalem'' (1836–50), Palazzo Reale,

Turin Turin ( , ; ; , then ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865. The city is main ...

References

Sources

* Friedlaender, Walter, ''David to Delacroix'', (Originally published in German; reprinted 1980) 1952. * Honour, Hugh, ''Neo-classicism'', 1968, Pelican. * Hughes, Robert. ''Goya''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004. . * (in Polish) Masłowski, Maciej, Piotr Michałowski,

Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...

, 1957, Arkady Publishers * Novotny, Fritz, ''Painting and Sculpture in Europe, 1780–1880'' (Pelican History of Art), Yale University Press, 2nd edn. 1971 . * Noon, Patrick (ed), ''Crossing the Channel, British and French Painting in the Age of Romanticism'', 2003, Tate Publishing/Metropolitan Museum of Art. *