
Romainmôtier Priory is a former
Cluniac
Cluny Abbey (; , formerly also ''Cluni'' or ''Clugny''; ) is a former Order of Saint Benedict, Benedictine monastery in Cluny, Saône-et-Loire, France. It was dedicated to Saint Peter, Saints Peter and Saint Paul, Paul.
The abbey was constructed ...
priory
A priory is a monastery of men or women under religious vows that is headed by a prior or prioress. They were created by the Catholic Church. Priories may be monastic houses of monks or nuns (such as the Benedictines, the Cistercians, or t ...
in the
municipality
A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate.
The term ''municipality' ...
of
Romainmôtier-Envy
Romainmôtier-Envy () is a Municipalities of Switzerland, municipality in the Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Jura-North Vaudois District, Jura-Nord Vaudois.
The village, which lies on the Nozon r ...
in the
canton of
Vaud
Vaud ( ; , ), more formally Canton of Vaud, is one of the Cantons of Switzerland, 26 cantons forming the Switzerland, Swiss Confederation. It is composed of Subdivisions of the canton of Vaud, ten districts; its capital city is Lausanne. Its coat ...
in
Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...
. The monastery was founded by
Romanus of Condat
Romanus of Condat (also known in English as Saint Roman; French: ''Romain de Condat'' or ''Romain du Jura)'' ( – ) is a saint of the fifth century. At the age of thirty five, he decided to live as a hermit in the area of Condat. His young ...
, after whom it was named.
It is entered on the
.
History
Early Monastery
The first monastery at Romainmôtier was built in approximately 450 AD by Romanus of Condat. Romanus was born in 390 AD and died on the 28th of February 463 AD. At the age of 35, he went into the lonely region of Condat to live as a hermit, later followed by his brother Lupicinus. A large number of scholars, amongst whom was Saint Eugendus, placed themselves under the direction of the two holy brothers, who founded several monasteries including Romainmôtier (''Romanum monasterium'') in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Romanus was ordained a priest by Saint
Hilary of Arles
Hilary of Arles, also known by his Latin name Hilarius (c. 403–449), was a bishop of Arles in Southern France. He is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church, with 5 May being his feast day.
Life
In his e ...
in 444 AD, and with Lupicinus he directed these monasteries until his death. Two lives of him are in existence: one by
Gregory of Tours
Gregory of Tours (born ; 30 November – 17 November 594 AD) was a Gallo-Roman historian and Bishop of Tours during the Merovingian period and is known as the "father of French history". He was a prelate in the Merovingian kingdom, encom ...
in the "Liber vitae patrum", and an anonymous "Vita Sanctorum Romani, Lupicini, Eugendi".
[ It was Gregory of Tours that dated the building of the monastery to 450 AD.] Only a rhymed chronicle from the 13th century and the writings of Commissioner Aymonnet Pollen (1519) describe the founding of Romainmôtier Priory. Excavations carried out between 1905 - 1915 discovered traces of a church dating from the early 5th century, which confirmed the given date. In the 6th century, there is a record of an abbot Florianus who was ''abbas ex monasterio de Romeno'', which is thought to be Romainmôtier.[
]
Second expansion
The early monastery fell into disrepair and was later rebuilt by Duke Chramnelenus. The rebuilt monastery was placed under the monastic rule
Monasticism (; ), also called monachism or monkhood, is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual activities. Monastic life plays an important role in many Christian churches, especially ...
of Saint Columbanus by 642 AD. In 649 AD, Saint Wandregisel
Saint Wandregisel () (c. 605–668 AD) was a Frankish courtier, monk, and abbot.
Life
The son of Walchisus, a kinsman of Pepin of Landen, he was born around 605, near Verdun in the region then known as Austrasia. He was educated at the Frankish ...
, the future abbot of Fontenelle Abbey, visited Romainmôtier and found a thriving and diverse monastic life. The 5th-century church was enlarged, and later in the 7th century, a second church was built with a rectangular choir, being built on the south side of the first. Pope Stephen II
Pope Stephen II (; 714 – 26 April 757) was born a Roman aristocrat and member of the Orsini family. Stephen was the bishop of Rome from 26 March 752 to his death on 26 April 757. Stephen II marks the historical delineation between the Byzan ...
visited the monastery in 753 AD whilst traveling for a meeting with Pepin the Short
the Short (; ; ; – 24 September 768), was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768. He was the first Carolingian dynasty, Carolingian to become king.
Pepin was the son of the Frankish prince Charles Martel and his wife Rotrude of H ...
and, according to tradition, consecrated the churches of Saints Peter and Saint Paul.[
In the 9th century, Romainmôtier saw another period of decline. ]Lay abbot
Lay abbot (, ) is a name used to designate a layman on whom a king or someone in authority bestowed an abbey as a reward for services rendered; he had charge of the estate belonging to it, and was entitled to part of the income. The custom existed ...
s took possession of the monastery. In 888 AD, the Guelph
Guelph ( ; 2021 Canadian Census population 143,740) is a city in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Known as The Royal City, it is roughly east of Kitchener, Ontario, Kitchener and west of Downtown Toronto, at the intersection of Ontario Highway 6, ...
King
King is a royal title given to a male monarch. A king is an Absolute monarchy, absolute monarch if he holds unrestricted Government, governmental power or exercises full sovereignty over a nation. Conversely, he is a Constitutional monarchy, ...
Rudolf I of Burgundy gave the priory and its lands to his sister, Saint Adela (also referred to as Adelheid or Adelaide), the wife of the Duke of Burgundy
Duke of Burgundy () was a title used by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, from its establishment in 843 to its annexation by the Crown lands of France, French crown in 1477, and later by members of the House of Habsburg, including Holy Roman E ...
, Richard II
Richard II (6 January 1367 – ), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. He was the son of Edward, Prince of Wales (later known as the Black Prince), and Joan, Countess of Kent. R ...
. On 14 June 928 AD, Adelaide gave the monastery and its lands to Cluny Abbey
Cluny Abbey (; , formerly also ''Cluni'' or ''Clugny''; ) is a former Benedictine monastery in Cluny, Saône-et-Loire, France. It was dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul.
The abbey was constructed in the Romanesque architectural style, with t ...
. However, little changed for the monastery, as it remained a possession of the Burgundian royal family. During this period, the monastery was home to a community of Canons Regular
The Canons Regular of St. Augustine are Catholic priests who live in community under a rule ( and κανών, ''kanon'', in Greek) and are generally organised into Religious order (Catholic), religious orders, differing from both Secular clergy, ...
, rather than monks. At a point between 966 AD and 990 AD, King
King is a royal title given to a male monarch. A king is an Absolute monarchy, absolute monarch if he holds unrestricted Government, governmental power or exercises full sovereignty over a nation. Conversely, he is a Constitutional monarchy, ...
Conrad of Burgundy, renounced all his rights and gave the monastery to Abbot Maiolus of Cluny. Under Cluny Abbey, Romainmôtier Priory experienced its third golden age.[
]
The medieval monastery
Abbot Odilo of Cluny
Odilo of Cluny (c. 962 – 1 January 1049) was the 5th Benedictine Abbot of Cluny, succeeding Mayeul and holding the post for around 54 years. During his tenure Cluny became the most important monastery in western Europe. Odilo actively worked ...
, who resided multiple times in Romainmôtier, had the present church built at the end of the 10th century. This church was modelled after the second church of Cluny Abbey (Cluny II). At the start of the 12th century, the church was modified by the construction of an ornate narthex
The narthex is an architectural element typical of Early Christian art and architecture, early Christian and Byzantine architecture, Byzantine basilicas and Church architecture, churches consisting of the entrance or Vestibule (architecture), ve ...
, and later in the 13th century, with a gatehouse. The last modifications were made to the church in 1445. The monastery church of Romainmôtier is one of the most important examples of Cluniac Romanesque art in Switzerland.[
While Odilo had managed Romainmôtier himself, his successors remained at Cluny Abbey and were represented by a ]prior
The term prior may refer to:
* Prior (ecclesiastical), the head of a priory (monastery)
* Prior convictions, the life history and previous convictions of a suspect or defendant in a criminal case
* Prior probability, in Bayesian statistics
* Prio ...
. Until the end of the 12th century, this office was only granted for a limited number of years, later becoming a lifetime appointment. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the monastery was fighting against aristocratic families of the region (Grandson, Salins) who were trying to expand their estates at the expense of the priory. These conflicts ended at the beginning of the 12th century. However, the ''pariage'' of 1181, in which Beatrix of Burgundy, the wife of Frederick Barbarossa
Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (; ), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death in 1190. He was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March 115 ...
, and the priory divided their rights, appears not to have been followed. Until the 14th century the priory was under Imperial protection. The lord of Les Clées
Les Clées is a Municipalities of Switzerland, municipality in the district of Jura-North Vaudois District, Jura-Nord Vaudois in the Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
History
Les Clées is first mentioned in 1134 as ''Clees'' ...
exercised oversight on behalf of his feudal lords, particularly the Savoys.[
The property of the priory included the territory around the monastery, which was known as ''La Poté'' (derived from the Latin word potestas), or Terre de Romainmôtier. By 1050, this property consisted of twelve villages. The priory also possessed land in ]Apples
An apple is a round, edible fruit produced by an apple tree (''Malus'' spp.). Fruit trees of the orchard or domestic apple (''Malus domestica''), the most widely grown in the genus, are agriculture, cultivated worldwide. The tree originated ...
and in Bannans in Franche-Comté
Franche-Comté (, ; ; Frainc-Comtou dialect, Frainc-Comtou: ''Fraintche-Comtè''; ; also ; ; all ) is a cultural and Provinces of France, historical region of eastern France. It is composed of the modern departments of France, departments of Doub ...
. They owned rights or smallholdings in 45 other locations. In the 12th century, small priories were established in Bursins
Bursins is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.
History
Bursins is first mentioned in 1011 as ''Bruzinges''. In a record that was written before 1031 it was mentioned as ''Brucins''.
Geography
Bursins has ...
, Mollens, Vufflens-la-Ville
Vufflens-la-Ville is a Municipalities of Switzerland, municipality of the Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Gros-de-Vaud District, Gros-de-Vaud.
Geography
Vufflens-la-Ville has an area, , of . Of t ...
, Vallorbe
Vallorbe () is a Municipalities of Switzerland, municipality in the district of Jura-North Vaudois District, Jura-Nord Vaudois in the Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
History
Vallorbe is first mentioned in 1139 as ''de valle ...
and Lay-Damvautier to manage the far-flung holdings of Romainmôtier. The small priories had all become independent from Romainmôtier by the 14th century. The priories of Bevaix and Corcelles were affiliated with Romainmôtier in the 12th century, but until its secularization during the Protestant Reformation
The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation, was a time of major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and ...
, they retained a certain independence. In the 11th century, they founded a hospital in Orbe
Orbe (; ; older , ; ) is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It was the seat of the former district of Orbe and is now part of the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois.
History
Orbe is first mentioned about 280 as ''Urba''. In 1179, it wa ...
, which operated until the mid-13th century.[
In the 11th century, the inhabitants of the ''Poté'' were still ]serf
Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with similarities to and differences from slavery. It developed du ...
s, but in 1266 they were awarded a special legal status: they possessed personal freedom and were allowed to dispose freely of their goods, but were obliged to be faithful to the prior. If they moved outside the ''Poté'' or swore loyalty to another noble, they were expelled from the dominion and lost any items that they had been given by the priory. A ''familia'' grew up around the prior consisting of laity who worked for the priory. It included artisans (bakers, cooks, porters, clerk, etc.), officers who worked in the villages as administrators or as local police, and citizens of the city of Romainmôtier. Those of the ''familia'' class were not subject to compulsory service or collective work, but were required to pay the heriot
Heriot, from Old English ''heregeat'' ("war-gear"), was originally a death-duty in late Anglo-Saxon England, which required that at death, a nobleman provided to his king a given set of military equipment, often including horses, swords, shields ...
or death tax.[
]
The early modern and modern monastery
After a financial crisis in the 14th century, the monastery recovered and reached the height of its power at the end of the 14th and early 15th century. In the mid-15th century it passed into the secular hands of the Savoy dynasty and their associates. The income of the abbey became a source of personal income, and the monastic rules were less and less respected. When the Protestant Reformation
The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation, was a time of major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and ...
arrived (1536), the monastery was already on the decline. In the 14th century about twenty monks still lived in the priory. By the 16th century it was about ten.
Despite the protests of Fribourg
or is the capital of the Cantons of Switzerland, Swiss canton of Canton of Fribourg, Fribourg and district of Sarine (district), La Sarine. Located on both sides of the river Saane/Sarine, on the Swiss Plateau, it is a major economic, adminis ...
, Bern
Bern (), or Berne (), ; ; ; . is the ''de facto'' Capital city, capital of Switzerland, referred to as the "federal city".; ; ; . According to the Swiss constitution, the Swiss Confederation intentionally has no "capital", but Bern has gov ...
secularized the priory on 27 January 1537. The priory church was now used for Reformed
Reform is beneficial change.
Reform, reformed or reforming may also refer to:
Media
* ''Reform'' (album), a 2011 album by Jane Zhang
* Reform (band), a Swedish jazz fusion group
* ''Reform'' (magazine), a Christian magazine
Places
* Reform, Al ...
service, and the cloister
A cloister (from Latin , "enclosure") is a covered walk, open gallery, or open Arcade (architecture), arcade running along the walls of buildings and forming a quadrangle (architecture), quadrangle or garth. The attachment of a cloister to a cat ...
was destroyed. The prior's house was converted into a castle for the Bernese Vogt
An , sometimes simply advocate, (German, ), or (French, ), was a type of medieval office holder, particularly important in the Holy Roman Empire, who was delegated some of the powers and functions of a major feudal lord, or for an institutio ...
, and the remaining buildings were rented or sold. Only some of the more distant properties escaped being taken by Bern. Some monks settled in Vaux-et-Chantegrue and created a simple countryside priory, which was abolished during the French Revolution. The priory buildings were restored in 1899–1915 and again in 1992–2000.[
]
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Romainmotier Priory
Monasteries under the Columban Rule in Switzerland
Cluniac monasteries in Switzerland
450 establishments
Monasteries dissolved under the Swiss Reformation
Monasteries destroyed during the French Revolution
Buildings and structures in the canton of Vaud
Tourist attractions in the canton of Vaud