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Rolan Antonovich Bykov (russian: Ролан Антонович Быков; October 12, 1929 – October 6, 1998)People's Artist of the USSR People's Artist of the USSR ( rus, Народный артист СССР, Narodny artist SSSR), also sometimes translated as National Artist of the USSR, was an honorary title granted to artists of the Soviet Union. Nomenclature and significa ...
(1990).


Early life

Rolan Bykov was born to Anton Mikhailovich Bykov and Olga Matveyevna Bykova (née Sitnyakovskaya), the youngest of two brothers. There are many myths surrounding his biography, including the names of Rolan and his parents, date and place of birth. Different directories showed that he was born in Moscow, yet Bykov and his brother Geronim stated that their family moved to Moscow from Kyiv in 1934.People's Artist of the USSR Rolan Bykov: «My mother was told that she had an idiot growing up»
last interview by Fakty i Kommentarii, published on November 13, 2004 (in Russian)''Natalia Boiko'
Barmaley the Reformer
//

article at Vechernyaya Moskva, February 16, 2006 (in Russian) Throughout his life Rolan Antonovich Bykov was officially known as Roland Anatolyevich Bykov and his date of birth — as November 12 which, according to him, was caused by a mistake in his passport.Raging Rolan
article from Argumenty i Fakty, June 5, 2003 (in Russian) He named various reasons for this: from a drunken
militsioner ''Militsiya'' ( rus, милиция, , mʲɪˈlʲitsɨjə) was the name of the police forces in the Soviet Union (until 1991) and in several Eastern Bloc countries (1945–1992), as well as in the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1992). T ...
at the passport office to his own aunt who confused names and dates while arranging his documents.''Feodor Razzakov (2006)''
So That People Remember
— Moscow: Eksmo, 768 pages As for the unusual name, Rolan explained that he was named after
Romain Rolland Romain Rolland (; 29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French dramatist, novelist, essayist, art historian and mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1915 "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production an ...
(according to the Russian pronunciation) by his parents who confused Romain's surname for his name. Bykov's father was a military and intelligence officer of mixed Polish- Czech ancestry originally named Semyon Geronimovich Gordanovsky. He started his career by participating in
World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
and making a successful escape after being taken captive by
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
. During the
Russian Civil War {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Russian Civil War , partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I , image = , caption = Clockwise from top left: {{flatlist, *Soldiers ...
he fought as part of the
1st Cavalry Army __NOTOC__ The 1st Cavalry Army (russian: Первая конная армия, Pervaya konnaya armiya) was a prominent Red Army military formation. It was also known as "Budyonny's Cavalry Army" or simply as ''Konarmia'' (Кона́рмия, "Horse ...
led by
Semyon Budyonny Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonnyy ( rus, Семён Миха́йлович Будённый, Semyon Mikháylovich Budyonnyy, p=sʲɪˈmʲɵn mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪdʑ bʊˈdʲɵnːɨj, a=ru-Simeon Budyonniy.ogg; – 26 October 1973) was a Russian c ...
. Between 1924 and 1926 he worked in Cheka and regularly visited Germany under different passports. His last code name was Anton Mikhailovich Bykov which he adopted as a real name. He was later promoted to a high-ranking position in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and served as a managing director at various enterprises. Bykov's mother also changed her name from Ella Matusovna to Olga Matveevna at one point. While Bykov regularly referred to her and her relatives as «Ukrainians», she was in fact a daughter of a prosperous
Jewish Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
NEPman. She wanted to become an actress and finished two courses of a theater institute, but was expelled for truancy. Between 1937 and 1947 Bykov studied in Moscow schools. In 1939 he joined a youth theatrical studio organized by a
Pioneers Palace Young Pioneer Palaces or Palaces of Young Pioneers and Schoolchildren were youth centers designated for the creative work, sport training and extracurricular activities of Young Pioneers and other schoolchildren. Young Pioneer Palaces originate ...
where he met Alexander Mitta, Boris Rytsarev and Igor Kvasha. During the
Battle of Moscow The Battle of Moscow was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a sector of the Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front during World War II. It took place between September 1941 and January ...
his family was evacuated to
Yoshkar-Ola Yoshkar-Ola ( Mari and russian: Йошкар-Ола) is the capital city of the Mari El Republic, Russia. Yoshkar-Ola means “red city” in Mari and was formerly known as Tsaryovokokshaysk () before 1919, as Krasnokokshaysk () between 1919 a ...
for three years, although his father chose to stay and volunteered for the front line. In 1947 he entered the Boris Shchukin Higher Theater College to study acting under Vera Lvova and Leonid Shikhmatov.


Career

In 1951 Bykov graduated and immediately joined the Moscow Youth Theater where he served as an actor and a stage director until 1959. Simultaneously he also appeared in several movies in episodic roles, worked as an actor at the Moscow Drama Theater (1951—1952), as the head of the theater studio at the Bauman Palace of Culture (1951—1953), as a stringer for various children's programmes at the Soviet Central Television and as an editor on radio (1953—1959). He made his acting debut in the film ''School of Courage''. In 1957 he organized a Student's Theater at the
Moscow State University M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; russian: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia and the most prestigious ...
where he served as the main director up until 1959.
Iya Savvina Iya Sergeyevna Savvina (russian: Ия Серге́евна Саввина; 2 March 1936 – 27 August 2011) was a Soviet film actress who was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1990.Lenin Komsomol Theatre in Leningrad, but left it for cinema. In 1959 he played the main part of Akaki Akakiyevich in ''
The Overcoat "The Overcoat" (russian: Шине́ль, translit. Shinyél’; sometimes translated as "The Cloak") is a short story by Russian author Nikolai Gogol, published in 1842. The story has had a great influence on Russian literature. Eugène-Me ...
'', an adaptation of
Nikolai Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol; uk, link=no, Мико́ла Васи́льович Го́голь, translit=Mykola Vasyliovych Hohol; (russian: Яновский; uk, Яновський, translit=Yanovskyi) ( – ) was a Russian novelist, ...
's story directed by
Aleksey Batalov Aleksey Vladimirovich Batalov (russian: link=no, Алексе́й Влади́мирович Бата́лов; 20 November 1928 – 15 June 2017) was a Soviet and Russian stage and film actor, film director, screenwriter and pedagogue acclaimed f ...
. Soon after he joined
Mosfilm Mosfilm (russian: Мосфильм, ''Mosfil’m'' ) is a film studio which is among the largest and oldest in the Russian Federation and in Europe. Founded in 1924 in the USSR as a production unit of that nation's film monopoly, its output inclu ...
where he spent the rest 40 years working as an actor and a film director. He played over 100 roles and became highly popular as a comedy actor with such roles as Chebakov from '' Balzaminov's Marriage'' (1964), Barmalei from '' Aybolit-66'' and Skomorokh from ''
Andrei Rublev Andrei Rublev ( rus, Андре́й Рублёв, p=ɐnˈdrʲej rʊˈblʲɵf , also transliterated as ''Andrey Rublyov'') was a Muscovite icon painter born in the 1360s who died between 1427 and 1430 in Moscow. He is considered to be one of the ...
'' (both 1966), Ivan Karyakin from ''
Two Comrades Were Serving ''Two Comrades Were Serving'' (russian: Служили два товарища, translit. ''Sluzhili dva tovarishcha'') is a 1968 Soviet war film directed by Yevgeny Karelov with a script by Yuli Dunsky and Valeri Frid. The film is about the ...
'' (1968), Petrykin from '' Big School-Break'' (1973), Cat Bazilio from '' The Adventures of Buratino'' (1975), Father Fyodor from '' The Twelve Chairs'' (1976) and others.Rolan Bykov. I'm Beaten - I Will Start from the Beginning! Diaries
at
Google Books Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google Inc. that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical ...
(in Russian) As a film director he became known for his experimental
children's A child ( : children) is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty, or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty. The legal definition of ''child'' generally refers to a minor, otherwise known as a person younger ...
and family movies. Among his most famous works are '' Seven Nannies'' (1962), ''Aybolit-66'' (1966), ''Attention, a Turtle!'' (1970) and ''
Scarecrow A scarecrow is a decoy or mannequin, often in the shape of a human. Humanoid scarecrows are usually dressed in old clothes and placed in open fields to discourage birds from disturbing and feeding on recently cast seed and growing crops.Lesle ...
'' (1983). His films are generally associated with postmodernism, presented as a mix of different styles, genres and techniques, with theatrical musical numbers, arthouse editing,
fourth wall The fourth wall is a performance convention in which an invisible, imaginary wall separates actors from the audience. While the audience can see through this ''wall'', the convention assumes the actors act as if they cannot. From the 16th cent ...
breaking and so on. An unexpectedly grim ''Scarecrow'' released in 1984 became especially controversial and led to a lot of public criticism; some insisted it should be banned. Bykov survived a heart attack in the process. Yet in 1986 with the start of perestroika he was awarded the
USSR State Prize The USSR State Prize (russian: links=no, Государственная премия СССР, Gosudarstvennaya premiya SSSR) was the Soviet Union's state honor. It was established on 9 September 1966. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, t ...
for his movie. Apart from his movie career Bykov also worked as an educator at High Courses for Scriptwriters and Film Directors. Between 1986 and 1990 he served as a secretary of the Union of Cinematography of the USSR. He was also a member of the Nika Award organization. In 1989 Bykov headed the Younost studio at Mosfilm dedicated to children's cinema. Between 1989 and 1992 he also headed the All-Soviet Center of Cinema and TV for Children and Youth. In 1992 he created and headed the Rolan Bykov's Fund (also known as International Fund for Development of Cinema for Children and Youth). According to his 1994 interview to Vladislav Listyev, they had produced 64 movies by that time and received various awards internationally, yet none of them were shown at Russian movie theaters since new management saw them as nonprofitable.Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union (russian: Съезд народных депутатов СССР, ''Sʺezd narodnykh deputatov SSSR'') was the highest body of state authority of the Soviet Union from 1989 to 1991. Backg ...
. He also headed a Nonpartisan Socio-Political Movement 95 that expressed support to culture, science, education and ecology. During the 1995 Parliamentary elections he headed a liberal pro-government Common Cause party along with
Irina Khakamada Irina Mutsuovna Khakamada ( rus, Ири́на Муцу́овна Хакама́да, p=ɪˈrʲinə mʊˈtsuəvnə xəkɐˈmadə; ja, 袴田イリーナ; born April 13, 1955, in Moscow) is a Russian economist, political activist, journalist, pu ...
and Vladimir Dzhanibekov. He also served as a president of the Help bank at one point. In 1996 Bykov was diagnosed with
lung cancer Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma (since about 98–99% of all lung cancers are carcinomas), is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. Lung carcinomas derive from transformed, malign ...
and survived a surgery. He died two years later from
thrombosis Thrombosis (from Ancient Greek "clotting") is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a blood vessel (a vein or an artery) is injured, the body uses platelets (thr ...
. He was buried at
Novodevichy Cemetery Novodevichy Cemetery ( rus, Новоде́вичье кла́дбище, Novodevichye kladbishche) is a cemetery in Moscow. It lies next to the southern wall of the 16th-century Novodevichy Convent, which is the city's third most popular touris ...
.


Personal life

First wife — an actress Lydia Nikolayevna Knyazeva (1925—1987). They met at the Moscow Youth Theater and spent 15 years together. They also adopted a boy from an orphanage and raised him under the name of Oleg Rolanovich Bykov (1958—2002). He appeared in ''
Scarecrow A scarecrow is a decoy or mannequin, often in the shape of a human. Humanoid scarecrows are usually dressed in old clothes and placed in open fields to discourage birds from disturbing and feeding on recently cast seed and growing crops.Lesle ...
'' in minor role and produced several movies, but left the industry shortly after. Second wife — an actress Elena Sanayeva, daughter of the acclaimed Soviet actor Vsevolod Sanayev. Bykov adopted her son from the first marriage Pavel Sanayev (born 1969) who became a popular Russian film director and writer. His part-autobiographical novel ''Bury Me Behind the Baseboard'' published in 1994 became a national bestseller. Bykov is featured in it under a name of Tolik. The book was adapted as a 2009 drama film ''
Bury Me Behind the Baseboard ''Bury Me Behind the Baseboard'' (russian: Похорoните меня за плинтусом, Pokhoronite menya za plintusom) is a 2009 Russian psychological drama film directed by Sergey Snezhkin, based on the autobiographical story of the same ...
'', although the Sanayev family were displeased with it. Bykov also wrote poetry since childhood and published a book of poems in 1994 entitled ''Poems by Rolan Bykov'' that was re-released several times. In 2010 his widow Elena Sanayeva published a book of Bykov's diaries (from 1945 to 1996) that contained a lot of personal thoughts along with his wife's commentaries. In later years Bykov expressed a lot of concern regarding the movie industry and newer times in general. In his interview to Vladislav Listyev he stated that modern cinema was solely built around money, or the
golden calf According to the Bible, the golden calf (עֵגֶל הַזָּהָב '' ‘ēgel hazzāhāv'') was an idol (a cult image) made by the Israelites when Moses went up to Mount Sinai. In Hebrew, the incident is known as ''ḥēṭə’ hā‘ēgel' ...
as he called it, with no place for art. ''«Back in 1984 I survived a heart attack following the release of Scarecrow; these days I survived a stroke during the production of a 10-minute short under
Belgia Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the ...
n producers»''. In his interviews to Leonid Filatov he characterized modern times as «corrupted», «a collapse of culture and morals», and modern cinema — as «a cigarette butt's art».To Be Remembered. Rolan Bykov
documentary by Leonid Filatov, 1998 (in Russian) In his diaries he continued those themes, predicting a Third World War, an environmental disaster and a general «schizophreniation» of the world population. The only exit he saw was a cultural and spiritual renaissance.


Selected filmography


Actor

* '' School of Courage'' (1954)'' acting debut'' * '' Road to Life'' (1955) * ''
The Overcoat "The Overcoat" (russian: Шине́ль, translit. Shinyél’; sometimes translated as "The Cloak") is a short story by Russian author Nikolai Gogol, published in 1842. The story has had a great influence on Russian literature. Eugène-Me ...
'' (1959) * ''
Resurrection Resurrection or anastasis is the concept of coming back to life after death. In a number of religions, a dying-and-rising god is a deity which dies and is resurrected. Reincarnation is a similar process hypothesized by other religions, whic ...
'' (1960) * '' Travel in April'' (1962) * '' I Step Through Moscow'' (1963) * '' Balzaminov's Marriage'' (1964) * '' Fitil'' (1964-1974) * ''
Hello, That's Me! ''Hello, It's Me!'' ( hy, Բարև, ես եմ; translit. Barev, yes em) is a 1966 Armenian drama film directed by Frunze Dovlatyan. It was entered into the 1966 Cannes Film Festival, nominated to Palme d'Or and awarded by the ''State Prize ...
'' (1966) * ''
Andrei Rublev Andrei Rublev ( rus, Андре́й Рублёв, p=ɐnˈdrʲej rʊˈblʲɵf , also transliterated as ''Andrey Rublyov'') was a Muscovite icon painter born in the 1360s who died between 1427 and 1430 in Moscow. He is considered to be one of the ...
'' (1966) * '' Aybolit-66'' (1966) * ''
Commissar Commissar (or sometimes ''Kommissar'') is an English transliteration of the Russian (''komissar''), which means ' commissary'. In English, the transliteration ''commissar'' often refers specifically to the political commissars of Soviet and ...
'' (1967) * ''
Two Comrades Were Serving ''Two Comrades Were Serving'' (russian: Служили два товарища, translit. ''Sluzhili dva tovarishcha'') is a 1968 Soviet war film directed by Yevgeny Karelov with a script by Yuli Dunsky and Valeri Frid. The film is about the ...
'' (1968) * '' Dead Season'' (1968) * ''
Viimne reliikvia ''Viimne reliikvia'' (Estonian for ''The Last Relic''; russian: Последняя реликвия, translit=Poslyednyaya ryelikvya) is a 1969 Estonian-language Soviet film based on '' Vürst Gabriel ehk Pirita kloostri viimsed päevad'' (Estoni ...
'' (1969) * '' The Crown of the Russian Empire, or Once Again the Elusive Avengers'' (1971) * ''
Trial on the Road ''Trial on the Road'' (russian: Проверка на дорогах, translit=''Proverka na dorogakh'') is a 1971 black-and-white Soviet film set in World War II, directed by Aleksey German, starring Rolan Bykov, Anatoly Solonitsyn and Vladimir Z ...
'' (1971) * '' Big School-Break'' (1972) * '' Ilf and Petrov Rode a Tram'' (1972) * '' The Adventures of Buratino'' (1975) * '' Rudin'' (1976) * '' The Twelve Chairs'' (1976) * '' The Nose'' (1977) * '' Domestic Circumstances'' (1977) * '' Wounded Game'' (1977) * '' About the Little Red Riding Hood'' (1977) * '' Alibaba Aur 40 Chor'' (1979) * ''
Dusha ''Dusha'' (russian: Душа, English translation: ''Soul'') is a 1981 Soviet musical drama film written by Alexander Borodyansky and directed by Alexander Stefanovich, starring Sofia Rotaru and Mikhail Boyarsky. The movie features songs perform ...
'' (1981) * ''
Scarecrow A scarecrow is a decoy or mannequin, often in the shape of a human. Humanoid scarecrows are usually dressed in old clothes and placed in open fields to discourage birds from disturbing and feeding on recently cast seed and growing crops.Lesle ...
'' (1984) * '' Dead Man's Letters'' (1986) * ''
Me Ivan, You Abraham ''Me Ivan, You Abraham'' (french: Moi Ivan, toi Abraham; be, Я — Іван, ты — Абрам, italic=yes) is a 1993 French-Belarusian film written and directed by Yolande Zauberman. It won the Award of the Youth (French film) at the 1993 Ca ...
'' (1993) * ''
The Gray Wolves ''The Gray Wolves'' (russian: Серые волки, Serye volki) is a 1993 Russian political film directed by Igor Gostev. Plot In the center of the plot is the displacement of Nikita Khrushchev, against which the story of a man who tried to ...
'' (1993) * ''
Shirli-Myrli ''Shirli-myrli'' (russian: Ширли-мырли, also released as ''What a Mess!'') is a 1995 farce comedy film of the early post-soviet era directed by Vladimir Menshov. Centered around a pursued con man, who stole a huge diamond, the movie, amon ...
'' (1995)


Director

* '' Seven Nannies'' (1962) * '' Summer Is Over (1963) * '' Fitil'' * '' Aybolit-66'' (1966) * ''
Attention, Turtle! ''Attention, Turtle!'' (russian: Внимание, черепаха!, Vnimanie, cherepakha!) is a 1970 Soviet comedy film directed by Rolan Bykov. Plot Two schoolchildren decide to conduct an experiment on a turtle. They want to put it under the ...
'' (1970) * ''Telegram'' (1971) * '' Car, Violin and Blot the Dog'' (1974) * '' The Nose'' (1977) * ''
Scarecrow A scarecrow is a decoy or mannequin, often in the shape of a human. Humanoid scarecrows are usually dressed in old clothes and placed in open fields to discourage birds from disturbing and feeding on recently cast seed and growing crops.Lesle ...
'' (1984) * ''I Will Never Return Here (1990)


Awards and honors

* Medal "For Labour Valour" (1967) * Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1970) * Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1973) *
USSR State Prize The USSR State Prize (russian: links=no, Государственная премия СССР, Gosudarstvennaya premiya SSSR) was the Soviet Union's state honor. It was established on 9 September 1966. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, t ...
(1986) – for film ''
Scarecrow A scarecrow is a decoy or mannequin, often in the shape of a human. Humanoid scarecrows are usually dressed in old clothes and placed in open fields to discourage birds from disturbing and feeding on recently cast seed and growing crops.Lesle ...
'' *
People's Artist of the RSFSR People's Artist of the RSFSR (russian: Народный артист РСФСР, ''Narodnyj artist RSFSR'') was an honorary title granted to Soviet Union artists, including theatre and film directors, choreographers, music performers, and orches ...
(1987) * Vasilyev Brothers State Prize of the RSFSR (1987) – for his role as Professor Larsen in film '' Dead Man's Letters'' * Nika Award for Best Actor (1988) – for film ''
Commissar Commissar (or sometimes ''Kommissar'') is an English transliteration of the Russian (''komissar''), which means ' commissary'. In English, the transliteration ''commissar'' often refers specifically to the political commissars of Soviet and ...
'' *
People's Artist of the USSR People's Artist of the USSR ( rus, Народный артист СССР, Narodny artist SSSR), also sometimes translated as National Artist of the USSR, was an honorary title granted to artists of the Soviet Union. Nomenclature and significa ...
(1990) *
Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" The Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" (russian: Орден «За заслуги перед Отечеством», ''Orden "Za zaslugi pered Otechestvom"'') is a state decoration of the Russian Federation. It was instituted on 2 March 1994 by ...
, 4th class (11 November 1994)


References


External links

* *
Rolan Bykov. I'm Beaten - I Will Start from the Beginning! Diaries
at
Google Books Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google Inc. that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical ...
(in Russian)
To Be Remembered. Rolan Bykov
documentary by Leonid Filatov, 1998 (in Russian)
Islands. Rolan Bykov
documentary by
Russia-K Russia-K (russian: Россия Культура, translit=Rossiya Kul'tura "Russia - Culture") is a Russian nationwide not-for-profit television channel that broadcasts shows regarding arts and culture. It belongs to the state-controlled VGTRK ...
, 2009 (in Russian) {{DEFAULTSORT:Bykov, Rolan 1929 births 1998 deaths 20th-century Russian male actors 20th-century Russian male writers 20th-century Russian poets 20th-century Russian screenwriters Actors from Kyiv Film people from Kyiv Academicians of the Russian Academy of Cinema Arts and Sciences "Nika" Academicians of the Russian Academy of Education High Courses for Scriptwriters and Film Directors faculty Honored Artists of the RSFSR People's Artists of the RSFSR People's Artists of the USSR Recipients of the Nika Award Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class Recipients of the USSR State Prize Recipients of the Vasilyev Brothers State Prize of the RSFSR Male screenwriters Russian drama teachers Russian film directors Russian male film actors Russian male stage actors Russian male voice actors Russian screenwriters Russian theatre directors Soviet drama teachers Soviet film directors Soviet male film actors Soviet male stage actors Soviet male voice actors Soviet screenwriters Soviet theatre directors Deaths from lung cancer in Russia Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery