Robert Walser (writer)
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Robert Walser (15 April 1878 – 25 December 1956) was a
German language German (, ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western Europe, Western and Central Europe. It is the majority and Official language, official (or co-official) language in Germany, Austria, Switze ...
Swiss Swiss most commonly refers to: * the adjectival form of Switzerland * Swiss people Swiss may also refer to: Places * Swiss, Missouri * Swiss, North Carolina * Swiss, West Virginia * Swiss, Wisconsin Other uses * Swiss Café, an old café located ...
writer. He additionally worked as a copyist, an inventor's assistant, a butler, and in various other low-paying trades. Despite marginal early success in his literary career, the popularity of his work gradually diminished over the second and third decades of the 20th century, making it increasingly difficult for him to support himself through writing. He eventually had a nervous breakdown and spent the remainder of his life in sanatoriums.


Life and work


1878–1897

Walser was born into a family with many children. His brother Karl Walser became a well-known
stage designer Scenic design, also known as stage design or set design, is the creation of scenery for theatrical productions including plays and musicals. The term can also be applied to film and television productions, where it may be referred to as prod ...
and
painter Painting is a Visual arts, visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called "matrix" or "Support (art), support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with ...
. Walser grew up in
Biel Biel/Bienne (official bilingual wording; German language, German: ''Biel'' ; French language, French: ''Bienne'' ; Bernese German, locally ; ; ; ) is a bilingual city in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. With over 55,000 residents, it is the ...
, Switzerland, on the
language border A language border or language boundary is the line separating two language areas. The term is generally meant to imply a lack of mutual intelligibility between the two languages. If two adjacent languages or dialects are mutually intelligible, n ...
between the German- and French-speaking regions of Switzerland, and grew up speaking both languages. He attended primary school and progymnasium, which he had to leave before the final exam when his family could no longer bear the cost. From his early years on, he was an enthusiastic theatre-goer; his favourite play was ''
The Robbers ''The Robbers'' (', ) is the first dramatic play by German playwright Friedrich Schiller. The play was published in 1781 and premiered on 13 January 1782 in Mannheim and was inspired by Leisewitz's earlier play '' Julius of Taranto''. It was wr ...
'' by
Friedrich Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (, short: ; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German playwright, poet, philosopher and historian. Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright. He was born i ...
. There is a
watercolor painting Watercolor (American English) or watercolour (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), also ''aquarelle'' (; from Italian diminutive of Latin 'water'), is a painting method"Watercolor may be as old as art itself, going back to the S ...
that shows Walser as Karl Moor, the protagonist of that play. From 1892 to 1895, Walser served an apprenticeship at the Bernischer Kantonalbank in Biel. Afterwards he worked for a short time in
Basel Basel ( ; ), also known as Basle ( ), ; ; ; . is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine (at the transition from the High Rhine, High to the Upper Rhine). Basel is Switzerland's List of cities in Switzerland, third-most-populo ...
. Walser's mother, who was "emotionally disturbed", died in 1894 after being under medical care for a long period. In 1895, Walser went to
Stuttgart Stuttgart (; ; Swabian German, Swabian: ; Alemannic German, Alemannic: ; Italian language, Italian: ; ) is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, largest city of the States of Germany, German state of ...
where his brother Karl lived. He was an office worker at the Deutsche Verlagsanstalt and at the Cotta'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung; he also tried, without success, to become an actor. On foot, he returned to Switzerland where he registered in 1896 as a
Zürich Zurich (; ) is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich. , the municipality had 448,664 inhabitants. The ...
resident. In the following years, he often worked as a "Kommis", an office clerk, but irregularly and in many different places. As a result, he was one of the first Swiss writers to introduce into literature a description of the life of a salaried employee.


1898–1912

In 1898, the influential critic Joseph Victor Widmann published a series of poems by Walser in the
Bern Bern (), or Berne (), ; ; ; . is the ''de facto'' Capital city, capital of Switzerland, referred to as the "federal city".; ; ; . According to the Swiss constitution, the Swiss Confederation intentionally has no "capital", but Bern has gov ...
ese newspaper ''
Der Bund ''Der Bund'' (English: ''The Union'') is a Switzerland, Swiss German-language daily newspaper published in Bern. Established in 1850 and associated with the cause of Classical liberalism, liberalism, it was among the leading quality newspaper ...
''. This came to the attention of
Franz Blei Franz Blei (pseudonyms: Medardus, Dr. Peregrinus Steinhövel, Amadée de la Houlette, Franciscus Amadeus, Gussie Mc-Bill, Prokop Templin, Heliogabal, Nikodemus Schuster, L. O. G., Hans Adolar; January 18, 1871 July 10, 1942) was an essayist, play ...
, and he introduced Walser to the
Art Nouveau Art Nouveau ( ; ; ), Jugendstil and Sezessionstil in German, is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. It was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and ...
people around the magazine '' Die Insel'', including
Frank Wedekind Benjamin Franklin Wedekind (July 24, 1864 – March 9, 1918) was a German playwright. His work, which often criticizes bourgeois attitudes (particularly towards sex), is considered to anticipate expressionism and was influential in the developme ...
, Max Dauthendey and
Otto Julius Bierbaum Otto Julius Bierbaum (28 June 1865 – 1 February 1910) was a German writer. Bierbaum was born in Grünberg, Silesia. After studying in Leipzig, he became a journalist and editor for the journals ''Die freie Bühne'', ''Pan'' and '' Die Insel'' ...
. Numerous short stories and poems by Walser appeared in ''Die Insel.'' Until 1905, Walser lived mainly in Zürich, though he often changed lodgings and also lived for a time in
Thun Thun () is a List of towns in Switzerland, town and a Municipalities of Switzerland, municipality in the administrative district of Thun (administrative district), Thun in the Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Canton of Bern, Bern in Switzerland. ...
,
Solothurn Solothurn ( ; ; ; ; ) is a town, a municipality, and the capital of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. It is located in the north-west of Switzerland on the banks of the Aare and on the foot of the Weissenstein Jura mountains. The town is ...
,
Winterthur Winterthur (; ) is a city in the canton of Zurich in northern Switzerland. With over 120,000 residents, it is the country's List of cities in Switzerland, sixth-largest city by population, as well as its ninth-largest agglomeration with about 14 ...
and
Munich Munich is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany. As of 30 November 2024, its population was 1,604,384, making it the third-largest city in Germany after Berlin and Hamburg. Munich is the largest city in Germany that is no ...
. In 1903, he fulfilled his military service obligation and, beginning that summer, was the "aide" of an engineer and inventor in Wädenswil near Zürich. This episode became the basis of his 1908 novel ''Der Gehülfe'' (''The Assistant''). In 1904, his first book, ''Fritz Kochers Aufsätze'' (Fritz Kocher's Essays), appeared in the ''Insel Verlag'', with eleven illustrations by his brother Karl. At the end of 1905 he attended a course in order to become a servant at the castle of Dambrau in
Upper Silesia Upper Silesia ( ; ; ; ; Silesian German: ; ) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located today mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic. The area is predominantly known for its heav ...
. The theme of serving would characterize his work in the following years, especially in the novel '' Jakob von Gunten'' (1909). In 1905, he went to live in
Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...
, where his brother Karl Walser, who was working as a theater painter, introduced him to other figures in literature, publishing, and the theater. Occasionally, Walser worked as secretary for the artists' corporation Berliner Secession. In Berlin, Walser wrote the novels '' The Tanners'' (''Geschwister Tanner''), '' The Assistant'' (''Der Gehülfe'') and ''Jakob von Gunten''. They were issued by the publishing house of Bruno Cassirer, where
Christian Morgenstern Christian Otto Josef Wolfgang Morgenstern (6 May 1871 – 31 March 1914) was a German writer and poet from Munich. Morgenstern married Margareta Gosebruch von Liechtenstern on 7 March 1910. He worked for a while as a journalist in Berlin ...
worked as editor. Apart from the novels, he wrote many short stories, sketching popular bars from the point of view of a poor "flaneur" in a very playful and subjective language. There was a very positive echo to his writings.
Robert Musil Robert Musil (; 6 November 1880 – 15 April 1942) was an Austrian philosophical writer. His unfinished novel, ''The Man Without Qualities'' (), is generally considered to be one of the most important and influential modernist novels. Family M ...
and
Kurt Tucholsky Kurt Tucholsky (; 9 January 1890 – 21 December 1935) was a German journalist, satire, satirist, and writer. He also wrote under the pseudonyms Kaspar Hauser (after the Kaspar Hauser, historical figure), Peter Panter, Theobald Tiger and Ignaz Wr ...
, among others, stated their admiration for Walser's prose, and authors like
Hermann Hesse Hermann Karl Hesse (; 2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a Germans, German-Swiss people, Swiss poet and novelist, and the 1946 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His interest in Eastern philosophy, Eastern religious, spiritual, and philosophic ...
and
Franz Kafka Franz Kafka (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a novelist and writer from Prague who was Jewish, Austrian, and Czech and wrote in German. He is widely regarded as a major figure of 20th-century literature. His work fuses elements of Litera ...
counted him among their favorite writers. Walser published numerous short stories in newspapers and magazines, many for instance in the ''Schaubühne.'' They became his trademark. The larger part of his work is composed of short stories – literary sketches that elude a ready categorization. Selections of these short stories were published in the volumes ''Aufsätze'' (1913) and ''Geschichten'' (1914).


1913–1929

In 1913, Walser returned to Switzerland. He lived for a short time with his sister Lisa in the mental home in Bellelay, where she worked as a teacher. There, he got to know Frieda Mermet, a washer-woman with whom he developed a close friendship. After a short stay with his father in Biel, he went to live in a mansard in the Biel hotel ''Blaues Kreuz''. In 1914, his father died. In Biel, Walser wrote a number of shorter stories that appeared in newspapers and magazines in Germany and Switzerland and selections of which were published in ''Der Spaziergang'' (1917), ''Prosastücke'' (1917), ''Poetenleben'' (1918), ''Seeland'' (1919) and ''Die Rose'' (1925). Walser, who had always been an enthusiastic wanderer, began to take extended walks, often by night. In his stories from that period, texts written from the point of view of a wanderer walking through unfamiliar neighborhoods alternate with playful essays on writers and artists. During
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, Walser repeatedly had to go into military service. At the end of 1916, his brother Ernst died after a time of mental illness in the Waldau mental home. In 1919, Walser's brother Hermann, geography professor in Bern, committed suicide. Walser himself became isolated in that time, when there was almost no communication with Germany because of the war. Even though he worked hard, he could barely support himself as a freelance writer. At the beginning of 1921, he moved to
Bern Bern (), or Berne (), ; ; ; . is the ''de facto'' Capital city, capital of Switzerland, referred to as the "federal city".; ; ; . According to the Swiss constitution, the Swiss Confederation intentionally has no "capital", but Bern has gov ...
in order to work at the public record office. He often changed lodgings and lived a very solitary life. During his time in Bern, Walser's style became more radical. In a more and more condensed form, he wrote "micrograms" ("Mikrogramme"), called thus because of his minuscule pencil hand that is very difficult to decipher. He wrote poems, prose, dramolettes and novels, including '' The Robber'' (''Der Räuber''). In these texts, his playful, subjective style moved toward a higher abstraction. Many texts of that time work on multiple levels – they can be read as naive-playful
feuilleton A ''feuilleton'' (; a diminutive of , the leaf of a book) was originally a kind of supplement attached to the political portion of French newspapers, consisting chiefly of non-political news and gossip, literature and art criticism, a chronicle ...
s or as highly complex montages full of allusions. Walser absorbed influences from serious literature as well as from
formula fiction In popular culture, formula fiction is literature in which the storylines and plots have been reused to the extent that the narratives are predictable. It is similar to genre fiction, which identifies a number of specific settings that are freq ...
and retold, for example, the plot of a pulp novel in a way that the original (the title of which he never revealed) was unrecognizable. Much of his work was written during these very productive years in Bern.


1929–1956

In the beginning of 1929, Walser, who had had anxieties and hallucinations for quite some time, went to the Bernese mental home Waldau, after a mental breakdown, at his sister Fani's urging. In his medical records it says: "The patient confessed hearing voices." Therefore, this can hardly be called a voluntary commitment. He was eventually diagnosed with catatonic schizophrenia. While he was in the mental home, his state of mind quickly returned to normal, and he went on writing and publishing. More and more, he used the way of writing he called the "pencil method": he wrote poems and prose in a diminutive
Sütterlin (, " script") is the last widely used form of , the historical form of German handwriting script that evolved alongside German blackletter (most notably ') typefaces. Graphic artist Ludwig Sütterlin was commissioned by the Prussian Ministry ...
hand, the letters of which measured about a millimeter of height by the end of that very productive phase. Werner Morlang and Bernhard Echte were the first ones who attempted to decipher these writings. In the 1990s, they published a six-volume edition, ''Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet'' ('From the Pencil Zone'). Only when Walser was, against his will, moved to the sanatorium of
Herisau Herisau is a municipalities of Switzerland, municipality and the capital of the Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden in Switzerland. It is the seat of the canton's government and parliament; the judicial authorities are situated ...
in his home canton of
Appenzell Ausserrhoden Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden ( ; ; ; ), in English sometimes Appenzell Outer Rhodes, is one of the Canton of Switzerland, 26 cantons forming the Switzerland, Swiss Confederation. It is composed of twenty municipalities. The seat of the gove ...
, did he quit writing, later telling Carl Seelig, "I am not here to write, but to be mad." In 1936, his admirer Carl Seelig began to visit him. He later wrote a book, ''Wanderungen mit Robert Walser'', about their talks. Seelig tried to revive interest in Walser's work by re-issuing some of his writings. After the death of Walser's brother Karl in 1943 and of his sister Lisa in 1944, Seelig became Walser's legal guardian. Though free of outward signs of mental illness for a long time, Walser was crotchety and repeatedly refused to leave the sanatorium. In 1955, Walser's novella '' The Walk'' (''Der Spaziergang'') was translated into English by Christopher Middleton; it was the first English translation of his writing and the only one that would appear during his lifetime. Upon learning of Middleton's translation, Walser, who had fallen out of the public eye, responded by musing "Well, look at that." Walser enjoyed long walks alone. On 25 December 1956 he was found, dead of a heart attack, in a field of snow near the asylum. The photographs of the dead Walser in the snow are reminiscent of a similar image of a dead man in the snow in his first novel, ''Geschwister Tanner''.


Writings and reception

Today, Walser's texts, completely re-edited since the 1970s, are regarded as among the most important writings of literary
modernism Modernism was an early 20th-century movement in literature, visual arts, and music that emphasized experimentation, abstraction, and Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy), subjective experience. Philosophy, politics, architecture, and soc ...
. In his writing, he made use of elements of
Swiss German Swiss German (Standard German: , ,Because of the many different dialects, and because there is no #Conventions, defined orthography for any of them, many different spellings can be found. and others; ) is any of the Alemannic German, Alemannic ...
in a charming and original manner, while very personal observations are interwoven with ''texts about texts''; that is, with contemplations and variations of other literary works, in which Walser often mixes pulp fiction with high literature. Walser has been regarded as the missing link between Heinrich von Kleist and
Franz Kafka Franz Kafka (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a novelist and writer from Prague who was Jewish, Austrian, and Czech and wrote in German. He is widely regarded as a major figure of 20th-century literature. His work fuses elements of Litera ...
. As writes
Susan Sontag Susan Lee Sontag (; January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American writer, critic, and public intellectual. She mostly wrote essays, but also published novels; she published her first major work, the essay "Notes on "Camp", Notes on 'Ca ...
, "at the time f Walser's writing it was more likely to be Kafka ho was understoodthrough the prism of Walser." For example,
Robert Musil Robert Musil (; 6 November 1880 – 15 April 1942) was an Austrian philosophical writer. His unfinished novel, ''The Man Without Qualities'' (), is generally considered to be one of the most important and influential modernist novels. Family M ...
once referred to Kafka's work as "a peculiar case of the Walser type." Walser was admired early on by Kafka and writers such as
Hermann Hesse Hermann Karl Hesse (; 2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a Germans, German-Swiss people, Swiss poet and novelist, and the 1946 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His interest in Eastern philosophy, Eastern religious, spiritual, and philosophic ...
,
Stefan Zweig Stefan Zweig ( ; ; 28 November 1881 – 22 February 1942) was an Austrian writer. At the height of his literary career, in the 1920s and 1930s, he was one of the most widely translated and popular writers in the world. Zweig was raised in V ...
, and
Walter Benjamin Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin ( ; ; 15 July 1892 – 26 September 1940) was a German-Jewish philosopher, cultural critic, media theorist, and essayist. An eclectic thinker who combined elements of German idealism, Jewish mysticism, Western M ...
, and was in fact better known during his lifetime than Kafka or Benjamin were known in theirs. He never belonged to a literary school or group, perhaps with the exception of the circle around the magazine ''Die Insel'' in his youth, but was a notable and often published writer before World War I and into the 1920s. After the second half of the latter decade, he was rapidly forgotten, in spite of Carl Seelig's editions, which appeared almost exclusively in Switzerland but received little attention. Walser was rediscovered only in the 1970s, even though famous German writers such as
Christian Morgenstern Christian Otto Josef Wolfgang Morgenstern (6 May 1871 – 31 March 1914) was a German writer and poet from Munich. Morgenstern married Margareta Gosebruch von Liechtenstern on 7 March 1910. He worked for a while as a journalist in Berlin ...
, Franz Kafka, Walter Benjamin, Thomas Bernhard and Hermann Hesse were among his great admirers. Since then, almost all his writings have become accessible through an extensive republication of his entire body of work. He has exerted a considerable influence on various contemporary German writers, including Ror Wolf,
Peter Handke Peter Handke (; born 6 December 1942) is an Austrians, Austrian novelist, playwright, translator, poet, film director, and screenwriter. He was awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in Literature "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has ...
, W. G. Sebald, and Max Goldt. In 1967, Walser's piece 'Kleist in Thun' was published in 0 to 9 magazine. A revival of interest in his work arose when, in the late 20th century and early 2000s, his writings from "the Pencil Zone", also known as ''Bleistiftgebiet'' or "the Microscripts", which had been written in a coded, microscopically tiny hand using a form of
Kurrent () is an old form of German-language handwriting based on late medieval cursive writing, also known as ("cursive script"), ("German script"), and ''German cursive''. Over the history of its use into the first part of the 20th century, many ...
script on scraps of paper collected while in a Waldau sanatorium, were finally deciphered, translated, and published.Rivka Galchen"> In 2004, Spanish writer Enrique Vila-Matas published a novel entitled ''Doctor Pasavento'' about Walser, his stay on Herisau and the wish to disappear. In 2007,
Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...
n writer Vojislav V. Jovanović published a book of prose named ''Story for Robert Walser'' inspired by the life and work of Robert Walser. In 2012, ''A Little Ramble: In the Spirit of Robert Walser'', a series of artistic responses to Walser's work was published, including work by Moyra Davey, Thomas Schütte, Tacita Dean and
Mark Wallinger Mark Wallinger (born 25 May 1959) is an English artist. Having previously been nominated for the Turner Prize in 1995, he won in 2007 for his installation '' State Britain''. His work ''Ecce Homo'' (1999–2000) was the first piece to occupy th ...
.


Robert Walser Center

The Robert Walser Center, which was officially established in
Bern Bern (), or Berne (), ; ; ; . is the ''de facto'' Capital city, capital of Switzerland, referred to as the "federal city".; ; ; . According to the Swiss constitution, the Swiss Confederation intentionally has no "capital", but Bern has gov ...
,
Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...
, in 2009, is dedicated to Robert Walser and the first patron of Walser's work and legacy, Carl Seelig. Its purpose is to promulgate Walser's life and work as well as to facilitate scholarly research. The center is open to both experts and the general public and includes an extensive archive, a research library, temporary exhibition space, and two rooms with several workstations are also available. The Center furthermore develops and organizes exhibitions, events, conferences, workshops, publications, and special editions. The translation of Robert Walser's works, which the Center both encourages and supports, also represents a key focus. In order to fully meet its objectives and responsibilities as a center of excellence, it often collaborates on certain projects with local, national, and international partners as well as universities, schools, theaters, museums, archives, translators, editors, and publishers.


Works


German

*''Der Teich'', 1902, verse drama *''Schneewittchen'', 1901,
verse drama Verse drama is any drama written significantly in poetry, verse (that is: with line endings) to be performed by an actor before an audience. Although verse drama does not need to be ''primarily'' in verse to be considered verse drama, significan ...
*''Fritz Kochers Aufsätze'', 1904 *'' Geschwister Tanner'', 1907 *'' Der Gehülfe'', 1908 *''Poetenleben'', 1908 *'' Jakob von Gunten'', 1909 *''Gedichte'', 1909 *''Aufsätze'', 1913 *Geschichten, 1914 *''Kleine Dichtungen'', 1915 *''Prosastücke'', 1917 *''Der Spaziergang'', 1917 *''Kleine Prosa'', 1917 *''Poetenleben'', 1917 *''Tobold''-Roman, 1918 *''Komödie'', 1919 *''Seeland'', 1920 *''Theodor''-Roman, 1921 *''Die Rose'', 1925 *'' Der Räuber'', 1925 (published 1978) *''Felix-Szenen'', 1925 *''Große Welt, kleine Welt'', 1937 *''Dichterbildnisse'', 1947 *''Dichtungen in Prosa'', 1953 *''Robert Walser – Briefe'', 1979 *''Sämtliche Werke in Einzelausgaben''. 20 Bde. Hg. v. Jochen Greven. Zürich, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985-1986 *''Geschichten'', 1985 *''Der Spaziergang. Prosastücke und Kleine Prosa.'', 1985 *''Aufsätze'', 1985 *''Bedenkliche Geschichten. Prosa aus der Berliner Zeit 1906–1912'', 1985 *''Träumen. Prosa aus der Bieler Zeit 1913–1920'', 1985 *''Die Gedichte'', 1986 *''Komödie. Märchenspiele und szenische Dichtung'', 1986 *''Wenn Schwache sich für stark halten. Prosa aus der Berner Zeit 1921–1925'', 1986 *''Zarte Zeilen. Prosa aus der Berner Zeit 1926'', 1986 *''Es war einmal. Prosa aus der Berner Zeit 1927–1928'', 1986 *''Für die Katz. Prosa aus der Berner Zeit 1928–1933'', 1986 *''Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 1. Mikrogramme 1924/25.'' Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zürich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985–2000 *''Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 2. Mikrogramme 1924/25.'' Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zürich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985–2000 *''Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 3. Räuber-Roman, Felix-Szenen.'' Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zürich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985–2000 *''Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 4. Mikrogramme 1926/27.'' Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zürich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985–2000 *''Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 5. Mikrogramme 1925/33.'' Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zürich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985–2000 *''Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 6. Mikrogramme 1925/33.'' Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zürich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985–2000 *''Unsere Stadt. Texte über Biel.'' 2002 *''Feuer. Unbekannte Prosa und Gedichte.'' 2003 * ''Tiefer Winter. Geschichten von der Weihnacht und vom Schneien''. Hg. v. Margit Gigerl, Livia Knüsel u. Reto Sorg. Frankfurt: Insel Taschenbuch Verlag 2007 (it; 3326), *''Kritische Robert Walser-Ausgabe. Kritische Ausgabe sämtlicher Drucke und Manuskripte.'' Hg. v. Wolfram Groddeck, Barbara von Reibnitz u.a. Basel, Frankfurt am Main: Stroemfeld, Schwabe 2008 *''Briefe. Berner Ausgabe''. Hg. v. Lucas Marco Gisi, Reto Sorg, Peter Stocker u. Peter Utz. Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag 2018


English translations

*''Jakob von Gunten'' (University of Texas Press, 1970; New York Review Books Classics, 1999), translated by Christopher Middleton, *''Selected Stories'' (Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1982; New York Review Books Classics, 2002), translated by Christopher Middleton, *''Robert Walser Rediscovered: Stories, Fairy-Tale Plays, & Critical Response Including the Anti-Fairy Tales, Cinderella & Snow White'' (University Press of New England, 1985) *''Masquerade and Other Stories'' (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), translated by Susan Bernofsky, *''The Robber'' (University of Nebraska Press, 2000), translated by Susan Bernofsky, *''Speaking to the Rose: Writings, 1912–1932'' (University of Nebraska Press, 2005), translated by Christopher Middleton, *''The Assistant'' ( New Directions, 2007), translated by Susan Bernofsky, *''The Tanners'' ( New Directions, 2009), translated by Susan Bernofsky, *''Microscripts'' ( New Directions, 2010), translated by Susan Bernofsky, *''Answer to an Inquiry'' (Ugly Duckling Presse, 2010), translated by Paul North, with drawings by Friese Undine, *''Berlin Stories'' (New York Review Books Classics, 2012), translated by Susan Bernofsky, *''The Walk'' ( New Directions, 2012), translated by Christopher Middleton with Susan Bernofsky, *''Thirty Poems'' ( New Directions, 2012), translated by Christopher Middleton, * ''Oppressive Light: Selected Poems by Robert Walser'' ( Black Lawrence Press/ Dzanc Books, New York, 2012), edited and translated by Daniele Pantano, *''A Little Ramble: In the Spirit of Robert Walser'' ( New Directions, 2012), translated by Susan Bernofsky with Christopher Middleton and Tom Whalen * ''A Schoolboy's Diary'' (New York Review Books Classics, 2013), translated by
Damion Searls Damion Searls is an American writer and translator. He grew up in New York and studied at Harvard University and the University of California, Berkeley. He translates literary works from German, Norwegian, French, and Dutch. Among the authors he h ...
, introduction by Ben Lerner, * ''Looking at Pictures'' (Christine Burgin / New Directions, 2015), translated by Susan Bernofsky with
Lydia Davis Lydia Davis (born July 15, 1947) is an American short story writer, novelist, essayist, and translator from French and other languages, who often writes very short stories. Davis has produced several new translations of French literary classics ...
and Christopher Middleton, * ''Girlfriends, Ghosts, and Other Stories'' (New York Review Books Classics, 2016), translated by Tom Whalen, with Nicole Kongeter and Annette Wiesner, afterword by Tom Whalen, *''Little Snow Landscape'' (New York Review Books, 2021), trans. Tom Whalen * ''Robert Walser: The Poems'' (Seagull Books, 2022), translated by Daniele Pantano * ''My Heart Has So Many Flaws: Early Poems'' (Sublunary Editions, 2024), translated by Kristofor Minta


Plays

*''Robert Walser – mikrogramme – das kleine welttheater'', director: Christian Bertram, stage: Max Dudler, music: Hans Peter Kuhn, début performance 14 April 2005 Berlin; readings, films and podium discussion with corollary progra
www.mikrogramme.deInstitute Benjamenta
director: Gökçen Ergene *''Fairy Tales: Dramolettes'' ( New Directions, 2015), translated by James Reidel and Daniele Pantano, with a preface by Reto Sorg, *''Comedies'' (Seagull Books, 2018), translated by Daniele Pantano and James Reidel, with a preface by Reto Sorg,


Movies

*''Jakob von Gunten'', director: Peter Lilienthal, script: Ror Wolf and Peter Lilienthal, 1971 *''Der Gehülfe'', director: Thomas Koerfer, 1975 *''Der Vormund und sein Dichter'', direction and script:
Percy Adlon Paul Rudolf Parsifal "Percy" Adlon (; 1 June 1935 – 10 March 2024) was a German director, screenwriter, and producer. He is associated with the New German Cinema movement (ca. 1965–1985), and is known for his strong female characters and po ...
, 1978 (free picturization of Seelig's ''Wanderungen mit Robert Walser'') *''Robert Walser (1974–1978)'', direction and script: HHK Schoenherr *''Waldi'', direction and script: Reinhard Kahn, Michael Leiner (after the story ''Der Wald''), 1980 *''The Comb'', directors: Stephen Quay, Timothy Quay (i.e.
Brothers Quay Stephen and Timothy Quay ( ; born June 17, 1947) are American identical twin brothers and stop-motion animators who are better known as the Brothers Quay or Quay Brothers. They received the 1998 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Set Design for t ...
), 1990 *''Brentano'', director: Romeo Castellucci, with Paolo Tonti as Brentano, 1995 *'' Institute Benjamenta, or This Dream People Call Human Life'', directors: Stephen Quay, Timothy Quay (i.e.
Brothers Quay Stephen and Timothy Quay ( ; born June 17, 1947) are American identical twin brothers and stop-motion animators who are better known as the Brothers Quay or Quay Brothers. They received the 1998 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Set Design for t ...
) with
Mark Rylance Sir David Mark Rylance Waters (; born 18 January 1960) is an English actor, playwright and theatre director. He is known for his roles on stage and screen, having received numerous awards including an Academy Award, three BAFTA Awards, two Oliv ...
as Jakob von Gunten, 1995 *''Blanche Neige'', directed by Rudolph Straub, music by
Giovanna Marini Giovanna Marini (born Giovanna Salviucci; 19 January 1937 – 8 May 2024) was an Italian singer, songwriter, researcher and ethnomusicologist. Marini founded the School of Popular Music of Testaccio, and has been called "the voice of Italian fo ...
, 1999
de Neve''
director: João César Monteiro, 2000 *''All This Can Happen'', directors: Siobhan Davies,
David Hinton David Hinton is an American poet and translator who specializes in Chinese literature and poetry. Life He studied Chinese at Cornell University, and in Taiwan. He lives in Calais, Vermont, East Calais, Vermont. Awards * 1997 Academy of American ...
, 2012


Opera

*'' Schneewittchen'', 1998, by Heinz Holliger


References


Further reading


In English

* * * * * * * * * * * * *


In German

* * * * * * * * * *


External links


In English


Robert Walser Center
(official site of the Robert Walser archive and society in Bern, with information, documentation, and resources about the writer's life and work) * * *
"A Celebration of the Work of Swiss Writer Robert Walser
on KCRW's ''Bookworm''
Swiss Literary Archive


review of A Schoolboy's Diary at The Millions
"A Prose Piece for Your Gaps"
Review of A Schoolboy's Diary at Open Letters Monthly


In German


Robert Walser CenterRobert Walser-Pfad, HerisauKritische Walser AusgabeRobert Walser Preis
{{DEFAULTSORT:Walser, Robert 1878 births 1956 deaths 20th-century Swiss writers 20th-century dramatists and playwrights Swiss male dramatists and playwrights Modernism Modernist writers People from Biel/Bienne People with schizophrenia Swiss dramatists and playwrights Swiss male writers 20th-century Swiss male writers Swiss people with disabilities