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Richard Upjohn (22 January 1802 – 16 August 1878) was a British-American architect who immigrated to the United States and became most famous for his
Gothic Revival Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic or neo-Gothic) is an Architectural style, architectural movement that after a gradual build-up beginning in the second half of the 17th century became a widespread movement in the first half ...
churches. He was partially responsible for launching the movement to popularity in the United States. Upjohn also did extensive work in and helped to popularize the
Italianate The Italianate style was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. Like Palladianism and Neoclassicism, the Italianate style combined its inspiration from the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century It ...
style. He was a founder and the first president of the
American Institute of Architects The American Institute of Architects (AIA) is a professional organization for architects in the United States. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C. AIA offers education, government advocacy, community redevelopment, and public outreach progr ...
. His son, Richard Michell Upjohn, (1828-1903), was also a well-known architect and served as a partner in his continued architectural firm in New York.Doumato, Lamia. Richard Upjohn, Richard Michell Upjohn, and the Gothic Revival in America. Monticello, Ill: Vance Bibliographies, 1984.


Life and career

Richard Upjohn was born in
Shaftesbury Shaftesbury () is a town and civil parish in Dorset, England. It is on the A30 road, west of Salisbury, Wiltshire, Salisbury and north-northeast of Dorchester, Dorset, Dorchester, near the border with Wiltshire. It is the only significant hi ...
,
England England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of islands of England, more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. It ...
, where he was apprenticed to a builder and cabinet-maker. He eventually became a master-mechanic. He and his family immigrated to the United States in 1829. They initially settled in
New Bedford, Massachusetts New Bedford is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. It is located on the Acushnet River in what is known as the South Coast region. At the 2020 census, New Bedford had a population of 101,079, making it the state's ninth-l ...
and then moved on to
Boston Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...
in 1833, where he worked in architectural design. He became a
naturalized Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-national of a country acquires the nationality of that country after birth. The definition of naturalization by the International Organization for Migration of the ...
citizen of the United States Citizenship of the United States is a legal status that entails Americans with specific rights, duties, protections, and benefits in the United States. It serves as a foundation of fundamental rights derived from and protected by the Constit ...
in 1836. His first major project was for the entrances to the Boston Common, the town's central park and his first church would be St. John's Episcopal Church in
Bangor, Maine Bangor ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Penobscot County, Maine, United States. The city proper has a population of 31,753, making it the state's List of municipalities in Maine, third-most populous city, behind Portland, Maine, Portland ...
. He had relocated to
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by 1839, where he worked on alterations to the famed Trinity Church on
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in
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. The alterations were later abandoned and he was commissioned to design a new church, completed in 1846, and still extant today. He published his extremely influential book, ''"Upjohn's rural architecture: Designs, working drawings and specifications for a wooden church, and other rural structures"'', in 1852. The designs in this publication were widely used across the country by builders, with many examples remaining. Upjohn, along with 13 other architects, co-founded the
American Institute of Architects The American Institute of Architects (AIA) is a professional organization for architects in the United States. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C. AIA offers education, government advocacy, community redevelopment, and public outreach progr ...
on February 23, 1857. He served as president of that organization from 1857 to 1876, being succeeded by Thomas Ustick Walter, fourth
Architect of the Capitol The Architect of the Capitol is the Federal government of the United States, federal Government agency, agency responsible for the maintenance, operation, development, and preservation of the United States Capitol Complex. It is an agency of t ...
. He went on the design many buildings in a variety of styles. He died at his home in
Garrison, New York Garrison is a Hamlet (New York), hamlet in Putnam County, New York, Putnam County, New York (state), New York, United States. It is part of the town of Philipstown, New York, Philipstown, on the east side of the Hudson River, across from the U ...
in 1878. Architectural drawings and papers by Upjohn and other family members are held by the Drawings and Archives Department of the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at
Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...
, in
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
, also by the
New York Public Library The New York Public Library (NYPL) is a public library system in New York City. With nearly 53 million items and 92 locations, the New York Public Library is the second-largest public library in the United States behind the Library of Congress a ...
's Humanities and Social Sciences Library, in the Manuscripts and Archives division, and by the
Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) is a research library in Washington, D.C., serving as the library and research service for the United States Congress and the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It also administers Copyright law o ...
, Prints & Photographs Division on
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in
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He died on 16 August 1878 in
Putnam County, New York Putnam County is a County (New York), county in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, the population was 97,668. The county seat is Carmel (hamlet), New York, Carmel, within one of th ...
of
cerebral softening Cerebral softening, also known as encephalomalacia, is a localized softening of the parenchyma, substance of the brain, due to bleeding or inflammation. Three varieties, distinguished by their color and representing different stages of the disease ...
.


Projects

Some of Upjohn's notable projects include:


Churches

*St. John's Episcopal Church in
Bangor, Maine Bangor ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Penobscot County, Maine, United States. The city proper has a population of 31,753, making it the state's List of municipalities in Maine, third-most populous city, behind Portland, Maine, Portland ...
, (1835–36, burned 1911) * Trinity Church in
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
, (1839–46) * The Church of the Ascension in
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
, (1840–41) * Christ Church in Cobble Hill,
Brooklyn, New York Brooklyn is a Boroughs of New York City, borough of New York City located at the westernmost end of Long Island in the New York (state), State of New York. Formerly an independent city, the borough is coextensive with Kings County, one of twelv ...
, (1841–42) * Bethesda Episcopal Church in
Saratoga Springs, New York Saratoga Springs is a Administrative divisions of New York#City, city in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The population was 28,491 at the United States Census 2020, 2020 census. The name reflects the presence of mineral springs in the ...
, (1842) * St. Thomas Episcopal Church in
Newark, Delaware Newark ( )Not as in Newark, New Jersey. is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. It is located west-southwest of Wilmington. According to the 2010 census, the population of the city is 31,454. The University of Delaware is ...
, (ca. 1843) * Grace Church in
Providence, Rhode Island Providence () is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Rhode Island, most populous city of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The county seat of Providence County, Rhode Island, Providence County, it is o ...
, (1845; with Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson) * Church of the Holy Cross in Middletown, Rhode Island, (1845) * Christ Church in Canaan, Connecticut, (1845–46) * St. Paul's Episcopal Church in
Brunswick, Maine Brunswick is a New England town, town in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. Brunswick is included in the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine metropolitan New England city and town area. The population was 21,756 at the 2020 United States Census. Part o ...
, (1845) * First Parish Church in
Brunswick, Maine Brunswick is a New England town, town in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. Brunswick is included in the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine metropolitan New England city and town area. The population was 21,756 at the 2020 United States Census. Part o ...
, (1845–46) *Church of the Pilgrims (now Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Cathedral) in
Brooklyn Heights Brooklyn Heights is a residential neighborhood within the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is bounded by Old Fulton Street near the Brooklyn Bridge on the north, Cadman Plaza West on the east, Atlantic Avenue on the south ...
,
Brooklyn, New York Brooklyn is a Boroughs of New York City, borough of New York City located at the westernmost end of Long Island in the New York (state), State of New York. Formerly an independent city, the borough is coextensive with Kings County, one of twelv ...
, (1846) * St. Mary's Episcopal Church in
Burlington, New Jersey Burlington is a City (New Jersey), city situated on the banks of the Delaware River in Burlington County, New Jersey, Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is a suburb of Philadelphia. As of the 2020 United States census, the c ...
, (1846–54) * Christ Episcopal Church in
Raleigh, North Carolina Raleigh ( ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the U.S. state of North Carolina. It is the List of municipalities in North Carolina, second-most populous city in the state (after Charlotte, North Carolina, Charlotte) ...
, (1846–48) * St. Mary's Episcopal Church in
Portsmouth, Rhode Island Portsmouth is a town in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 17,871 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 U.S. census. Portsmouth is the second-oldest municipality in Rhode Island, after Providence Plantations, Provide ...
, (1847) *St. Saviours Episcopal Church, in Maspeth,
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, New York (1847) *St. James Episcopal Church, in New London, Connecticut (1847) * Grace Church in
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, (1847–48) * Grace Episcopal Church in
Brooklyn, New York Brooklyn is a Boroughs of New York City, borough of New York City located at the westernmost end of Long Island in the New York (state), State of New York. Formerly an independent city, the borough is coextensive with Kings County, one of twelv ...
, (1847–49) * All Saints' Episcopal Church in Briarcliff Manor, New York, (1848–54) * Calvary Episcopal Church in
Stonington, Connecticut Stonington is a town located on Long Island Sound in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The municipal limits of the town include the borough of Stonington (borough), Connecticut, Stonington, the villages of Pawcatuck, Connecticut, Pa ...
, (consecrated 1849) * St. Thomas Episcopal Church in Amenia Union, New York, (1849–51) * St. Paul's Cathedral in
Buffalo, New York Buffalo is a Administrative divisions of New York (state), city in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York and county seat of Erie County, New York, Erie County. It lies in Western New York at the eastern end of Lake Erie, at the head of ...
, (1849–51) * Zion Episcopal Church in Rome, New York, (1850–1851) * St. Paul's Episcopal Church in
Brookline, Massachusetts Brookline () is an affluent town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States, and part of the Greater Boston, Boston metropolitan area. An exclave of Norfolk County, Brookline borders six of Boston's neighborhoods: Brighton, Boston, Brighton ...
, (1850-52) * Church of St. John in the Wilderness in Copake Falls, New York, (1852) * St. John Chrysostom Church in Delafield, Wisconsin, (1851–56) * Madison Square Presbyterian Church in
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
, (1854) * Christ Church (Episcopal) in
Binghamton, New York Binghamton ( ) is a city in the U.S. state of New York, and serves as the county seat of Broome County. Surrounded by rolling hills, it lies in the state's Southern Tier region near the Pennsylvania border, in a bowl-shaped valley at the c ...
, (1853–1855) * Old St. Paul's Episcopal Church in
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, (1854) * All Saints Episcopal Church in
Frederick, Maryland Frederick is a city in, and the county seat of, Frederick County, Maryland, United States. Frederick's population was 78,171 people as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, making it the List of municipalities in Maryland, second-largest ...
, (1855) * St. Mary's Episcopal Chapel in
Raleigh, North Carolina Raleigh ( ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the U.S. state of North Carolina. It is the List of municipalities in North Carolina, second-most populous city in the state (after Charlotte, North Carolina, Charlotte) ...
, (1855) * St. James Episcopal Church in Muncy, Pennsylvania, (1856) * Christ Episcopal Church in Marlboro, New York, (1858) * St. Mark's Episcopal Church in
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, (1858) * Trinity Chapel in Far Rockaway,
Queens, New York Queens is the largest by area of the Boroughs of New York City, five boroughs of New York City, coextensive with Queens County, in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. Located near the western end of Long Island, it is bordered by the ...
, (1858) * St. Peter's Episcopal Church in
Albany, New York Albany ( ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. It is located on the west bank of the Hudson River, about south of its confluence with the Mohawk River. Albany is the oldes ...
, (1859) * Church of the Holy Comforter in
Poughkeepsie, New York Poughkeepsie ( ) is a city within the Poughkeepsie (town), New York, Town of Poughkeepsie, New York (state), New York. It is the county seat of Dutchess County, New York, Dutchess County, with a 2020 census population of 31,577. Poughkeepsie i ...
, (1860) * Trinity Episcopal Church in
Woodbridge, New Jersey Woodbridge Township is a Township (New Jersey), township in northern Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The township is a regional hub of transportation and commerce for Central Jersey, central New ...
, (1860) * St. Philip's Church in the Highlands in
Garrison, New York Garrison is a Hamlet (New York), hamlet in Putnam County, New York, Putnam County, New York (state), New York, United States. It is part of the town of Philipstown, New York, Philipstown, on the east side of the Hudson River, across from the U ...
, (1860–61) * St. Stephen's Episcopal Church in
Providence, Rhode Island Providence () is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Rhode Island, most populous city of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The county seat of Providence County, Rhode Island, Providence County, it is o ...
, (1860–62) * Memorial Church of St. Luke The Beloved Physician in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia ( ), colloquially referred to as Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania, most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the List of United States cities by population, sixth-most populous city in the Unit ...
, (1861) * Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church in
New Rochelle, New York New Rochelle ( ; in ) is a Political subdivisions of New York State#City, city in Westchester County, New York, Westchester County, New York (state), New York, United States. It is a suburb of New York City, located approximately from Midtow ...
, (1862) * St. John's Chapel at Hobart College in
Geneva, New York Geneva is a City (New York), city in Ontario County, New York, Ontario and Seneca County, New York, Seneca counties in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. It is at the northern end of Seneca Lake (New York), Seneca Lake; all land port ...
, (1863) * All Saint's Memorial Church in Navesink, New Jersey, (1863–64) * Immanuel Episcopal Church in Bellows Falls, Vermont, (1863–67) * St. Peter's Episcopal Church in
Geneva, New York Geneva is a City (New York), city in Ontario County, New York, Ontario and Seneca County, New York, Seneca counties in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. It is at the northern end of Seneca Lake (New York), Seneca Lake; all land port ...
, (1868) * Church of the Covenant in
Boston, Massachusetts Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...
, (1865–1867) * St. Luke's Episcopal Church in
Scranton, Pennsylvania Scranton is a city in and the county seat of Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, United States. With a population of 76,328 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, Scranton is the most populous city in Northeastern Pennsylvania and the ...
, (1867) * St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, (1867) * Christ Church Episcopal in
Fitchburg, Massachusetts Fitchburg is a city in northern Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The third-largest city in the county, its population was 41,946 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. Fitchburg State University is located here. History ...
, (1867) * St. Thomas Episcopal Church in
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
, (1870, burned 1905) * St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Selma, Alabama, (1871–75) *Cast-iron railing fence design in Boston Common,
Boston, Massachusetts Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...
*North Gate Screen (1860s) and the Pierrepont family tomb (c. 1860) in Green-Wood Cemetery,
Brooklyn, New York Brooklyn is a Boroughs of New York City, borough of New York City located at the westernmost end of Long Island in the New York (state), State of New York. Formerly an independent city, the borough is coextensive with Kings County, one of twelv ...
*St. Mark's Cathedral, Salt Lake City, St. Mark's Cathedral in Salt Lake City, Utah, (1870) *Trinity Church, Princeton, Trinity Church in Princeton, New Jersey, (1870) *Rye Presbyterian Church in Rye, New York, (1870) *St Agnes-by-the-Lake Episcopal Church (Algoma, Wisconsin), Grace Church/St. Agnes-by-the-Lake in Algoma, Wisconsin, (1879, burned 1884, replica constructed 1891) *Trinity Episcopal Church (Litchfield, Minnesota), Trinity Episcopal Church in Litchfield, Minnesota, (1871), attributed *Trinity Episcopal Church (Iowa City, Iowa), Trinity Episcopal Church in Iowa City, Iowa, (1871), attributed *Church of the Good Shepherd-Episcopal (Blue Earth, Minnesota), Church of the Good Shepherd in Blue Earth, Minnesota, (1871–72), attributed


Residences

* William Rotch Jr. House in
New Bedford, Massachusetts New Bedford is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. It is located on the Acushnet River in what is known as the South Coast region. At the 2020 census, New Bedford had a population of 101,079, making it the state's ninth-l ...
, (1834) * Oaklands (Gardiner, Maine), Oaklands in Gardiner, Maine (1835) * Kingscote (mansion), Kingscote in Newport, Rhode Island, (1839) * Theodore Lyman House in Brookline, Massachusetts (1844–46)Upjohn, ''Richard Upjohn'', 139 * Edward King House in Newport, Rhode Island, (1845–47) * 70–72 Mount Vernon Street in
Boston, Massachusetts Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...
, (1847–1848) * Martin Van Buren National Historic Site, Lindenwald in Kinderhook, New York, (1849) *James and Mary Forsyth House in Kingston, New York, (1849–50) *Fairbanks-Williams House, W. W. Fairbanks House in Taunton, Massachusetts (1852) *Charles H. Russell House, "Oaklawn," in Newport, Rhode Island (1852–53)Upjohn, ''Richard Upjohn'', 202 *The Grove (Cold Spring, New York), The Grove in Cold Spring, New York, (1852–53) *Rock Lawn and Carriage House, Rock Lawn in Garrison, New York (1852–53) *Woodlawn (Garrison, New York), Woodlawn in Garrison, New York (1854) *Hamilton Hoppin House in Middletown, Rhode Island (1856) *Henry E. Pierrepont House in Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York (1856–57) *Kenworthy Hall in Marion, Alabama, (1858–60) *Woods–Gerry House, Marshall Woods House in
Providence, Rhode Island Providence () is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Rhode Island, most populous city of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The county seat of Providence County, Rhode Island, Providence County, it is o ...
(1860–61)


Civic Buildings

* Abiel Smith School in
Boston, Massachusetts Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...
, (1835) * Bristol Academy in Taunton, Massachusetts, (1852) * Dorchester County Courthouse and Jail in Cambridge, Maryland, (1853) * Corn Exchange Bank in New York City, New York, New York (1854) * Edwin A. Stevens Hall in Hoboken, New Jersey, (1870)


Gallery

File:William Rotch House, New Bedford, MA.jpg, Rotch–Jones–Duff House and Garden Museum, William Rotch Jr. House, New Bedford, Massachusetts, New Bedford, MA, (1834) File:Trinity Church - Wall Street, New York, NY, USA - August 19, 2015 - panoramio.jpg, Trinity Church,
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
, (1839–46) File:Kingscote 2018-06-14.jpg, Kingscote (mansion), Kingscote, Newport, RI, (1839) File:Bowdoin College Chapel - Bowdoin College - IMG 7793.JPG, Bowdoin College, Bowdoin College Chapel, Brunswick, Maine, Brunswick, ME, (1844-1855) File:Church of the Holy Cross Middletown Rhode Island.jpg, Church of the Holy Cross, Middletown, Rhode Island, Middletown, RI, (1844) File:Grace Episcopal Church Providence 2017.jpg, Grace Church, Providence, Rhode Island, Providence, RI, (1845) File:Edward King House, Newport, RI.jpg, Edward King House, Newport, RI, (1845-47) File:St. Paul's Church Baltimore.jpg, St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland), Old St. Paul's Church, Baltimore, Maryland, Baltimore, (1854) File:Kenworthy Hall.jpg, Kenworthy Hall, Perry County, Alabama, Perry County, AL, (1858–60) File:St Peters Church 2011.jpg, St. Peter's Episcopal Church, Albany, NY, (1859–60) File:Green-Wood Cemetery gate (53784p).jpg, Screen, Green-Wood Cemetery (1860s) File:Beautiful facade of All Saints, Navesink.jpg, All Saint's Memorial Church, Navesink, New Jersey, Navesink, NJ, (1863–64) File:WTB Church of the Covenant 2.jpg, Church of the Covenant, Boston, Massachusetts, Boston, (1865–67)Susan and Michael Southworth, ''AIA Guide to Boston'', Third Edition, (Guildford, Connecticut: Global Professional Publishing, 2008), p.199. File:Trinity Episcopal Church, Princeton.jpg, Trinity Church, Princeton, Trinity Church, Princeton NJ, (1870, altered) File:Trinity Episcopal Church (Litchfield, MN).jpg, Trinity Episcopal Church (Litchfield, Minnesota), Trinity Episcopal Church, Litchfield, Minnesota, Litchfield, MN, (1871, attributed)


References

Notes


External links


Columbia University Libraries: The Upjohn collection of architectural drawings by Richard, Richard Michell, and Hobart Upjohn :Architectural drawings, papers, and records, (circa 1827-1910) held by the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia UniversityRichard Upjohn's Trinity Church construction records and drawings at Trinity Wall Street Archives
{{DEFAULTSORT:Upjohn, Richard Richard Upjohn buildings, 1802 births 1878 deaths 19th-century American architects American ecclesiastical architects Architects from New York City Architects of Anglican churches Architects of cathedrals English emigrants to the United States Defunct architecture firms based in New York City English ecclesiastical architects Fellows of the American Institute of Architects Founder of American Institute of Architects People from Shaftesbury Presidents of the American Institute of Architects