The Reykjanes Peninsula ( ) in southwest

Iceland Iceland is a Nordic countries, Nordic island country between the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the regi ...

is the continuation of the mostly submarine Reykjanes Ridge, a part of the

Mid-Atlantic Ridge The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a mid-ocean ridge (a Divergent boundary, divergent or constructive Plate tectonics, plate boundary) located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and part of the List of longest mountain chains on Earth, longest mountai ...

, on land and reaching from Esja in the north and

Hengill Hengill () is a volcanic table mountain situated in the south-west of Iceland, to the south of Þingvellir. The volcano is still active, as evidenced by its numerous hot springs and fumaroles, but the last eruption occurred approximately 2,000&n ...

in the east to

Reykjanestá Reykjanes () is a small headland on the south-western end of the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland, giving the main peninsula its name. Volcanic action is responsible for forming the entire peninsula. The nearest town is Keflavik. The name, , tran ...

in the west. Suðurnes (transl.

Southern Peninsula Southern Peninsula (, ) is an administrative unit and part of Reykjanesskagi (pronounced ), or Reykjanes Peninsula, a region in southwest Iceland. It was named after Reykjanes, the southwestern tip of Reykjanesskagi. The region has a populati ...

) is an administrative unit covering part of Reykjanes Peninsula. A great deal of volcanic activity was occurring in the Reykjanes Peninsula in 2020 and into 2024, after nearly 800 years of inactivity. After the eruption of the Fagradalsfjall volcano on 19 March 2021,

National Geographic ''National Geographic'' (formerly ''The National Geographic Magazine'', sometimes branded as ''Nat Geo'') is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners. The magazine was founded in 1888 as a scholarly journal, nine ...

's experts predicted that this "may mark the start of decades of volcanic activity". The eruption was small leading to a prediction that this volcano was unlikely to threaten "any population centers".

Origin

The two most important factors for the existence of Iceland,

rift In geology, a rift is a linear zone where the lithosphere is being pulled apart and is an example of extensional tectonics. Typical rift features are a central linear downfaulted depression, called a graben, or more commonly a half-graben ...

ing in combination with the

Iceland hotspot The Iceland hotspot is a hotspot that is partly responsible for the high volcanic activity that has formed the Iceland Plateau and the island of Iceland. It contributes to understanding the geological deformation of Iceland. Iceland is one ...

, were responsible for the existence of Reykjanesskagi. Reykjanes Peninsula originated in a so-called rift jump 6-7 million years ago. At this time, the

Snæfellsnes The Snæfellsnes () is a peninsula situated to the west of Borgarfjörður, in western Iceland. The peninsula has a volcanic origin having the Snæfellsnes volcanic belt down its centre, and the Snæfellsjökull volcano A volcano is com ...

Skagi Skagi is the name of the peninsula between Húnaflói and Skagafjörður, which derives its name from Skagi. There used to be three municipalities in Skagi; two were and , now named Húnabyggð and Skagaströnd, on the western side, which bel ...

rift had drifted so far to the west and away from the presumed steady place hot spot, that activity shifted eastwards in direction of this

mantle plume A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection within the Earth's mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism. Because the plume head partially melts on reaching shallow depths, a plume is often invoked as the cause of volcanic ho ...

which is now thought to be situated under the big glacier shield of

Vatnajökull Vatnajökull ( Icelandic pronunciation: , literally "Glacier of Lakes"; sometimes translated as Vatna Glacier in English) is the largest and most voluminous ice cap in Iceland, and the second largest in area in Europe after the Severny Island i ...

. Outcropping rocks have ages from 3.2 million years to the present.

Volcanism and glaciations

The topography of Reykjanes Peninsula was formed by glaciers and volcanism,

basalt Basalt (; ) is an aphanite, aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the planetary surface, surface of a terrestrial ...

lava field A lava field, sometimes called a lava bed, is a large, mostly flat area of lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or hundreds of kilometers across the underlying terrain. Morp ...

s covering a good part of the peninsula, in between volcanoes of subglacial as well as subaerial origin, namely

tuya A tuya is a flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet. They are rare worldwide, being confined to regions which were covered by glaciers and had active volcanism during the same period. As lava ...

s, hyaloclastic ridges (tindars),

shield volcano A shield volcano is a type of volcano named for its low profile, resembling a shield lying on the ground. It is formed by the eruption of highly fluid (low viscosity) lava, which travels farther and forms thinner flows than the more viscous lava ...

es and

crater row A fissure vent, also known as a volcanic fissure, eruption fissure or simply a fissure, is a linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is often a few metres wide and may be many kilom ...

s. Some volcanic systems are

submarine A submarine (often shortened to sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. (It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability.) The term "submarine" is also sometimes used historically or infor ...

, so that there is a pronounced continuation between the volcanism of Reykjanes Ridge, a part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the Reykjanes Peninsula.

Reykjavík region

Famous in the area of

Reykjavík Reykjavík is the Capital city, capital and largest city in Iceland. It is located in southwestern Iceland on the southern shore of Faxaflói, the Faxaflói Bay. With a latitude of 64°08′ N, the city is List of northernmost items, the worl ...

is the ''Grágrýti'' (, Gray Lava). These

tertiary Tertiary (from Latin, meaning 'third' or 'of the third degree/order..') may refer to: * Tertiary period, an obsolete geologic period spanning from 66 to 2.6 million years ago * Tertiary (chemistry), a term describing bonding patterns in organic ch ...

basalt lava layers cover much of the ground around and under Reykjavík, but their origin is unknown.Freyr Pálsson: ''Jarðfræði Reykjavíkursvæðisins.'' Háskóla Íslands, Raunvísindadeild, Jarð- og landfræðiskor. (2007) It is thought that the small hills within the city, some of which were islands during periods of glaciation, could be small shield volcanoes from warm spells of the glaciations. But it is known that during the

Plio-Pleistocene The Plio-Pleistocene is an informally described geological pseudo-period, which begins about 5 million years ago (Mya) and, drawing forward, combines the time ranges of the formally defined Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs—marking from about 5&n ...

(from 3.2 – 1.8 million years BP) two

central volcano A central volcano is a type of volcano formed by basalts and silica-rich volcanic rocks. They contain very few or no volcanic rocks of intermediate composition, such that they are chemically bimodal volcanism, bimodal. Large silicic eruptions at c ...

es were active in the Reykjavík region, Viðey volcano and Stardals volcano''.'' Both volcanoes partially formed Esja and the smaller mountains near Reykjavík and the hills on the islands and small peninsulas like

Viðey Viðey (; sometimes anglicised as Videy) is the largest island of the Kollafjörður Bay in Iceland, just outside the capital of Reykjavík. Overview The island covers ; its highest point is above sea level. The island is divided by a narrow ...

and Kjarlarnes. Volcanic and glacial sediments

outcrop An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth and other terrestrial planets. Features Outcrops do not cover the majority of the Earth's land surface because in most p ...

at some places around Reykjavík, especially in Fossvogur.

Subglacial volcanoes

Iceland was heavily ice covered during the

glaciations A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances. Interglacials, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate betw ...

and even completely ice covered during parts of them. As a result, there are hundreds of subglacially formed volcanoes on Iceland. On Reykjanes Peninsula, glaciers were present until around 15,000 -12,000 years ago. Most subglacial edifices are thought to be Weichselian, with a few being older. The subglacial volcanoes can be identified according to type as

s (bigger edifices whose upper parts are covered by the products of subaerial eruptions),

hyaloclastite Hyaloclastite is a volcanoclastic accumulation or breccia consisting of glass (from the Greek ''hyalus'') fragments (clasts) formed by quench fragmentation of lava flow surfaces during submarine or subglacial extrusion. It occurs as thin marg ...

ridges (also called ''tindars'') which means elongated subglacially formed volcanic edifices of different sizes, and cone-like

subglacial mound A subglacial mound is a type of subglacial volcano formed when lava erupts beneath a thick glacier or ice sheet. The magma forming these volcanoes was not hot enough to melt a vertical pipe right through the overlying glacial ice, instead forming ...

s (very rare). There are many hyaloclastite ridges, with most consisting of mixtures of

pillow lava Pillow lavas are lavas that contain characteristic pillow-shaped structures that are attributed to the extrusion of the lava underwater, or ''subaqueous extrusion''. Pillow lavas in volcanic rock are characterized by thick sequences of discontinu ...

s, hyaloclastite and

lapilli tuff Lapilli (: lapillus) is a size classification of tephra, which is material that falls out of the air during a volcanic eruption or during some meteorite impacts. ''Lapilli'' is Latin for "little stones". By definition lapilli range from in diam ...

. There are also elongated pillow structures, called ''pillow tindars''. Examples on Reykjanes peninsula are

Sveifluháls Sveifluháls () is a Mafic rock, mafic hyaloclastite ridge of 397 m height in the southwest of Iceland in Gullbringusýsla (Reykjanes Peninsula). It is part of Krýsuvík (volcanic system), Krýsuvík volcanic system and of the protected area ...

, Núpshlíðarháls , Undirhlíðar ,

Helgafell Helgafell may refer to: * Helgafell (Hafnarfjörður), a mountain , on the Reykjanes peninsula, south-west Iceland * Helgafell, a mountain , in Mosfellsbær north-east of Reykjavík * Helgafell, a mountain at , in Rangárþing eystra, south-cen ...

and

Vífilsfell Vífilsfell () is a hyaloclastite ridge in southwestern Iceland (Weichselian). It is 655 m high and located west of Jósepsdalur valley on the volcanic plateau of Hellisheiði. It forms the northernmost offset of the Bláfjöll mountain massif ...

. The tuyas are often sorted according to their form (morphology) into flat-topped tuyas, elongated tuyas, conical tuyas and complex tuyas. The prominent

igneous rock Igneous rock ( ), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. The magma can be derived from partial ...

is basalt, though there are also some

basaltic andesite Basaltic andesite is a volcanic rock that is intermediate in composition between basalt and andesite. It is composed predominantly of augite and plagioclase. Basaltic andesite can be found in volcanoes around the world, including in Central Ameri ...

andesite Andesite () is a volcanic rock of intermediate composition. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between silica-poor basalt and silica-rich rhyolite. It is fine-grained (aphanitic) to porphyritic in texture, and is composed predomina ...

volcanoes on Reykjanes, like Húsmúli and Stapafell within the Hengill volcanic system. Examples for tuyas on Reykjanes Peninsula are

Keilir Keilir (; 378 m asl) is a Pleistocene subglacial mound or perhaps a conical tuyaGeitafell (

Brennisteinsfjöll Brennisteinsfjöll (, "Sulfur mountains"
Brennisteinsfjöll. Detailed description. In: Catalogue of Icelandic Volcano ...

), Geitahlíð and Þorbjörn are flat-topped tuyas whereas Þorðarfell and Syllingarfell are complex tuyas.

Postglacial shield volcanoes

The

Holocene The Holocene () is the current geologic time scale, geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago. It follows the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene to ...

es represent the great bulk of magma production in this part of Iceland and form the base of many other volcanic

landform A landform is a land feature on the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body. They may be natural or may be anthropogenic (caused or influenced by human activity). Landforms together make up a given terrain, and their arrangement ...

Olivine The mineral olivine () is a magnesium iron Silicate minerals, silicate with the chemical formula . It is a type of Nesosilicates, nesosilicate or orthosilicate. The primary component of the Earth's upper mantle (Earth), upper mantle, it is a com ...

tholeiite The tholeiitic magma series () is one of two main magma series in subalkaline igneous rocks, the other being the Calc-alkaline magma series, calc-alkaline series. A magma series is a chemically distinct range of magma compositions that describes ...

s constitute about 60% by volume of all post-glacial lava products on the Reykjanes Peninsula." The postglacial shield volcanoes are situated at the periphery of fissure systems. They erupted after the Weichselian glaciation. These shields are mostly circular in form, built up from pāhoehoe lavas and composed of a low-sloping lava cone surrounded by a lava apron; the older shields are made from

picrite Picrite basalt or picrobasalt is a variety of high-magnesium olivine basalt that is very rich in the mineral olivine. It is dark with yellow-green olivine phenocrysts (20-50%) and black to dark brown pyroxene, mostly augite. The olivine-rich ...

, the younger, bigger ones from olivine-tholeiite. They were probably formed in long-lived eruptions (years to decades). The best known edifices are Selvogsheiði (height 176 m, basal width 4.8 km, summit width 0.7 km, volume 0.64 km³), Þráinskjöldur (volume 5.2 km³),

Heiðin há Heiðin há () is a shield volcano up on Hellisheiði at about 35 km to the south of Reykjavík in Iceland. The mountain has a height of 626 m.Björn Hróarsson: Hellahandbókin. Leiðsögn um 77 íslenska hraunhella. Reykjavík 2008, p. 103 ...

(volume 6 km³) and Sandfellshæð (4.5 km³). Sandfellshæð is a very regularly constructed shield volcano and the largest in the southern part of Reykjanes Peninsula. Another important shield volcano on Reykjanes Peninsula is

Leitin Leitin () is a small shield volcano in the southwest of Iceland. Name Leitin ("the hills") is sometimes also called Leiti ("hills") or Leitahraun after its eruption products (“the lava of Leiti”). Geography The lava shield is located ...

, formed around 5,000 years ago.

Reykjanes volcanic belt

Since the end of the

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( ; referred to colloquially as the ''ice age, Ice Age'') is the geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was fin ...

glaciation (15,000–11,000 years ago in the region), Holocene volcanoes have contributed to the basaltic lava fields of the peninsula. The Reykjanes volcanic belt (previously also known as the Reykjanes Peninsula ridge, or Reykjanes Peninsula volcanic zone), one of the present day volcanic zones of Iceland, is connected to the submarine Reykjanes Ridge and consists (depending on author) of 3 to 6 or even 7 volcanic systems, arranged ''en echelon'', i.e. more or less side by side, and in an average 40° angle to the spreading direction NE–SW over the peninsula. One of the reasons for the varying number of systems in the literature is that geothermal areas, magnetic anomalies, eruptive centers, and geochemistry do not all align. Within the belt is a region of transition from the mainly extensional structure of the underwater

Reykjanes Ridge The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a mid-ocean ridge (a divergent or constructive plate boundary) located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and part of the longest mountain range in the world. In the North Atlantic, the ridge separates the North Am ...

of the Atlantic mid-oceanic ridge to the trans-tensional plate boundary in the Reykjanes Peninsula. These volcanic systems are: Eldey volcanic system (mostly submarine),

Reykjanes volcanic system Reykjanes () is a small headland on the south-western end of the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland, giving the main peninsula its name. Volcanic action is responsible for forming the entire peninsula. The nearest town is Keflavik. The name, , tran ...

, Svartsengi volcanic system (often thought to be a part of Reykjanes volcanic system as geochemistry is similar), Fagradalsfjall volcanic system,

Krýsuvík volcanic system Krýsuvík (also Krísuvík, both pronounced in Icelandic) is an area in Southwest Iceland at about 35 km from Reykjavík. Geography and access It is situated on the Reykjanes peninsula between Þorlákshöfn and Grindavík and accessed ...

Brennisteinsfjöll volcanic system Brennisteinsfjöll (, "Sulfur mountains"
Brennisteinsfjöll. Detailed description. In: Catalogue of Icelandic Volcano ...

, and Hengill volcanic system (which stretches up to the north and into the West volcanic zone of Iceland, West volcanic zone). Only the

volcanic system, the most eastern system, has an additional

and this volcano is complex as it is at the intersection with the

West volcanic zone of Iceland The geological deformation of Iceland is the way that the rocks of the island of Iceland are changing due to tectonic forces. The geological deformation help to explain the location of earthquakes, volcanoes, fissures, and the shape of the island. ...

and

South Iceland seismic zone The geological deformation of Iceland is the way that the rocks of the island of Iceland are changing due to tectonic forces. The geological deformation help to explain the location of earthquakes, volcanoes, fissures, and the shape of the island. ...

, forming the Hengill triple junction. It has some

rhyolite Rhyolite ( ) is the most silica-rich of volcanic rocks. It is generally glassy or fine-grained (aphanitic) in texture (geology), texture, but may be porphyritic, containing larger mineral crystals (phenocrysts) in an otherwise fine-grained matri ...

and

components. It is tectonically the current locus of accretion in the south of Iceland propagating southward at between . Otherwise, the volcanic systems, because they are on top of a rift segment, show a tendency for basaltic fissure eruptions. There are

tephra Tephra is fragmental material produced by a Volcano, volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size, or emplacement mechanism. Volcanologists also refer to airborne fragments as pyroclasts. Once clasts have fallen to the ground, ...

deposits from both offshore explosive

eruptions, some of whom were from volcanoes of the Reykjanes volcanic system, and the most recent Hengill eruption.

Tectonics

Outline of Iceland Deformation and Volcanic Zones

As is usual within rift zones,

tectonics Tectonics ( via Latin ) are the processes that result in the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time. The field of ''planetary tectonics'' extends the concept to other planets and moons. These processes ...

play an important role on Reykjanes Peninsula.

Earthquake An earthquakealso called a quake, tremor, or tembloris the shaking of the Earth's surface resulting from a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, from those so weak they ...

s are often registered. They may reach up to

magnitude Magnitude may refer to: Mathematics *Euclidean vector, a quantity defined by both its magnitude and its direction *Magnitude (mathematics), the relative size of an object *Norm (mathematics), a term for the size or length of a vector *Order of ...

M6, but most of the earthquakes are small. These earthquakes often take place within the volcanic systems, but there are also many faults, fractures and fissures in the N-S direction on the peninsula. Additionally, the region is influenced by the South Iceland seismic zone. This southern transform zone of Iceland is between the West volcanic zone of Iceland, West volcanic zone and the East volcanic zone. The larger earthquakes are felt and registered on Reykjanes Peninsula, and they can also trigger medium-sized quakes in this region, as last seen in 2008 and especially in 2000.

Volcano-tectonic situation in modern times

The Reykjanes Peninsula lies within a transtensional rift zone. The rate of spread is about . The spreading that occurs generates NE-SE trending fissure swarm faulting and connects the area with the other surrounding rift zones. The stress that is accumulated through the volcanism is released every 800–1000 years through the fissure eruptions. The fissure swarms are the origin of underground near vertical dykes. The Reykjanes' dykes travel near vertically through Quaternary and Tertiary sediments. These dykes generate permeability in rock that would otherwise be impermeable. This increased permeability creates the potential for geothermal extraction at an economic level. The dykes underground reach up to 300 meters to the surface. Every tens of years, microearthquakes move the strike-slip plate boundaries. Since Iceland's settlement in the 9th century CE, the peninsula has undergone two periods of prolonged volcanism. The first, from 950 to 1240, culminated in the lengthy series of eruptions between 1210 and 1240 called the

Reykjanes Fires The Reykjanes Fires (Icelandic language, Icelandic: ''Reykjaneseldar'') were a series of volcanic eruptions that took place on the Reykjanes Peninsula in south-west Iceland between approximately 1210 and 1240. They caused widespread physical and e ...

that deposited substantial amounts of lava and tephra across the peninsula. The volcanoes in the region were subsequently dormant for nearly 800 years. The second episode began in 2020 with increased earthquake activity and has been dubbed the "New Reykjanes Fires" in recognition of the similarity with the previous episode.

Tectonic precursors (2020-21)

On 20 October 2020, a magnitude 5.6 volcanism-related earthquake was registered at Núpshlíðarháls within the Krýsuvík system. It was followed up by over 1,000 aftershocks and is part of a series stretching over nearly one year. On 24 February 2021, a new earthquake series comprising hundreds of earthquakes and including two earthquakes over 5 were registered by the

Icelandic Meteorological Office Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO; ) is Iceland's national weather service and as such a government agency under the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. It is also active in volcano monitoring, esp. volcano seismology, and, toget ...

(IMO), with one registering at 5.7. The alert phase of Iceland's Civil Protection was activated, because even bigger earthquakes could not be excluded in this earthquake series.Verðum að vera búin undir stærri skjálfa
RÚV. 24 February 2021. Accessed 24 February 2021. The whole region has been under close scrutiny of scientists. A magnitude 5.1 earthquake was recorded on 1 March 2021. In addition, satellite pictures showed a pronounced uplift near the mountain

Keilir Keilir (; 378 m asl) is a Pleistocene subglacial mound or perhaps a conical tuyamagmatic dike to the southwest Keilir has a length of about 5 km.

Fagradalsfjall eruptions (2021-23)

As of February 2024, there have so far been three eruptions on and around the mountain of

Fagradalsfjall Fagradalsfjall () is an active tuya volcano formed in the Last Glacial Period on the Southern Peninsula (Iceland), Reykjanes Peninsula, around from Reykjavík, Iceland. Fagradalsfjall is also the name for the wider volcanic system covering an ...

, in an uninhabited region some 15 km northeast of

Grindavík Grindavík () is a fishing town in the Southern Peninsula district of Iceland, not far from Þorbjörn, a tuya (a type of flat-topped, steep-sided volcano). It is one of the few towns with a harbour on this coast. Most of the inhabitants work ...

. A volcanic eruption began at Fagradalsfjall on the evening of 19 March 2021. The eruption was small and effusive, from a 500–800 m long fissure; National Geographic predicted that this volcano was unlikely to threaten "any population centers". The next small fissure eruption in the Fagradalsfjall volcanic system started in the Meradalir valleys on 1 August 2022 and ceased on 22 August 2022. On 10 July 2023 at 16:40 UTC, a fissure eruption began adjacent to the summit of

Litli-Hrútur Fagradalsfjall () is an active tuya volcano formed in the Last Glacial Period on the Reykjanes Peninsula, around from Reykjavík, Iceland. Fagradalsfjall is also the name for the wider volcanic system covering an area wide and long between ...

and ended by the beginning of August 2023.

Sundhnúkur eruptions (2023–25)

There were multiple eruptions immediately north of

, with one partly occurring within the town's limits. Beginning in late October 2023, an intense series of earthquakes in and around Grindavík prompted the evacuation of the town, as a large underground magmatic intrusion indicated that an eruption in the area was imminent. The eruption began on 18 December at 10pm local time, north–east of Grindavík at the

Sundhnúkur Sundhnúkur () is a volcanic hill, within its associated Sundhnúksgígar crater row and volcanic fissures ( ) in the Svartsengi volcanic system, part of the Reykjanes Peninsula rift zone of Iceland. It is the location of the 2023–2025 Sund ...

crater row. Further brief effusive eruptions with a very rapid outflow of large quantities of lava took place on 14 January and 8 February 2024, damaging the outskirts of Grindavik and other infrastructure in the area. On 16 March 2024 a fourth eruption began north–east of Hagafell. This eruption was expected by some by analogy to be similarly short-lived, but was only declared over on the 9th May. An eruption that started on 29 May finished on 22 June 2024. The eruption that started on 22 August 2024 stopped on 5 September 2024. The seventh eruption of the series occurred between 20 November and 8 December 2024. The eighth eruption commenced on 1 April 2025 and the eruptive fissure rapidly extended beyond the protective barriers north of Grindavík

Gallery

References

{{reflist

External links

Geotourism on Reykjanes Peninsula. Visit Reykjanes. Official website.Geologist Páll Einarsson explains the geology of Reykjanes as well as the 2020 earthquake series

RÚV Ríkisútvarpið (, ; abbr. RÚV ) is Iceland's national public broadcasting, public-service broadcasting organization. Founded in 1930, it operates from studios in the country's capital, Reykjavík, as well as regional centres around the count ...

. 20 October 2020. (in Icelandic)

Reykjanes Reykjanes () is a small headland on the south-western end of the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland, giving the main peninsula its name. Volcanic action is responsible for forming the entire peninsula. The nearest town is Keflavik. The name, , trans ...

Southern Peninsula (Iceland) Volcanism of Iceland