Reinhard Oehme (; born 26 January 1928,
Wiesbaden
Wiesbaden (; ) is the capital of the German state of Hesse, and the second-largest Hessian city after Frankfurt am Main. With around 283,000 inhabitants, it is List of cities in Germany by population, Germany's 24th-largest city. Wiesbaden form ...
; died sometime between 29 September and 4 October 2010,
Hyde Park) was a
German-American
German Americans (, ) are Americans who have full or partial German ancestry.
According to the United States Census Bureau's figures from 2022, German Americans make up roughly 41 million people in the US, which is approximately 12% of the pop ...
physicist
A physicist is a scientist who specializes in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe. Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate cau ...
known for the discovery of C (
charge conjugation
In physics, charge conjugation is a transformation that switches all particles with their corresponding antiparticles, thus changing the sign of all charges: not only electric charge but also the charges relevant to other forces. The term C- ...
) non-conservation in the presence of P (
parity) violation, the formulation and proof of
hadron
In particle physics, a hadron is a composite subatomic particle made of two or more quarks held together by the strong nuclear force. Pronounced , the name is derived . They are analogous to molecules, which are held together by the electri ...
dispersion relations
In the physical sciences and electrical engineering, dispersion relations describe the effect of dispersion on the properties of waves in a medium. A dispersion relation relates the wavelength or wavenumber of a wave to its frequency. Given the d ...
, the "Edge of the Wedge Theorem" in the
function
Function or functionality may refer to:
Computing
* Function key, a type of key on computer keyboards
* Function model, a structured representation of processes in a system
* Function object or functor or functionoid, a concept of object-orie ...
theory of
several complex variables
The theory of functions of several complex variables is the branch of mathematics dealing with functions defined on the complex coordinate space \mathbb C^n, that is, -tuples of complex numbers. The name of the field dealing with the properties ...
, the Goldberger-Miyazawa-Oehme
sum rule, reduction of
quantum field theories
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines field theory and the principle of relativity with ideas behind quantum mechanics. QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatom ...
, Oehme-Zimmermann
superconvergence In numerical analysis, a superconvergent or supraconvergent method is one which converges faster than generally expected (''superconvergence'' or ''supraconvergence''). For example, in the Finite Element Method approximation to Poisson's equation in ...
relations for
gauge field
In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian, and hence the dynamics of the system itself, does not change under local transformations according to certain smooth families of operations (Lie groups). Formally, t ...
correlation functions
The cross-correlation matrix of two random vectors is a matrix containing as elements the cross-correlations of all pairs of elements of the random vectors. The cross-correlation matrix is used in various digital signal processing algorithms.
D ...
, and many other contributions.
Oehme was born in Wiesbaden, Germany as the son of Dr. Reinhold Oehme and Katharina Kraus. In 1952, in
São Paulo
São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...
, Brazil, he married Mafalda Pisani, who was born in Berlin as the daughter of Giacopo Pisani and Wanda d'Alfonso. Mafalda died in Chicago in August of the year 2004.
Education and career
Completing the ''Abitur'' at the Rheingau Gymnasium in
Geisenheim
Geisenheim is a town in the Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis in the ''Regierungsbezirk'' of Darmstadt (region), Darmstadt in Hessen, Germany, and is known as ''Weinstadt'' (“Wine Town”), ''Schulstadt'' (“School Town”), ''Domstadt'' (“Cathedral Town� ...
near Wiesbaden, Oehme started to study physics and mathematics at the
Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main
Goethe University Frankfurt () is a public research university located in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It was founded in 1914 as a citizens' university, which means it was founded and funded by the wealthy and active liberal citizenry of Frankfurt ...
, receiving the Diploma in 1948 as student of
Erwin Madelung
Erwin Madelung (18 May 1881 – 1 August 1972) was a German physicist.
He was born in 1881 in Bonn. His father was the surgeon Otto Wilhelm Madelung. He earned a doctorate in 1905 from the University of Göttingen, specializing in crystal struct ...
.
Then he moved to
Göttingen
Göttingen (, ; ; ) is a college town, university city in Lower Saxony, central Germany, the Capital (political), capital of Göttingen (district), the eponymous district. The River Leine runs through it. According to the 2022 German census, t ...
, joining the
Max Planck Institute for Physics
The Max Planck Institute for Physics (MPP) is a research institute located in Garching, near Munich, Germany. It specializes in high energy physics and astroparticle physics. The MPP is part of the Max Planck Society and is also known as the We ...
as a doctoral student of
Werner Heisenberg
Werner Karl Heisenberg (; ; 5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist, one of the main pioneers of the theory of quantum mechanics and a principal scientist in the German nuclear program during World War II.
He pub ...
, who was also a professor at the
University of Göttingen
The University of Göttingen, officially the Georg August University of Göttingen (, commonly referred to as Georgia Augusta), is a Public university, public research university in the city of Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany. Founded in 1734 ...
. Early in 1951, Oehme completed the requirements for his Dr.rer.nat at Göttingen Universität. The translation of the title of his thesis is: "Creation of
Photon
A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can ...
s in Collisions of
Nucleon
In physics and chemistry, a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus. The number of nucleons in a nucleus defines the atom's mass number.
Until the 1960s, nucleons were thought to be ele ...
s” Later this year, Heisenberg asked him to join
Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker
Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker (; 28 June 1912 – 28 April 2007) was a German physicist and philosopher. He was the longest-living member of the team which performed nuclear research in Nazi Germany during the Second World War, un ...
on a trip to Brazil for the start-up of the Instituto de Física Teórica in São Paulo, considered also as a possible escape in view of the tense situation in Europe. In 1953, he returned to his assistant position at the Max Planck Institute in Göttingen. During the early fifties, the institute was a most interesting place. Oehme was there among an exceptional group of people around Heisenberg, including
Vladimir Glaser
Vladimir Jurko Glaser (21 April 1924 – 22 January 1984) was a Croatian theoretical physicist working on quantum field theory and the canonization of the analytic S-matrix.
Biography
Glaser was born in Gorizia, Italy. His father, Vladimir Glaser, ...
,
Rolf Hagedorn
Rolf Hagedorn (20 July 1919 – 9 March 2003) was a :German physicists, German theoretical physicist who worked at CERN. He is known for the idea that QCD matter, hadronic matter has a "melting point". The Hagedorn temperature is named in his hon ...
,
Fritz Houtermans
Friedrich Georg "Fritz" Houtermans (January 22, 1903 – March 1, 1966) was a Dutch-Austrian-German atomic and nuclear physicist and Communist born in Zoppot (now Sopot) near Danzig (now Gdańsk), West Prussia to a Dutch father, who was a wealt ...
,
Gerhard Lüders,
Walter Thirring
Walter Eduard Thirring (29 April 1927 – 19 August 2014) was an Austrian physicist after whom the Thirring model in quantum field theory is named. He was the son of the physicist Hans Thirring.Thirring, H. Über die Wirkung rotierender ferner ...
,
Kurt Symanzik,
Carl Friedrich von Weizsaecker Carl may refer to:
*Carl, Georgia, city in USA
*Carl, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
*Carl (name), includes info about the name, variations of the name, and a list of people with the name
*Carl², a TV series
* "Carl", an episode of tel ...
,
Wolfhart Zimmermann,
Bruno Zumino
Bruno Zumino (28 April 1923 − 21 June 2014) was an Italian theoretical physicist and faculty member at the University of California, Berkeley. He obtained his DSc degree from the University of Rome in 1945.
He was renowned for his rigorous pro ...
, who all have made important contributions to physics at some time.
A year later, with Heisenberg's recommendation to his friend
Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi (; 29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian and naturalized American physicist, renowned for being the creator of the world's first artificial nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1, and a member of the Manhattan Project ...
, Oehme was offered a research associate position at the
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or UChi) is a Private university, private research university in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Its main campus is in the Hyde Park, Chicago, Hyde Park neighborhood on Chicago's South Side, Chic ...
, where he worked at the
Institute for Nuclear Studies
__NOTOC__
The Institute for Nuclear Studies was founded September 1945 as part of the University of Chicago with Samuel King Allison as director. On November 20, 1955, it was renamed The Enrico Fermi Institute for Nuclear Studies. The name was s ...
. Publications associated with this
period are described below under Work. In the fall of 1956, he moved to Princeton as a member of the
Institute for Advanced Study
The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) is an independent center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry located in Princeton, New Jersey. It has served as the academic home of internationally preeminent scholars, including Albert Ein ...
, returning in 1958 to the University of Chicago as a professor in the department of physics and at the
Enrico Fermi Institute
__NOTOC__
The Institute for Nuclear Studies was founded September 1945 as part of the University of Chicago with Samuel King Allison as director. On November 20, 1955, it was renamed The Enrico Fermi Institute for Nuclear Studies. The name was ...
for Nuclear Studies. In 1998, he became professor emeritus.
* Visiting Professor Positions*:
University of Maryland, College Park
The University of Maryland, College Park (University of Maryland, UMD, or simply Maryland) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in College Park, Maryland, United States. Founded in 1856, UMD i ...
, 1957;
Universität Wien
The University of Vienna (, ) is a public research university in Vienna, Austria. Founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365, it is the oldest university in the German-speaking world and among the largest institutions of higher learning in Europe. Th ...
, Austria 1961;
Imperial College, London
Imperial College London, also known as Imperial, is a Public university, public research university in London, England. Its history began with Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria, who envisioned a Al ...
1963-64;
Universität Karlsruhe
The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT; ) is both a German public research university in Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, and a research center of the Helmholtz Association.
KIT was created in 2009 when the University of Karlsruhe (), founded ...
, Germany, 1974, 1975, 1977;
University of Tokyo
The University of Tokyo (, abbreviated as in Japanese and UTokyo in English) is a public research university in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. Founded in 1877 as the nation's first modern university by the merger of several pre-westernisation era ins ...
, Japan, 1976, 1988;
Research Institute of Fundamental Physics,
University of Kyoto
, or , is a national research university in Kyoto, Japan. Founded in 1897, it is one of the former Imperial Universities and the second oldest university in Japan.
The university has ten undergraduate faculties, eighteen graduate schools, and t ...
, Japan, 1976.
* Visiting Positions*:
Instituto de Física Teórica, São Paulo, Brasil;
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratories, United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Upton, New York, a hamlet of the Brookhaven, New York, Town of Brookhaven. It w ...
;
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL, Berkeley Lab) is a Federally funded research and development centers, federally funded research and development center in the Berkeley Hills, hills of Berkeley, California, United States. Established i ...
;
CERN
The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (; ; ), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in Meyrin, western suburb of Gene ...
, Geneva, Switzerland;
International Centre for Theoretical Physics
The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) is a research center for physical and mathematical sciences, located in Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy.
The center operates under a tripartite agreement between the Gov ...
, Miramare-Trieste, Italy;
Max Planck Institute for Physics
The Max Planck Institute for Physics (MPP) is a research institute located in Garching, near Munich, Germany. It specializes in high energy physics and astroparticle physics. The MPP is part of the Max Planck Society and is also known as the We ...
, München, Germany.
* Awards*:
Guggenheim Fellow
Guggenheim Fellowships are grants that have been awarded annually since by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, endowed by the late Simon and Olga Hirsh Guggenheim. These awards are bestowed upon individuals who have demonstrated d ...
, 1963–64;
Humboldt Price
The Humboldt Research Award (), also known informally as the Humboldt Prize, is an award given by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany to internationally renowned scientists and scholars who work outside of Germany in recognition of t ...
, 1974; Fellowship of the
Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) 1976, 1988.
* Honors:
The University of Chicago offers annually the ''Enrico Fermi, Robert R. McCormick & Mafalda and Reinhard Oehme Postdoctoral Research Fellowships''
(*For citations see corresponding publications and acknowledgements in publications.
)
Work
Dispersion Relations, GMO Sum Rule, and Edge of the Wedge Theorem
In 1954 in Chicago, Oehme studied the
analytic
Analytic or analytical may refer to:
Chemistry
* Analytical chemistry, the analysis of material samples to learn their chemical composition and structure
* Analytical technique, a method that is used to determine the concentration of a chemical ...
properties of forward
Scattering amplitude
In quantum physics, the scattering amplitude is the probability amplitude of the outgoing spherical wave relative to the incoming plane wave in a stationary-state scattering process.
Formulation
Scattering in quantum mechanics begins with a p ...
s in
quantum field theories
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines field theory and the principle of relativity with ideas behind quantum mechanics. QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatom ...
. He found that particle-particle and
antiparticle
In particle physics, every type of particle of "ordinary" matter (as opposed to antimatter) is associated with an antiparticle with the same mass but with opposite physical charges (such as electric charge). For example, the antiparticle of the ...
-particle amplitudes are connected by
analytic continuation
In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, analytic continuation is a technique to extend the domain of definition of a given analytic function. Analytic continuation often succeeds in defining further values of a function, for example in a ne ...
in the
complex energy plane. These results led to the paper by him with
Marvin L. Goldberger
and
Hironari Miyazawa on the
dispersion relations
In the physical sciences and electrical engineering, dispersion relations describe the effect of dispersion on the properties of waves in a medium. A dispersion relation relates the wavelength or wavenumber of a wave to its frequency. Given the d ...
for
pion
In particle physics, a pion (, ) or pi meson, denoted with the Greek alphabet, Greek letter pi (letter), pi (), is any of three subatomic particles: , , and . Each pion consists of a quark and an antiquark and is therefore a meson. Pions are the ...
-
nucleon
In physics and chemistry, a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus. The number of nucleons in a nucleus defines the atom's mass number.
Until the 1960s, nucleons were thought to be ele ...
scattering, which
also contains the Goldberger-Miyazawa-Oehme Sum Rule.
There is good agreement with the experimental results of the Fermi Group
at Chicago, the
Lindenbaum Group at Brookhaven and others.
The GMO Sum Rule is often used in the analysis of the pion-nucleon system.
Oehme published a proper derivation of
hadronic
In particle physics, a hadron is a composite subatomic particle made of two or more quarks held together by the strong nuclear force. Pronounced , the name is derived . They are analogous to molecules, which are held together by the electric f ...
forward dispersion relations on the basis of
local
quantum field theory
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines Field theory (physics), field theory and the principle of relativity with ideas behind quantum mechanics. QFT is used in particle physics to construct phy ...
in an article published in Il Nuovo Cimento. His proof remains
valid in
gauge theories
In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian, and hence the dynamics of the system itself, does not change under local transformations according to certain smooth families of operations (Lie groups). Formally, t ...
with
confinement
Confinement may refer to:
* With respect to humans:
** An old-fashioned or archaic synonym for childbirth
** Postpartum confinement (or postnatal confinement), a system of recovery after childbirth, involving rest and special foods
** Civil confi ...
.
The
analytic
Analytic or analytical may refer to:
Chemistry
* Analytical chemistry, the analysis of material samples to learn their chemical composition and structure
* Analytical technique, a method that is used to determine the concentration of a chemical ...
connection Oehme found between particle and
antiparticle
In particle physics, every type of particle of "ordinary" matter (as opposed to antimatter) is associated with an antiparticle with the same mass but with opposite physical charges (such as electric charge). For example, the antiparticle of the ...
amplitudes
The amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change in a single period (such as time or spatial period). The amplitude of a non-periodic signal is its magnitude compared with a reference value. There are various definitions of am ...
is the first example of a fundamental feature of
local quantum field theory
Algebraic quantum field theory (AQFT) is an application to local quantum physics of C*-algebra theory. Also referred to as the Haag–Kastler axiomatic framework for quantum field theory, because it was introduced by . The axioms are stated in te ...
: the
crossing property. It is proven here, in a non-perturbative setting, on the basis of the analytic properties of amplitudes which are a consequence of
locality
Locality may refer to:
* Locality, a historical named location or place in Canada
* Locality (association), an association of community regeneration organizations in England
* Locality (linguistics)
* Locality (settlement)
* Suburbs and localitie ...
and
spectrum
A spectrum (: spectra or spectrums) is a set of related ideas, objects, or properties whose features overlap such that they blend to form a continuum. The word ''spectrum'' was first used scientifically in optics to describe the rainbow of co ...
, like the dispersion relations. For generalizations, one still relies mostly on
perturbation theory
In mathematics and applied mathematics, perturbation theory comprises methods for finding an approximate solution to a problem, by starting from the exact solution of a related, simpler problem. A critical feature of the technique is a middle ...
.
For the purpose of using the powerful methods of the theory of functions
of
several complex variables
The theory of functions of several complex variables is the branch of mathematics dealing with functions defined on the complex coordinate space \mathbb C^n, that is, -tuples of complex numbers. The name of the field dealing with the properties ...
for the proof of non-forward dispersion relations,
and for
analytic
Analytic or analytical may refer to:
Chemistry
* Analytical chemistry, the analysis of material samples to learn their chemical composition and structure
* Analytical technique, a method that is used to determine the concentration of a chemical ...
properties of other
Green's function
In mathematics, a Green's function (or Green function) is the impulse response of an inhomogeneous linear differential operator defined on a domain with specified initial conditions or boundary conditions.
This means that if L is a linear dif ...
s, Oehme formulated and proved a fundamental theorem which he called the “Edge of the Wedge Theorem” (“Keilkanten Theorem”). This work was done mainly in the Fall of 1956 at the
Institute for Advanced Study
The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) is an independent center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry located in Princeton, New Jersey. It has served as the academic home of internationally preeminent scholars, including Albert Ein ...
in collaboration with
Hans-Joachim Bremermann
Hans-Joachim Bremermann (1926 – 1996) was a German-American mathematician and biophysicist. He worked on computer science and evolution, introducing ideas of how mating generates new gene combinations. Bremermann's limit, named after him, is th ...
and
John G. Taylor.
Using microscopic
causality and spectral properties, the BOT theorem provides
an initial region of analyticity, which can be enlarged by "
Analytic Completion
Analytic or analytical may refer to:
Chemistry
* Analytical chemistry, the analysis of material samples to learn their chemical composition and structure
* Analytical technique, a method that is used to determine the concentration of a chemical ...
".
Oehme first presented these results at the Princeton University Colloquium
during the winter semester 1956/57. Independently, a different and elaborate proof of
non-forward dispersion relations has been published by
Nikolay Bogoliubov
Nikolay Nikolayevich (Mykola Mykolayovych) Bogolyubov (; ; 21 August 1909 – 13 February 1992) was a Soviet Union, Soviet, Ukraine, Ukrainian and Russia, Russian mathematician and theoretical physics, theoretical physicist known for a signifi ...
and collaborators.
The Edge of the Wedge Theorem of BOT has many other applications.
For example, it can be used to show that, in the presence of (spontaneous) violations of
Lorentz invariance
In a relativistic theory of physics, a Lorentz scalar is a scalar expression whose value is invariant under any Lorentz transformation. A Lorentz scalar may be generated from, e.g., the scalar product of vectors, or by contracting tensors. While ...
, micro-causality (locality), together
with positivity of the energy, implies
Lorentz invariance
In a relativistic theory of physics, a Lorentz scalar is a scalar expression whose value is invariant under any Lorentz transformation. A Lorentz scalar may be generated from, e.g., the scalar product of vectors, or by contracting tensors. While ...
of the energy-
momentum spectrum.
Together with
Marvin L. Goldberger and
Yoichiro Nambu
was a Japanese-American physicist and professor at the University of Chicago.
Known for his groundbreaking contributions to theoretical physics, Nambu was the originator of the theory of spontaneous symmetry breaking, a concept that revoluti ...
, Oehme also has formulated dispersion relations
for nucleon-nucleon scattering.
Charge Conjugation Non-Conservation
On August 7, 1956, Oehme wrote a letter to
C.N. Yang in which it is
shown that
weak interactions
In nuclear physics and particle physics, the weak interaction, weak force or the weak nuclear force, is one of the four known fundamental interactions, with the others being electromagnetism, the strong interaction, and gravitation. It is th ...
must violate
charge conjugation
In physics, charge conjugation is a transformation that switches all particles with their corresponding antiparticles, thus changing the sign of all charges: not only electric charge but also the charges relevant to other forces. The term C- ...
conservation in the event
of a positive outcome of the polarization experiment in
beta-decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron), transforming into an isobar of that nuclide. For example, beta decay of a neutron t ...
. Since
parity
conservation leads to the same restrictions, he points out that C and P must BOTH
be violated in order to get an asymmetry. Hence, at the level of ordinary weak
interactions, CP is the relevant symmetry, and not C and P individually.
Violation of C is one of the fundamental conditions for the matter-antimatter
asymmetry of the Universe.
The results of Oehme form the basis for the
later experimental effort to study
CP Symmetry
In particle physics, CP violation is a violation of CP-symmetry (or charge conjugation parity symmetry): the combination of C-symmetry (charge conjugation symmetry) and P-symmetry ( parity symmetry). CP-symmetry states that the laws of physics s ...
, and the fundamental discovery of non-conservation at a lower level of interaction strength.
As indicated above, the letter is reprinted
in the book on Selected Papers by
C.N. Yang.
Prompted by the letter,
T D Lee
Tsung-Dao Lee (; November 24, 1926 – August 4, 2024) was a Chinese-American physicist, known for his work on parity violation, the Lee–Yang theorem, particle physics, relativistic heavy ion (RHIC) physics, nontopological solitons, and s ...
, R Oehme and C N Yang provided a detailed discussion of
the interplay of non-invariance under P, C and T, and of applications to
the
Kaon
In particle physics, a kaon, also called a K meson and denoted , is any of a group of four mesons distinguished by a quantum number called strangeness. In the quark model they are understood to be bound states of a strange quark (or antiquark ...
- anti-Kaon complex. Their results are of importance for the description of the
CP violation
In particle physics, CP violation is a violation of CP-symmetry (or charge conjugation parity symmetry): the combination of C-symmetry (charge conjugation symmetry) and P-symmetry ( parity symmetry). CP-symmetry states that the laws of physics s ...
discovered later. In their paper the authors already consider non-invariance under T (
time reversal)
and hence, given the assumption of
CPT symmetry
Charge, parity, and time reversal symmetry is a fundamental symmetry of physical laws under the simultaneous transformations of charge conjugation (C), parity transformation (P), and time reversal (T). CPT is the only combination of C, P, and ...
, also under CP.
Propagators and OZ Superconvergence Relations
In connection with an exact structure analysis for
gauge theory
In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian, and hence the dynamics of the system itself, does not change under local transformations according to certain smooth families of operations (Lie groups). Formally, t ...
propagator
In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the propagator is a function that specifies the probability amplitude for a particle to travel from one place to another in a given period of time, or to travel with a certain energy and momentum. I ...
s,
undertaken by Oehme in collaboration with
Wolfhart Zimmermann,
he obtained "
Superconvergence In numerical analysis, a superconvergent or supraconvergent method is one which converges faster than generally expected (''superconvergence'' or ''supraconvergence''). For example, in the Finite Element Method approximation to Poisson's equation in ...
Relations" for theories where the number of
matter
In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately composed of atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic pa ...
fields (flavors) is below a given limit. These "Oehme-Zimmernann Relations" provide a link between long- and short-distance properties of the theory. They are of importance for
gluon
A gluon ( ) is a type of Massless particle, massless elementary particle that mediates the strong interaction between quarks, acting as the exchange particle for the interaction. Gluons are massless vector bosons, thereby having a Spin (physi ...
confinement
Confinement may refer to:
* With respect to humans:
** An old-fashioned or archaic synonym for childbirth
** Postpartum confinement (or postnatal confinement), a system of recovery after childbirth, involving rest and special foods
** Civil confi ...
.
These results about propagators depend essentially only upon general principles.
Reduction of Quantum Field Theories
As a general method of imposing restrictions on quantum field theories with
several parameters, Oehme and Zimmermann have introduced a theory of reduction
of
coupling constants
In physics, a coupling constant or gauge coupling parameter (or, more simply, a coupling), is a number that determines the strength of the force exerted in an interaction. Originally, the coupling constant related the force acting between tw ...
.
This method is based upon the
renormalization group
In theoretical physics, the renormalization group (RG) is a formal apparatus that allows systematic investigation of the changes of a physical system as viewed at different scales. In particle physics, it reflects the changes in the underlying p ...
, and is more general than the
imposition of
symmetries
Symmetry () in everyday life refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance. In mathematics, the term has a more precise definition and is usually used to refer to an object that is invariant under some transformations ...
.
[R. Oehme (CERN) . CERN-TH-4245/85, Aug 1985. 34pp]
, Prog.Theor.Phys.Suppl.86:215,1986
"Reduction And Reparametrization Of Quantum Field Theories". (Dedicated to Yoichiro Nambu on the occasion of his 65th birthday.) This paper contains further references
There are solutions of the reduction equations which do not correspond to additional symmetries, but may be related to other characteristic aspects of the theory. On the other hand, supersymmetric theories do come out as possible solutions. This is an important example for the appearance of
supersymmetry
Supersymmetry is a Theory, theoretical framework in physics that suggests the existence of a symmetry between Particle physics, particles with integer Spin (physics), spin (''bosons'') and particles with half-integer spin (''fermions''). It propo ...
without imposing it explicitly. The reduction theory is finding many applications,
[ theoretical
and phenomenological.
]
Other contributions
Further contributions by Oehme, like those involving complex angular momentum
Angular momentum (sometimes called moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational analog of Momentum, linear momentum. It is an important physical quantity because it is a Conservation law, conserved quantity – the total ang ...
,
Rising Cross section
Cross section may refer to:
* Cross section (geometry)
** Cross-sectional views in architecture and engineering 3D
*Cross section (geology)
* Cross section (electronics)
* Radar cross section, measure of detectability
* Cross section (physics)
**A ...
s, Broken Symmetries, Current algebra
Certain commutation relations among the current density operators in quantum field theories define an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra called a current algebra. Mathematically these are Lie algebras consisting of smooth maps from a manifold into a ...
s and Weak Interactions,[For example: Reinhard Oehm]
, Phys.Rev.Lett. 16, 215-217 (1966).
"Current Algebras and the Suppression of Leptonic Meson Decays with DeltaS=1". as well as chapters in books, may be found in:
(http://home.uchicago.edu/~roehme/).
External links
*
*
*
*
Notes and references
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oehme, Reinhard
University of Chicago faculty
20th-century German physicists
Mathematical physicists
Theoretical physicists
People associated with CERN
1928 births
2010 deaths
Scientists from Wiesbaden
Humboldt Research Award recipients
20th-century American physicists