Rebbachisaurus

''Rebbachisaurus'' (meaning " Aït Rebbach lizard") is a genus of sauropod dinosaur of the superfamily Diplodocoidea, that lived during the Late Cretaceous period in Africa and possibly also South America about 99-97 million years ago. Remains attributed to ''Rebbachisaurus'' have been found in Morocco, Niger, Algeria, Tunisia and possibly also Argentina (if '' Rayososaurus'' is the same animal as ''Rebbachisaurus''), although only the Moroccan remains can be referred to the genus without doubt. The discovery of '' Rayososaurus'', a South American sauropod nearly identical to ''Rebbachisaurus'' which may have actually have been the same animal as ''Rebbachisaurus'', supports the theory that there was still a land connection between Africa and South America during the Early Cretaceous, long after it was commonly thought the two continents had separated.Bonaparte, J. (1996). "Cretaceous tetrapods of Argentina". ''Münchner Geowissenschaften Abhandlungen'' 30: 73-130.

History of discovery

Between 8 October 1948 and 3 January 1952, Rene Lavocat collected the holotype of ''Rebbachisaurus garasbae'' (MNHN-MRS 1958), which consists of ten ribs, the right shoulder blade, eleven vertebrae, the sacrum, a humerus, and two bones probably belonging to the pelvis, in the Aoufous Formation at Gara Sbaa, Errachidia in Morocco. He named the type species ''R. garasbae'' during the same year but only the shoulder blade and a single vertebra from the string of eleven were initially described, very briefly and without illustrations. The fossils were left undescribed and neglected until 2015, when Jeffrey Wilson and Ronan Allain cleaned the holotype and described the remaining fossils that Lavocat never described in 1954. A second specimen, consisting of a partial vertebra measuring up to tall if complete (also found in Aoufous) has also been assigned to ''R. garasbae''.

A second species was named by de Lapparent in 1960, ''Rebbachisaurus tamesnensis''. The type specimen, collected by Lapparent in the Continental intercalaire Formation (initially believed to have been found in the Gall locality, Tiourarén Formation) of Niger, supposedly composed of two humeri and two femora, and a second specimen composed of four isolated teeth, a dentary fragment with three teeth, over 100 vertebrae, six chevrons, 12 ribs, 5 scapulae, an ilium, two ischia, and numerous limb elements, however, the material of this taxon was collected from multiple localities across the Sahara, such as several sites in the Elrhaz Formation of Niger, and is not referrable to ''Rebbachisaurus''.

A third species was named by Calvo and Salgado in 1995, '' Rebbachisaurus tessonei''. It was discovered in the Candeleros Formation in Argentina, near to where the holotype of '' Giganotosaurus carolinii'' was discovered. This species was later moved to the new genus '' Limaysaurus'' in 2004.

It is often believed that the rebbachisaurid '' Rayososaurus agrioensis'', named by Jose Bonaparte in 1996, is synonymous with ''Rebbachisaurus garasbae''. ''Rayososaurus'' is extremely similar to ''Rebbachisaurus'' and there is some debate as to whether ''Rayososaurus'' is indeed a separate genus. However, morphological and temporal differences tend to support the distinction, as ''Rayososaurus'' is known from the Candeleros Formation of Argentina, while ''Rebbachisaurus'' is known from the Aoufous Formation of Morocco.

Description

''Rebbachisaurus'' is a medium-sized sauropod, measuring around long and weighing up to . It possessed a small head, a long, graceful neck and a whiplike tail. ''Rebbachisaurus'' is distinguished from other sauropods by its unusually tall, ridged back and the spine or sail that lay atop its back, distinguished by the tall ridges of the preserved dorsal vertebrae of the holotype and other specimens.Apesteguía S, Gallina PA and Haluza A (2010) "Not just a pretty face: anatomical peculiarities in the postcranium of Rebbachisaurids (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea)". Historical Biology, Volume 22, Issue 1-3: Proceedings of the First International Congress on North African Vertebrate Palaeontology.

Classification

Below is a cladogram following the 2013 analysis by Fanti and colleagues, which confirmed the placement of ''Rebbachisaurus'' as a basal rebbachisaurid.

A 2015 cladistic study by Wilsona and the French palaeontologist Ronan Allain found ''Rebbachisaurus'' itself to group with the nigersaurines, and the authors suggested that Nigersaurinae was therefore a junior synonym of Rebbachisaurinae (since that name would have priority).

Paleoecology

The most common vertebrates which coexisted alongside ''R. garasbae'' in the Aoufous belong to the elasmobranch fish '' Onchopristis numidus''. Another seven elasmobranchs are reported: '' Asteracanthus aegyptiacus'', '' Distobatus nutiae'', '' Tribodus'' sp., '' Lissodus'' sp., '' Haimirichia amonensis'', Cretoxyrhinidae indet., and '' Marckgrafia lybica''. Lungfish fossils referred to '' Ceratodus humei'' and '' Neoceratodus africanus'' are known to have coexisted alongside ''Rebbachisaurus'' and the coelacanths '' Mawsonia lavocati'' and '' Axelrodichthys'' also coexisted with ''Rebbachisaurus''. Several taxa of Cladistia and two genera of seminiomorphs (an unnamed '' Lepidotes''-like species and '' Oniichthys falipoui'') are known to have coexisted with ''Rebbachisaurus'' in the Aoufous Formation. Teleosteans are represented by '' Cladocyclus pankowskii'', '' Palaeonotopterus greenwoodi'', '' Erfoudichthys rosae'' and '' Concavotectum moroccensis''. Amphibians are also present: '' Kababisha'' sp., the pipid frog '' Oumtkoutia anae'' and non-pipids frogs. Turtles are represented by several species: '' Dirqadim schaefferi'', the podocnemidids '' Hamadachelys escuilliei'', the bothremydids '' Galianemys whitei'' and ''G. emringeri'', and the araripemydids ''Araripemys'' sp. Crocodilians are commonly found; four species are present: '' Elosuchus cherifiensis'', a genus that belonged to the Trematochampsidae, '' Araripesuchus rattoides'' and ''Laganosuchus maghrebensis''.

''Rebbachisaurus garasbae'' coexisted with many dinosaurs, including an ornithischian and an unnamed basal theropod, both only known from footprints. Among theropods, two carcharodontosaurids ('' Carcharodontosaurus saharicus'' and '' Sauroniops pachytholus''), one spinosaurid ('' Spinosaurus aegyptiacus''), one coelurosaur ('' Deltadromeus agilis''), an unnamed abelisaur and an unnamed dromaeosaur also coexisted with ''Rebbachisaurus''.

Pterosaurs are also present, although their fossils are extremely rare and enigmatic: an azhdarchid, an ornithocheirid, a tapejarid and a pteranodontid are known to have coexisted with ''Rebbachisaurus''.L. Cavin, H. Tong, L. Boudad, C. Meister, A. Piuz, J. Tabouelle, M. Aarab, R. Amiot, E. Buffetaut, G. Dyke, S. Hua and J. Le Loeuff. (2010). Vertebrate assemblages from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern Morocco: An overview. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences'' 57:391-412

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q133675

Rebbachisauridae
Dinosaur genera
Cenomanian dinosaurs
Taxa named by René Lavocat
Fossil taxa described in 1954
Dinosaurs of Morocco