Raymond Lee Ditmars (June 22, 1876 – May 12, 1942) was an American

herpetologist Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν ''herpetón'', meaning " reptile" or "creeping animal") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and r ...

, writer, public speaker and pioneering natural history filmmaker.

Biography

Ditmars was fascinated by all animals, but primarily reptiles, obtaining his first snakes at twelve years of age. His parents eventually allowed him to keep all manner of venomous reptiles in the attic of their house at 1666 Bathgate Avenue in the Bronx. Ditmars left school at 16 with no formal qualifications but nevertheless gained a deep understanding of zoology through his own personal study of snakes and other animals in the wild and captivity. Throughout his life, vacations were spent searching for new specimens. Such was his interest and knowledge that he would eventually be regarded as the country's foremost

. In 1893, Ditmars was hired as an assistant in the Department of

Entomology Entomology () is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In the past the term "insect" was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of animals in other arthropod groups, such as arach ...

at the American Museum of Natural History, primarily because of his talent as an artist. Four years later, he quit this job to take a better-paying job as a stenographer. In July 1898, he began a short stint as a court reporter for the ''

New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...

''. One of his first pieces led him to discover the newly created

New York Zoological Society New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created. New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz Albums and EPs * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator ...

(now the

Wildlife Conservation Society The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) is a non-governmental organization headquartered at the Bronx Zoo in New York City, that aims to conserve the world's largest wild places in 14 priority regions. Founded in 1895 as the New York Zoological ...

), which was in the process of building what would become the

Bronx Zoo The Bronx Zoo (also historically the Bronx Zoological Park and the Bronx Zoological Gardens) is a zoo within Bronx Park in the Bronx, New York. It is one of the largest zoos in the United States by area and is the largest metropolitan zoo in ...

. On July 17, 1899 - four months before the zoo's grand opening - Ditmars was employed as an assistant curator in charge of reptiles. He was then aged twenty-three, and would spend the rest of his career with the zoo. His own collection of forty-five reptiles, representing fifteen species, formed the nucleus of the reptile house, which proved an immediate success with visitors. A few years later he began work on his first major publication, ''The Reptile Book'', while teaching himself still and motion photography. He would provide almost all the illustrations in this and his many subsequent books, and in 1914 produced and released ''The Living Book of Nature'', his first motion picture to wide acclaim. Many other films followed, pioneering the latest available techniques including

stop-motion animation Stop motion is an animated filmmaking technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they will appear to exhibit independent motion or change when the series of frames i ...

timelapse Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured (the frame rate) is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus ...

macro photography Macro photography (or photomacrography or macrography, and sometimes macrophotography) is extreme close-up photography, usually of very small subjects and living organisms like insects, in which the size of the subject in the photograph is gre ...

, and by the mid-1920s,

sound film A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900, but decades passed befo ...

. During the late 1920s, Ditmars helped bring about

antivenom Antivenom, also known as antivenin, venom antiserum, and antivenom immunoglobulin, is a specific treatment for envenomation. It is composed of antibodies and used to treat certain venomous bites and stings. Antivenoms are recommended only if ...

centers in the United States and Honduras, and soon after launched a series of expeditions to Central and South America in search of tropical specimens for the zoo. His main quarry was a bushmaster, the world's largest type of viper, a specimen of which he successfully brought back from the island of

Trinidad Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is often referred to as the southernmos ...

in 1934. The previous year, he also famously collected and exhibited the first living specimens of

vampire bat Vampire bats, species of the subfamily Desmodontinae, are leaf-nosed bats found in Central and South America. Their food source is blood of other animals, a dietary trait called hematophagy. Three extant bat species feed solely on blood: the c ...

. Ditmars demonstrated an aptitude for animal husbandry (once again self-taught), and was unofficially given responsibility for mammals as well as reptiles soon after his appointment to the Bronx Zoo, but he was not formally granted the title of Curator of Mammals until 1926, following the retirement of

William Hornaday William H. D. Hornaday (26 April 1910 – 17 March 1992), affectionately known as "Dr. Bill" to his congregation of over 7,000, was the leading minister at Founder's Church of Religious Science in Los Angeles, California. A former business exe ...

, the zoo's founding Director. In 1940 - two years before his death - Ditmars also took charge of insects after a successful exhibit in the 1939–40 World's Fair. Ditmars's flair for self-publicity and the fruitful relationships he maintained with New York reporters ensured that he and the zoo were rarely out of the papers. It was in large part, thanks to the efforts and enthusiasm of Ditmars, that the Bronx Zoo first achieved a world-class status. He also placed $10,000 in trust at a New York bank for the first person to provide evidence of a hoop snake.

Books

Ditmars published several books on

zoology Zoology ()The pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon. is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and ...

, his own life, and his travels. ''The Reptile Book'', discussed above, was released in 1907 to great success; it was republished and expanded several times. With ''Reptiles of the World'' in 1910 (edited and expanded in 1933), ''Snakes of the World'' in 1931, ''Reptiles of North America'' in 1936 and ''Field Book of North American Snakes'' in 1939, he helped tap a large public interest in reptiles. Many herpetologists of the

baby boomer Baby boomers, often shortened to boomers, are the Western demographic cohort following the Silent Generation and preceding Generation X. The generation is often defined as people born from 1946 to 1964, during the mid-20th century baby boo ...

generation fell in love with reptiles in part through reading Ditmars's titles which, during the post-WW2 years, were often the only books on the topic available in school and town libraries. His other, more autobiographical, books were also a success and included: ''Strange Animals I Have Known'' (1931), ''Thrills of a Naturalist's Quest'' (1932), ''Confessions of a Scientist'' (1934), ''Snakehunters' Holiday'' (1935 - co-authored with William Bridges, then of the ''New York Sun'') and ''The Making of a Scientist'' (1937).

Legacy

Ditmars is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of lizard, ''

Phrynosoma ditmarsi The rock horned lizard (''Phrynosoma ditmarsi''), also known commonly as Ditmars' horned lizard and ''camaleón de roca'' in Mexican Spanish, is a species of lizard in the family Phrynosomatidae. The species is endemic to the Mexican state of S ...

''.Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. . ("Ditmars", p. 73).

Films

Ditmars pioneered the direction and production of at least 84 silent nature documentaries, e.g., *''Life in Our Ponds'' (1912,

Pathé Frères Pathé or Pathé Frères (, styled as PATHÉ!) is the name of various French businesses that were founded and originally run by the Pathé Brothers of France starting in 1896. In the early 1900s, Pathé became the world's largest film equipmen ...

) *''Hidden Life in Sea Weed'' (1913, Pathé Frères) *''The Snowy Egret and Its Extermination'' (1913, Pathé Frères) *''The Fish with a Storage Battery in Its Brain'' (1913) *''The Deadliest of Nature's Celebrities'' (1914, Pathé Frères) *''Housekeeping at the Zoo'' (1910 - 1922, a documentary of the New York Zoological Park) *''Insects That Mimic'' (1914, Pathé Frères (France)) *''Amphibian Oddities'' (1916, Power Picture Plays) *''The Smaller Monkeys'' (1917) *''Evolution'' (1918, Educational Films Corporation of America) *''Biography of a Stag'' (1918, Educational Films, USA, a documentary from a zoo about the growth of the antlers of a stag) *''The Polar Bear'' (1919) *''The Four Seasons'' (1921, with Charles Urban?, Kineto Film Company of America, a lyrical documentary of seasonal changes in the natural world)) *''Like a Beaver'' (?)

Sources

*Adler, Kraig (1989). ''Contributions to the History of Herpetology''. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR).

References

External links

*, where his scientific films of the 1910s and 1920s are listed.