Rapaninae is a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...

predatory Predation is a biological interaction in which one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill ...

sea

snails A snail is a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gas ...

, marine

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...

s in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Muricidae Muricidae is a large and varied taxonomic family of small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, commonly known as murex snails or rock snails. With over 1,700 living species, the Muricidae represent almost 10% of the Neog ...

.Houart, R. (2011). Rapaninae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=196295 on 2011-03-01 This subfamily was known as Thaidinae until 1993.

Shell description

The shell is usually more or less pyriforra, and often produced anteriorly. The

spire A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spire ...

is short. The inner

lip The lips are a horizontal pair of soft appendages attached to the jaws and are the most visible part of the mouth of many animals, including humans. Mammal lips are soft, movable and serve to facilitate the ingestion of food (e.g. sucklin ...

is convex and smooth. The shells of

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

in this subfamily typically do not have a

varix A varix (: varices) is an abnormally dilated blood vessel with a tortuous course. Varices usually occur in the venous system, but may also occur in arterial or lymphatic vessels. Examples of varices include: * Varicose veins, large tortuous veins ...

, but strong axial

sculpture Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sc ...

is often present. The operculum is ovate, blunt. The nucleus is elongate, forming the outer or hinder edge.Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1853-1858). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. London, van Voorst. Vol. 1: xl + 484 pp.; vol. 2: 661 pp.; vol. 3: 138 pls
/ref>

Genera

Genera within the subfamily Rapaninae include: * ''

Acanthais ''Acanthais'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Muricidae, known as the murex snails or rock snails. Species Species within the genus ''Acanthais'' include: * ''Acanthais brevide ...

'' Vermeij & Kool, 1994 * ''

Agnewia ''Agnewia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Muricidae Muricidae is a large and varied taxonomic family of small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, commonly known as murex snails or ...

'' Woods, 1878 * † '' Califrapana'' C. L. Powell & Houart, 2021 * † '' Chesathais'' Petuch, 1988 * ''

Concholepas ''Concholepas'' is a genus of medium-sized to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Muricidae, the rock shells.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Concholepas Lamarck, 1801. Accessed through: World Register of M ...

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolo ...

, 1801 * ''

Cymia ''Cymia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Muricidae Muricidae is a large and varied taxonomic family of small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, commonly known as murex snails or ro ...

'' Mörch, 1860 * ''

Dicathais ''Dicathais'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Muricidae, the rock snails. This genus is monotypic; the only species in it is ''Dicathais orbita'', common name the white rock shell or cart-rut shell, fou ...

'' Iredale, 1936 * ''

Drupa Drupa (stylized ''drupa'') is the largest printing equipment exhibition in the world, held every four years by Messe Düsseldorf in Düsseldorf, Germany. The word ''drupa'' is a portmanteau of the German words ''Druck und Papier'' ("print and p ...

'' Röding, 1798 * ''

Drupina ''Drupina'' is a genus of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae Muricidae is a large and varied taxonomic family of small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, commonly known as murex snails or r ...

'' Dall, 1923 * † ''

Ecphora Ecphora is the common name for a group of extinct predatory marine gastropod mollusks within the family Muricidae, the rocks snails or murexes. The common name is based on the first officially described genus, '' Ecphora''. The entire lineage of ...

'' Conrad, 1843 * ''

Indothais ''Indothais'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.MolluscaBase (2018). ''Indothais'' Claremont, Vermeij, Williams & Reid, 2013. Accessed through: World Register of Marine ...

'' Claremont, Vermeij, Williams & Reid, 2013 * ''

Mancinella ''Mancinella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. Species Species within the genus ''Mancinella'' include: * ''Mancinella alouina'' (Pe ...

'' Link, 1807 * '' Menathais'' Iredale, 1937 * '' Nassa'' Röding, 1798 * '' Neorapana''

Cooke Cooke is a surname of English and Irish origin derived from the occupation of cook and anglicisation of various Gaelic names. Variants include Cook and McCook. Irish surname origin Cooke (rather than Cook) is the usual spelling of the surnam ...

, 1918 * '' Neothais'' Iredale, 1912 * '' Phycothais'' Tan, 2003 * ''

Pinaxia ''Pinaxia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. Description The shell is conical. The spire is short and acute . The aperture is oval-oblong, emarginate anteriorly. The ...

Adams Adams may refer to: * For persons, see Adams (surname) Places United States *Adams, California *Adams, California, former name of Corte Madera, California * Adams, Decatur County, Indiana *Adams, Kentucky *Adams, Massachusetts, a New England to ...

, 1853 * '' Plicopurpura'' Cossmann, 1903 * ''

Purpura Purpura () is a condition of red or purple discolored spots on the skin that do not blanch on applying pressure. The spots are caused by bleeding underneath the skin secondary to platelet disorders, vascular disorders, coagulation disorders, ...

Bruguière Bruguière is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Barthélemy Bruguière (1792-1835), first Apostolic Vicar of Korea *Jean-Louis Bruguière (born 1943), French judge *Jean Guillaume Bruguière (1749 or 1750–1798), French physicia ...

, 1789 * ''

Rapana ''Rapana'' is a genus of large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Muricidae, the rock snails. Description The shell of ''Rapana'' has a large body whorl, a correspondingly large aperture and a low spire. The surfac ...

Schumacher Schumacher or Schuhmacher is an occupational surname (German, "shoemaker", pronounced , both variants can be used as surnames, with Schumacher being the more popular one, however, only the variant with three "h"s can also be used as a job descript ...

, 1817 * ''

Reishia ''Reishia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the family (biology), family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. Species Species within the genus ''Reishia'' include: * ''Reishia bitubercularis'' (Lamar ...

'' Kuroda & Habe, 1971 * ''

Semiricinula ''Semiricinula'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Rapaninae of the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. Species Species within the genus ''Semiricinula'' include: * '' Semiricinula bozzettii'' ...

Martens A marten is a weasel-like mammal in the genus ''Martes'' within the subfamily Guloninae, in the family (biology), family Mustelidae. They have bushy tails and large paws with partially retractile claws. The fur varies from yellowish to dark bro ...

, 1903 * '' Stramonita''

, 1817 * '' Taurasia'' Bellardi, 1882 * ''

Thais Thais can be the plural of ''Thai'' and refer to: * The Thai people, the main ethnic group of Thailand * The Thai peoples or Tai peoples, the ethnic groups of southern China and Southeast Asia In the singular, Thais may refer to: People Ancien ...

'' Röding, 1798 * ''

Thaisella ''Thaisella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.MolluscaBase (2018). ''Thaisella'' Clench, 1947. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marin ...

'' Clench, 1947 * ''

Tribulus ''Tribulus'' is a genus of plants in the family Zygophyllaceae and found in diverse climates and soils worldwide from latitudes 35°S to 47°N. The best-known member is '' T. terrestris'' (puncture vine), a widespread invasive species and weed. ...

, 1853 * '' Tylothais'' Houart, 2017 * ''

Vasula Vasula is a Populated places in Estonia, small borough (') in Tartu Parish, Tartu County, in southern Estonia. It is about north of the centre of Tartu, the second largest city in Estonia. Vasula is situated on the left bank of the Amme river. ...

'' Mörch, 1860 * '' Vexilla'' Swainson, 1840 ; Genera brought into synonymy : * ''Canrena'' Link, 1807 : synonym of ''Drupa'' Röding, 1798 * ''Conchopatella'' Herrmannsen, 1847 : synonym of ''Concholepas''

, 1801 * ''Conchulus''

Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; 22 October 178318 September 1840) was a French early 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ult ...

, 1815 : synonym of ''Concholepas''

, 1801 * ''Conothais'' Kuroda, 1930 : synonym of ''Pinaxia''

, 1853 * ''Cuma'' Swainson, 1840 : synonym of ''Cymia'' Mörch, 1860 * ''Cumopsis'' Rovereto, 1899 : synonym of ''Cymia'' Mörch, 1860 * ''Iopas''

, 1853 : synonym of ''Nassa'' Röding, 1798 * ''Menathais'' Iredale, 1937 : synonym of ''Thais (Thalessa)'' H. &

, 1853 * ''Microtoma'' Swainson, 1840 : synonym of ''Plicopurpura'' Cossmann, 1903 * ''Patellipurpura'' Dall, 1909 : synonym of ''Plicopurpura'' Cossmann, 1903 * ''Pentadactylus'' Mörch, 1852 : synonym of ''Drupa'' Röding, 1798 * ''Planithais'' Bayle in Fischer, 1884 : synonym of ''Tribulus''

, 1853 * ''Provexillum'' Hedley, 1918 : synonym of ''Vexilla'' Swainson, 1840 * ''Purpura'' Röding, 1798 : synonym of '' Trunculariopsis'' Cossmann, 1921 * ''Purpurella'' Dall, 1872 : synonym of ''Plicopurpura'' Cossmann, 1903 * ''Ricinella''

, 1817: synonym of

Röding, 1798 * ''Ricinula''

, 1816 : synonym of ''Drupa'' Röding, 1798 * ''Simplicotaurasia'' Sacco, 1890 : synonym of ''Taurasia'' Bellardi, 1882 * ''Sistrum'' Montfort, 1810 : synonym of ''Drupa'' Röding, 1798

References

External links

Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3419358 Muricidae Taxa named by John Edward Gray