''Rallicola'' is a genus of
chewing louse. It is an
ectoparasite
Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted str ...
of
rails and other birds. It was named by
Thomas Harvey Johnston and
Launcelot Harrison in 1911. There are two
subgenera
In biology, a subgenus ( subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.
In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the ge ...
aside from the nominotypical subgenus: ''Aptericola'', whose species are found on
kiwi birds, and ''Huiacola'', a
monospecific
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispe ...
subgenus consisting of ''
Rallicola extinctus'', once found on the
huia.
Taxonomic history
In 1866,
Ferdinand Rudow
Ferdinand Rudow (2 April 1840 – 3 September 1920) was a German Entomology, entomologist best known for the poor quality of his taxonomic work. He described over 200 species of wasps during his lifetime, almost all of which have been revised as ...
circumscribed the
Philopteridae
Philopteridae is a family (biology), family of feather lice. They are parasite, parasitic on birds, primarily consuming downy feathers.
Philopteridae is a highly diverse family with more than 2,700 described species, and constitutes 30% of the o ...
genus ''
Trabeculus'' with ''Trabeculus schillingi'' as its
type species
In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...
. In 1870, he created a new genus, ''Oncophorus'' with the same type species,
making it an objective junior synonym of ''Trabeculus''. In 1880,
Édouard Piaget added more species to ''Oncophorus''.
He listed the
author citation as "Rud." for Rudow in 1880,
but as "m." for ' to indicate himself in 1885.
Thomas Harvey Johnston and
Launcelot Harrison created a new genus name, ''Rallicola'', in 1911. A new name was needed as ''Oncophorus'' and ''Oncophorus'' had a senior homonym and senior synonym, respectively. They only included ''Oncophorus'' species that parasitized rails and jacanas, leaving those that parasitized owls and hornbills to other genera.
In 1915, Harrison split the genus into three subgenera: ''Rallicola (Rallicola)'' for species found on
Rallidae
Rails (avian family Rallidae) are a large, Cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan family (biology), family of small- to medium-sized terrestrial and/or semi-amphibious birds. The family exhibits considerable diversity in its forms, and includes ...
(rails), ''Rallicola (Parricola)'' for those species found on Parridae, and ''Rallicola (Aptericola)'' for species found on
Apterygidae (kiwis).
Harrison's 1916 list of
Mallophaga species recognized sixteen valid species in ''Rallicola'', one in ''Parricola'' and three in ''Aptericola''.
In 1990, Eberhard Mey described a new species, ''
Huiacola extinctus'' and circumscribed a new genus, ''Huiacola'' for it.
''Huiacola'' was subsequently classified as a subgenus of ''Rallicola''.
Type species
Johnston and Harrison designated "''O. attenuatus'' " as its type species.
This referred to a species
Christian Ludwig Nitzsch
Christian Ludwig Nitzsch (3 September 1782 – 16 August 1837) was a German zoologist. He is best remembered for his approach to classifying birds on the basis of their feather tract distributions or pterylosis of their young.
Career
He was profe ...
named ''Philopterus (Nirmus) attenuatus'',
which
Édouard Piaget included in his 1880 taxonomy of ''Oncophorus''.
However, Nitzch's use of this name was
nomen nudum
In Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy, a ''nomen nudum'' ('naked name'; plural ''nomina nuda'') is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published ...
as it was only accompanied with a queried indication to a previously-described taxon, namely
Franz von Paula Schrank
Franz von Paula Schrank (21 August 1747, in Neuhaus am Inn, Vornbach – 22 December 1835) was a German priest, botanist and entomologist.
Biography
He was ordained as a priest in Vienna in 1784, gaining his doctorate in theology two years lat ...
's 1781 description of ''Pediculus ortygometrae''.
The name only became
available in 1838 as ''Nirmus '', when
Hermann Burmeister
Karl Hermann Konrad Burmeister (also known as Carlos Germán Conrado Burmeister) (15 January 1807 – 2 May 1892) was a German Argentine zoologist, entomologist, herpetologist, botany, botanist, and coleopterologist. He served as a professor at ...
provided the same indication to Schrank but without marking it as questionable.
Synonyms
, six synonyms for this genus are recognized.
Hopkins and Clay designated ''Oncophorus bisetosus'' as the type species of Piaget's ''Oncophorus''.
Harrison listed the type species of his subgenus ''Parricola'' as "''Rallicola (Parricola) sulcata'' ",
i.e., ''Oncophorus sulcatus'' .
Three of its junior synonyms were named and circumscribed by
M. A. Carriker, Jr.
Carriker named the genus ''Furnaricola'' in 1944; his circumscription included its type species ''F. acutifrons'' (with two subspecies, ''F. a. acutifrons'' and ''F. a. subsimilis'') as well as ''F. '', ''F. chunchotambo'', ''F. heterocephala'', ''F. laticephala'', ''F. parvigenitalis'', and ''F. titicacae'', which were all described in the same work. In a 1949 paper, he created the genus ''Epipicus'' for his new species ''E. scapanoides''. In another paper published in 1949, he named the genus ''Corvicola'', which consisted of his newly-described species ''C. insulana''. By 1952, Hopkins and Clay had classified ''Furnaricola'', ''Epipicus'', and ''Corvicola'' as junior synonyms of ''Rallicola''.
In a 1966 paper, Carriker defended the validity of ''Furnaricola'' as a distinct genus.
and treated ''Furnaricola'' as its own genus in 1987,
but in 1993 Price and
Dale Clayton concurred with Hopkins and Clay's synonymization.
In 1982, circumscribed the genus ''Psophiicola''. Its type species is ''Liperus foedus'' , which he transferred from ''Rallicola''. This was the only species included in his circumscription.
Hosts
In 1953,
Theresa Clay reported that ''Rallicola'' have been found on 47 species across 25 genera of Rallidae. ''Rallicola'' can also be found on birds in the
Aramidae (limpkins), and
Psophiidae (trumpeters) families.
The sole ''
Huiacola'' species ''R.'' (''H.'') ''extinctus'' was found on the extinct
huia bird, in the family
Callaeidae
Callaeidae (sometimes Callaeatidae) is a family of passerine birds endemic to New Zealand. It contains three genera, with five species in the family. One species, the huia, became extinct early in the 20th century, while the South Island kĹŤk ...
.
Species in ''Aptericola'' are found on
Apterygidae (kiwi birds).
Distribution
The subgenera ''Huiacola'' and ''Aptericola'' are both
endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...
to New Zealand. Species in the subgenus ''Rallicola'' can be found in North America,
the Pacific Islands, and New Zealand. An
undescribed ''Rallicola (Rallicola)'' species was recorded in the
Galápagos Islands
The Galápagos Islands () are an archipelago of volcanic islands in the Eastern Pacific, located around the equator, west of the mainland of South America. They form the Galápagos Province of the Republic of Ecuador, with a population of sli ...
in 2013.
Subgenera and species
Three
subgenera
In biology, a subgenus ( subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.
In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the ge ...
are recognized, including the nominate subgenus.
''Rallicola''

''Rallicola'' . Type species: ''Nirmus attenuatus'' . Approximately 90 species, including:
* ''
Rallicola acutifrons''
* ''
Rallicola advenus''
* ''
Rallicola ''
* ''
Rallicola chunchotambo''
* ''
Rallicola cuspidatus''
* ''
Rallicola foedus''
* ''
Rallicola funebris''
* ''
Rallicola heterocephala''
* ''
Rallicola insulana''
* ''
Rallicola laticephala''
* ''
Rallicola ortygometrae''
* ''
Rallicola parvigenitalis''
* ''
Rallicola piageti'' - possibly
coextinct
Coextinction and cothreatened refer to the phenomenon of the loss or decline of a host species resulting in the loss or endangerment of another species that depends on it, potentially leading to cascading effects across trophic levels. The term w ...
; host
New Caledonian rail[
* '' Rallicola scapanoides''
* '' Rallicola titicacae''
* '' Rallicola zumpti''
*'' Rallicola guami'' - probable conservation-induced extinction; host Guam rail][
]
''Aptericola''
''Aptericola'' . Type species: ''Rallicola (Aptericola) gadowi'' . Four species:
* '' Rallicola gadowi''
* '' Rallicola gracilentus''
* '' Rallicola rodericki''
*'' Rallicola pilgrimi'' - conservation-induced extinction; host little spotted kiwi[
]
''Huiacola''
''Huiacola'' . Type species: ''Huiacola extinctus'' . One species:
*'' Rallicola extinctus'' - coextinct; host huia
References
Works cited
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Further reading
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{{Taxonbar, from=Q13654344
Lice
Insect genera
Parasites of birds