Rachnavi

Jhangvi (; �d͡ʒàŋ.gᵊ.ʋi, also known as Jhangli (), Jangli () or Jhangochi (), is a dialect of Punjabi, that is spoken in central regions of Punjab, Pakistan. Its name is derived from Jhang, its main city. It is spoken throughout a widespread area, starting from Khanewal to Jhang District at either end of Ravi and Chenab. It is also spoken in Chinot, Okara, Sahiwal, Toba Tek Singh, Hafizabad, Mandi Bahauddin, Pakpattan, Bahawalnagar and Faislabad.

It is intermediate between Standard Punjabi and Saraiki. The similar Shahpuri dialect is spoken in Sargodha and Mandi Bahauddin, while Dhanni is spoken in Chakwal, Talagang and Khushab.

Phonology

Jangli's sound inventory includes implosive consonants, but unlike in Saraiki these do not have phonemic status, as they do not contrast with plain voiced consonants. The implosives are more common than in Saraiki, and their set contains the unusual for the area dental implosive (), which contrasts with the regular retroflex implosive .

Similar dialects

Glottolog shows Jatki, Shahpuri and Dhanni as other dialects of Lahnda (Western Punjabi).

Grammar

Continuous Tense

Similar to Pothohari, Hindko, and other Western Punjabi dialects, Jhangochi also uses ''pyā'' to signify the continuous tense.

Many Majhi sub-dialects also utilize this tense.

The place of "''pyā"'' may sometimes be switched with respect to the verb.

''"Tusī̃ bahoon changā kamm paye karenday o"'', meaning "You (plural) are doing a very good thing"

''"Tū̃ bahoon changā kamm krendā ain pyā"'', meaning "You (sing, m) are doing a very good thing"

''"Sāḍā hāl kehṛā puchhdā ãi, mar mar ke paye aan jeenday'', meaning "What do you ask about us? We are living in great distress" (a song by Mansoor Malangi)

''"Paye aapna vanjeynday visaah o"'', meaning "You are wasting the trust people have in you" (from "Tusi changean naseeban de shah")

''"Eh dohven aape vich larde hin paye"''. meaning "These two are fighting amongst themselves"

''"Ethay seklaan pyiaan vikkdiyaan hin"'' or ''"Ethay seklaan vikkdiyaan ne pyiaan"'', meaning "Bicycles are being sold here"

Future Tense

The future tense in Jatki Punjabi is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi ''gā.''

This tense is also utilized in Pothwari, Hindko, Saraiki and other Western Punjabi dialects.

Past Tense

The past tense in the Jatki dialects differs from that of Eastern Punjabi.

Present Tense

The present tense of non-causative verbs in Jatki may involve the addition of ''-eyndā'', while causative verbs may attain either ''-eyndā'' or ''-āandā''. The future tense changes accordingly.

Verbs that have a causative form, rarely acquire -''eyndā'', for example, ''Mardā'' (dies) cannot become ''Mareyndā'' (kills/hits) as that is the present form of ''Maarnā'' (killing/hitting).

However, ''Mannnā'' (to be convinced) and ''Mannāvnā'' (to convince) both can be said as ''Maneyndā'' in the present form.

Verbs like ''āvan'' (to come) and ''lyāvan'' (to bring) will not take -eyndā, as they lack a passive form, so they are either said as -''āndā'' or -''aundā''

The progressive tense is built upon the present tense, and is used in all Punjabi dialects. It is made by ending the verb with ''-eān'' in the present form.

For example, "to be doing" or "while doing", can be either ''kardeān'' or ''kareyndeān''.

Passive Tense

The Jatki dialects have a special passive tense for most verbs.

The present passive is made by adding ''-eendā'', past passive by adding ''-eejā/eeyā'', subjunctive by adding ''-eevay'' (s.) and ''-eevan'' (pl), progressive by adding ''-eendeān'', gerundive passive by adding ''-eevna/eejna'' and future passive by adding ''-eesi''. The continuous passive is built upon the present passive by adding ''pyā'', while perfect passive is built by adding ''gyā'' to the past passive.

''Varteendā'' (is used), ''Varteenday'' (are used), ''Varteevay/Varteejay'' (to be used, sing), ''Varteevan/Varteejan'' (to be used, pl), ''Varteejā/Varteeyā'' (was used), ''Vartee-gyā'' (has been used), ''Varteenda-pyā'' (is being used), ''Varteendeān'' (while being used), ''Varteevna/Varteejna'' (its "being used"), ''Varteesi'' (will be used), ''Vartee-veysi'' or ''Vartee-jaasi'' (will have been used/will end up being used), ''Vartee-veynda'' or ''Vartee-jaanda'' (gets used).

Note: The past passive in Shahpuri is made by adding ''-eevyā'', in Jhangochi by adding ''-eeyaā'', Dhani is made by adding ''-eetā'', and in Thalochi and it is made by adding ''-eechā''. In Saraiki it is also added with ''-eechā''/''-eejā''.

Some verbs may attain this form without any change in usage or meaning, such as:

ਬਵ੍ਹਣਾ ਉਠੀਵਣਾ / بہوَنا اُٹھِیونا, being the same as ਉੱਠਣਾ / اُٹھّنا

ਦਿਸੀਂਦਾ / دِسِیندا, being the same as ਦਿੱਸਦਾ / دِسّدا

Proverb example: ''Heṭṭhon utton vaḍḍheeveeye taan ḍakk sadeeenda'' (ہیٹھوں اُتّوں وڈھِیوِیئے تاں ڈکّ سدِیندا)

''(If we are cut from top to bottom, only then may we be called as a cane)''

Note: The past tense of ''Marnā'' is ''Moyā'' (dead) and the past passive tense is ''Mareejā'' (killed)

Agentive Tense

The agentive tense of verb in Punjabi is either shown in the standard manner by adding the words "''āalā" or "laggeā".''

For example, "He is to come" or "He is about to come" is spoken as ''Oh aavan aalā/laggeā ae.''

In Jatki, another manner exists where the root verb is suffixated by adding ''-oo''

Examples:

''Tun kitthay jaaoo/vanjoo ain?'' (Where are you to go?)

''Oh kay karoo ae?'' (What is he up to)

''Ajj mein tuhānu hik ehjihi gall sunāoo aan'' (Today I am about to tell you such a thing...)

''Tuseen ohnu deoo o ke menu deoo o?'' (You are to give him or me?)

''Ghaabarda kyon pya ain? Saanu vi miloo ae'' (Why are you worried? We too are to get it)

Vocabulary

Present Plural Marker

The dialects of Jatki Punjabi use ''Hin'' (ہِن) or ''No'' (نو) to signify the present plural tense. These are dialectal forms of "Han" (ہَن) and "Ne" (نے) respectively.

''"Do janay hin/no"'' (دو جنے ہِن/نو), meaning "There are two people".

The word "hin" may be attached with the verb colloquially.

''"Oh menu dassdin"'' (اوہ مینُوں دسّدِن), meaning "They tell me".

''"Bahoon vāday keetin"'' (بہُوں وعدے کِیتِن)، meaning "Made many promises"

The word ''Hen'' (ہَینڑ) may also be used.

Words for "Then/Again"

Words like ''Vatt'' (وتّ) or ''Muṛ'' (مُڑ) and its variant pronunciation Munṛ (مُنڑ) are used instead of the Standard Punjabi ''Phir'' (پھیر).

''"Halā vatt kay hoya?"'' (ہلا وتّ کے ہویا؟), meaning "Alright, what happened then?".

''"Tenu vatt vii aas praai rahi"'' (تَینُوں وتّ وی آس پرائی رہی), meaning "Even then, you had hopes for some other", a lyric from "Changean Naseeban de Shah", by Talib Hussain Dard

Words for "Going"

Words like ''Vaj̈aṇ'' (ونجن) and ''Jāwaṇ'' (جاوَن) are both used.

''"Kithay vendā/jāndā pyā ain?"'' (کِتھّے ویندا/جاندا پیا ایں؟), meaning "Where are you going?"

Words for "Someone" and "What"

For "what", Jatki either uses the common word ''Kii'' (کی) or the Western word ''Kay'' (کے)

For "someone", Jatki may use either the standard ''Kisay'' (کِسے) or another word that is ''Kaheeṇ'' (کہِیں)

Words for "That"

''Ba'', ''Bai'' or ''Jo'' are used, as opposed to ''ke'' in Standard Punjabi. (بہ، بئی، جو)

''Mein tuhaanu dassaan bai (ke) aes ton changga mein pehlon kaday nhi vekhya''

(Let me tell you that I have never seen one better than this)

''Kaday vi mein nahi aakhya jo (ke) tun menu kujh desein taahin mein tenu kujh desaan''

(Never did I say that you must first give only then to receive from me)

''Tuseen inj keeta karo ba (ke) menu dass ditta karo''

(You should do it as such that you should inform me)

''Menu pata ae ba (ke) khoon rattaa ae, tey hetna rattaa ae jo (ke) teray hatthaan tey mehndi lagsi''

(I know that blood is red, and it is so much that it will look like henna on your hands)

Similarly, ''Kyunjo'' ''(or Kyunjay)'' is used for ''Kyunke, and Taanjo (or Taanjay) is used for Taake.''

Supporting Verbs

In Jatki, many verbs exist to support the adjoining verb, giving the same meaning as ''de/dittaa/devay/devaan/denda/desi''.

''De chaa'' (دے چا), is the same as ''De de'' (دے دے), meaning "Give it"

''Rakkh chhaḍḍ'' (رکھّ چھڈّ), is the same as ''Rakkh de'' (رکھّ دے), meaning "Place it"

''Chaa karay'' (چا کرے), is the same as Kar devay (کر دیوے), meaning "Someone do it"

Other examples:

''Chaa keetaa'' (چا کیتا), meaning "Done it"

''Mukaa chhoryaa'' (مُکا چھوڑیا), meaning "Finished it"

''Pivaa chaa'' (پِوا چا), meaning "Get me (something) to drink"

''Laah satto'' (لاہ سٹّو), meaning "Remove it"

''Bhann sattyaa'' (بھنّ سٹّیا), meaning "Broke it"

''Hun dass vi chhaḍḍo'' (ہُن دسّ وی چھڈّو), meaning "Now tell already"

''Koi ghatt chhaḍḍay'' (کوئی گھتّ چھڈّے), meaning "Someone come and pour it"

''Mein ohnu de chhaḍḍsaan'' (میں اوہنُوں دے چھڈّساں), meaning "I will give him"

''Maar ghattsan'' (مار گھتّسن), meaning "Will come and beat"

The verb "Vattnā"

In its past form ''Vadā'', it can either show continuous action (like ''pyā'') or a state of being (like ''hoyā''), depending on the main verb's form.

In the latter case, ''Khalā'' and ''Khlotā'' (both meaning "standing") may also be used.

''Menu bhukkh laggi vadi/khali/pyi ae'' (I have hunger)

''Menu bhukkh laggdi vadi/pyi ae'' (I am getting hungry)

''Oh chendā vadā/pyā ae'' (He is picking it up)

''Oh chaai vadā/khalā ae'' (He has it picked up)

''Ukkā moye vaday āen'' (We are completely dead)

''Oh khādhi khalā hosi'' (He must have eaten)

''Ohnu treh laggi vadi/khloti ae'' (He has thirst)

''Mein kamm mukaai vadā/khalā/khlotā aa'n'' (I have finished the work)

''Mein dhammi da progam keeti khalā/vadā/khlotā/pyā aa'n (I have decided it for morning)''

''Rujjhay vaday o, naveān saangeān vich'' (You are busy in your new attachments, a lyric from "Tusi Changean Naseeban de Shah", a song by Talib Hussain Dard)

In other forms, the verb ''Vattnā'', (literally meaning "to wander") depicts a continuity in an action, and is synonymous with the word ''Phirnā''.

''Hyaati saari nassdyān vattnā/phirnā'' (Running for all life)

''Oh tenu kay kujh ghalldā vattdā/phirdā ee?'' (What does he keep on sending you?)

''Beyli ruṭṭhā vadā hove tey aseen jeende vateeye/phireeye?'' (The friend is unhappy and we are to keep on living?)

''Mein injay tue'n magar laggya vattaa'n/phiraa'n?'' (I should stay after you for no reason?)

Personal Pronouns

Jatki uses special personal pronouns such as ''Kãi'' (''Kihne/Kis''), and ''Jãi'' (''Jihne/Jis'').

''Kãi aakhya?'' کَیں آکھیا؟, meaning "Says who?"

''Jãi vii aakhya hovay'' جَیں وی آکھیا ہووے, meaning "Whomsoever might have said it"

''Eh kãinda ghar ae?'' ایہہ کَیندا گھر اے؟, meaning "Whose house is this?"

''Kãi kãi janay eh aali kheyḍ kheyḍi ee?'', کیں کیں جنڑے ایہہ آلی کھیڈ کھیڈی ہئی؟ meaning "Who has played this game?"

''Jãi kahen vii karna hovay'' جَیں کہیں وی کرنا ہووے or ''Jis kisay vii karna hovay'' جِس کِسے وی کرنا ہووے, meaning "Whomsoever wants to do"

''Jainda vii mann kareynda'' or ''Jain kahen da vii mann kareynda''

Pronominal Affixes

''Eh kay keetum'' (What have I done?)

''Eh kay keeto-ee'' (What have you done?)

''Eh kay keeta-nhay'' (What have you done? plural/respect)

''Eh kay keeta-nay'' (What have they done?)

''Eh kay keeto-say'' (What have we done?)

''Eh kay keetus'' (What has he done?)

''Kii naa'n-us?'' (What is his name?)

''Nisay keeta'' (We did not do)

''Nimoo keeta'' (I did not do)

''Tenu aakhyam'' (I have told you)

''Bhiraa nisay?'' (Are we not brothers?)

''Jehri naveen film kaddhi nay, ḍiṭṭhi hayi?'' (The new film they released, have you seen it?)

''Punjabi aapni dhi nu sikhaai koi nhoo'n?'' (You did not teach your daughter Punjabi?)

''Bhalla honay'' (respectfully, "Thank you")

''Bhalla hovi'' (Thank you)

Counting

Counting is generally the same, but with some notable deviations being:

Addition of "v" in verb forms

The usage of the "v" sound in Jhangochi is far more present that other Punjabi dialects.

General Vocabulary

Jatki dialects have several words that differ from Standard Punjabi.

Words for "Taking" and "Bringing"

Commonly observed in the Lahnda dialects is the use of ''Ghinṇā'' (گھِننا) and ''Aaṇnā'' (آننا) instead of the Eastern Punjabi words ''Laiṇā'' (لَینا) and ''Lyāṇā'' (لیانا).

Jhangochi and Shahpuri make use of the first set. The Dhani dialect however, seems to lean more towards the former.

Retention of the irrgeular past tense

In Jatki Punjabi, as well as in Saraiki, the irregular Punjabi past tense form of verbs is retained when used with the verb ''Karnā'', a feature that is not present in Eastern dialects such as Majhi, or even in other Lahnda varieties such as Pothohari and Hindko.

The irregular past tense is generally the same throughout the Punjabi dialects (e.g. ''khādhā, peetā, nahātā, dhotā, moyā, latthā, khalotā, ḍaṭṭhā, suttā, keetā, dittā, ghidā, seetā, baddhā'').

Jatki does seem to have some additional ones as well, such as ''runnā'' for ''royā'' (cried) ''ḍiṭṭhā'' for ''vekhya'' (seen), and ''syātā'' for ''syāneā'' (recognized).

Examples:

This is also observed with the verbs ''"Rakkhnā"'' and ''"Jānā/Vanjnā"''.

Examples:

''Asī̃ ohnū̃ ditti rakhie?'' (اسِیں اوہنُوں دِتّی رکھّیئے؟) instead of ''Asī̃ ohnū̃ dei rakhie?'' (اسِیں اوہنُوں دئی رکھّیئے؟)

(meaning, "Shall we keep on giving him?")

and

''Oh keeti jāndā ae'' (اوہ کِیتی جاندا اے) instead of ''Oh kari jāndā ae'' (اوہ کری جاندا اے)

(meaning, "He keeps on doing")

''Kalla maiiyon kamm keeti jaavan?'' instead of ''Kalla maiiyon kamm kari jaavan?''

(meaning, "I alone am to keep on doing?)

This can be further observed with the verbs ''Aanā'' (to come) and ''Jānā/Vanjnā'' (to go), when used in this manner.

''Ohnu ohndey pesay taan ditti aa'' (اوہنُوں اوہندے پیسے تاں دِتّی آ), meaning "Give him his money and come back"

''Pesay taan mere ditti vanj'' (پیسے تاں میرے دِتّی ونج), meaning "Give my money as you go"

''Pesay taan ditti veynda/jaanda'' (پیسے تاں دِتّی ویندا/جانا), meaning "You could have at least given the money as you went"

''Mein hikk kamm keeti aavaan'' (میں ہِکّ کمّ نہ کیتی آواں), meaning "I'll be back after one task"

''Mein veyndean do trae moṭian moṭian gallaan bas keeti jaavan'' (میں ویندیاں دو ترۓ گلّاں بس کیتی جاواں), meaning "I'm just going to say a few things as I go"

''Ajj kujh baahroon na khaadhi aaveeye?'' (اجّ کُجھ باہرُوں نہ کھادی آوِیئے؟), meaning "Shouldn't we eat something from outside today?"

''Aseen gall kareynde haaen, pehlon booha taan band keeti aa'' (اسِیں گلّ کریندے ہائیں، پہلوں بُوہا تاں بند کیتی آ), meaning "We will talk, first go close the door"

''Booha band keeti jaaveen'' (بُوہا بند کیتی جاوِیں), meaning "Close the door when you go"

''Oh ditti aaya karay'' (اوہ دِتّی آیا کرے), meaning "He can give (and come back)"

''Oh ditti jaaya karay'' (اوہ دِتّی کرے), meaning "He can give give (while he is passing/leaving)"

''Mein ḍiṭṭhi aavaan'' (میں ڈِتھّی آواں), meaning "I'll be back after a look"

''Jaa nahaati aa'' (جا نہاتی آ), meaning "Go take a bath"

The words in bold would be "de", "kar", "khaa", "dekhya", and "nahaaya" in Standard Punjabi as well as in Urdu-Hindi translation.

With the verb ''Baiṭhnā''

''"Hun taan mein keeti baitha aan"'' instead of "''Hun taan mein karii baitha aan".''

(meaning, "Now I have done it" o now what?

''"Peeti baitha ae"'' instead of ''"Pee baitha ae"''

(meaning, "He has drunk")

See also

*''Heer Ranjha''
*''Bar region''

References

Bibliography

*
*
* (requires registration)
{{Punjabi dialects

Punjabi dialects
Punjabi language in Pakistan