Quran Desecration
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Quran desecration is the treatment of the
Quran The Quran, also Romanization, romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a Waḥy, revelation directly from God in Islam, God (''Allah, Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which ...
in a way that might be considered insulting. In
Islamic law Sharia, Sharī'ah, Shari'a, or Shariah () is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Qur'an and hadith. In Islamic terminology ''sharīʿah'' refers to immutable, intan ...
, believers must not damage the Quran and must perform a ritual washing before touching it. Conversely, intentionally damaging copies is considered
blasphemous Blasphemy refers to an insult that shows contempt, disrespect or lack of Reverence (emotion), reverence concerning a deity, an object considered sacred, or something considered Sanctity of life, inviolable. Some religions, especially Abrahamic o ...
in Islam. It is a point of controversy whether non-Muslims should be made to follow Islamic law, and a sensitive topic in international relations how it should be handled when Muslims demand adherence to Islamic Quranic practices by nonbelievers. The disposal of worn copies is also of concern to Muslims. Because the Quran contains no specifics on how to dispose of a worn or defective text, different and conflicting methods of disposal have been adopted in different regions by different sects. According to Islamic historian Michael Cook the Quran should be wrapped in cloth and buried on holy ground where it is unlikely to be trampled on or "safely" placed where it is unlikely to come into contact with impurity. Burning, when carried out respectfully, is also considered acceptable: Reprint from Our Dialogue Q&A series,
Adil Salahi Adil Salahi is a scholar, author and translator, who has written or translated into English various books on Islam. He formerly taught at the Markfield Institute of Higher Education. He was also, for over thirty years, the editor of 'Islam in ...
, ''
Arab News ''Arab News'' is an English-language daily newspaper published in Saudi Arabia. It is published from Riyadh. The target audiences of the paper, which is published in broadsheet format, are businesspeople, executives and diplomats. At least as ...
'', Jeddah
Saudi Arabia, for instance, destroys Qurans that fall short of state standards by burning to avoid soiling the pages.
Dissing the Koran
', The Weekly Standard, May 30, 2005, retrieved Feb 7 2012
Intentionally desecrating a copy of the Quran results in imprisonment as punishment in some countries and might result in a death sentence in
Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran borde ...
,
Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...
,
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries ...
, and
Somalia Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. The country is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, th ...
, or up to life imprisonment in Pakistan, according to Article 295-B of the Pakistani Penal Code.


Notable instances of desecration or controversy


Pre-1924 Qurans dumped in the Nile

Following the printing of the 1924 "royal" edition (''amīriyya'')" a large number of pre- 1924 Qurans were destroyed by dumping them in the river
Nile The Nile (also known as the Nile River or River Nile) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is the longest river in Africa. It has historically been considered the List of river sy ...
.


2005 – Guantanamo

In mid-2005, allegations of deliberate desecration of the Quran in front of Muslim prisoners at the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
military's
Guantanamo Bay detention camp The Guantanamo Bay detention camp, also known as GTMO ( ), GITMO ( ), or simply Guantanamo Bay, is a United States military prison within Naval Station Guantanamo Bay (NSGB), on the coast of Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. It was established in 2002 by p ...
in Cuba fueled widespread controversy and led to ensuing Muslim riots. A U.S. military investigation confirmed four instances of Quran desecration by US personnel (two of which were described as "unintentional"), and fifteen instances of desecration by Muslim prisoners. According to CBC News, "The statement did not provide any explanation about why the detainees might have abused their own Holy books." In May 2005, a report in ''
Newsweek ''Newsweek'' is an American weekly news magazine based in New York City. Founded as a weekly print magazine in 1933, it was widely distributed during the 20th century and has had many notable editors-in-chief. It is currently co-owned by Dev P ...
'', claiming that it was U.S. interrogators who desecrated the Quran at the Guantanamo Bay base, further sparking Muslim unrest.


2010 Dove World Quran-burning controversy

In 2010, Christian pastor
Terry Jones Terence Graham Parry Jones (1 February 1942 – 21 January 2020) was a Welsh actor, comedian, director, historian, writer and member of the Monty Python comedy troupe. After graduating from Oxford University with a degree in English, Jones a ...
of the
Dove World Outreach Center Dove World Outreach Center was a 50-member (as of 2010) non-denominational charismatic Christian church led by pastor Terry Jones and his wife, Sylvia. After spending more than 25 years in Gainesville, Florida, the church sold its 20 acres (8 ha) ...
, a church in Gainesville, Florida, provoked condemnation from Muslims after announcing plans to burn a Quran on the anniversary of the
September 11 attacks The September 11 attacks, also known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001. Nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners, crashing the first two into ...
on the United States. He later cancelled the plans; however, on March 20, 2011, he oversaw the burning of a Quran. In response, Muslims in Afghanistan rioted and 12 people were killed. In the 2011
Louis Theroux Louis Sebastian Theroux (; born 20 May 1970) is a British and American documentarian, journalist, broadcaster, and author. He has received three British Academy Television Awards and a Royal Television Society Television Award. After graduati ...
documentary ''
America's Most Hated Family in Crisis ''America's Most Hated Family in Crisis'' (also known as ''The Return of America's Most Hated Family'' in some markets) is a 2011 BBC documentary film presented and written by Louis Theroux, who revisits the family at the core of the Westboro Bap ...
'', Megan Phelps of the
Westboro Baptist Church The Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) is an American unaffiliated Primitive Baptists, Primitive Baptist church in Topeka, Kansas, that was founded in 1955 by pastor Fred Phelps. It is widely considered a hate group and a cult, and is known for Prot ...
explained in an interview that they deliberately and publicly burned a copy of the Quran.


2012 – Bangladesh

On September 29, an Islamic mob estimated at 25,000 vandalized and torched
Buddhist Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...
temples, shrines, and houses, along with
Hindu Hindus (; ; also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37 Historically, the term has also be ...
temples as incited by an alleged Facebook Buddhist posting of an image depicting the desecration of a Quran. The violence started in
Ramu Upazila Ramu () is an upazila of Cox's Bazar District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. History The area was called Rammabhumi and had various names over time, including Rangu, Ruhmi, Raahmi, Rameu, and Pamoa. Tibetan historian Lama Taranath ...
in
Cox's Bazar District Cox's Bazar District () is a district in the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh. It is named after Cox's Bazar town. It is located south of Chittagong. Cox's Bazar is also known by the names ''Panowa'' ("yellow flower") and ''Palongkee''. T ...
and later spread to other areas of Bangladesh.


2012/2015 – Afghanistan

In February 2012, protests broke out in various parts of Afghanistan over the improper disposal of Qurans at the U.S. military's
Bagram Air Base Bagram Airfield-BAF, also known as Bagram Air Base , is located southeast of Charikar in the Parwan Province of Afghanistan. It is under the Afghan Ministry of Defense. Sitting on the site of the ancient town of Bagram at an elevation of a ...
. Protesters shouted "
Death to America "Death to America" is an anti-American political slogan widely used in Iran,Arash KaramiKhomeini Orders Media to End 'Death to America' Chant, Iran Pulse, October 13, 2013 Afghanistan, Lebanon, Yemen, Iraq, and Pakistan. Ruhollah Khomeini, the f ...
" and burned U.S. flags. At least 30 people were killed and hundreds injured. Also, six U.S. soldiers were killed after members of the Afghan National Security Forces turned their weapons on them and the Afghan protesters. On March 19, 2015,
Farkhunda Malikzada The murder of Farkhunda Malikzada was committed by a Muslim mob in Kabul, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Afghanistan, on 19 March 2015. Malikzada, a 27-year-old Afghan woman, had been involved in an argument with a street vendor over his prac ...
, a 27-year-old
Afghan Afghan or Afgan may refer to: Related to Afghanistan *Afghans, historically refers to the Pashtun people. It is both an ethnicity and nationality. Ethnicity wise, it refers to the Pashtuns. In modern terms, it means both the citizens of Afghanist ...
woman, was publicly beaten and killed by a mob of hundreds of people in
Kabul Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Located in the eastern half of the country, it is also a municipality, forming part of the Kabul Province. The city is divided for administration into #Districts, 22 municipal districts. A ...
. Farkhunda had previously been arguing with a mullah named Zainuddin, in front of a
mosque A mosque ( ), also called a masjid ( ), is a place of worship for Muslims. The term usually refers to a covered building, but can be any place where Salah, Islamic prayers are performed; such as an outdoor courtyard. Originally, mosques were si ...
where she worked as a religious teacher, about his practice of selling charms at the
Shah-Do Shamshira Mosque Shah-Do Shamshira Mosque (, ), (lit. Mosque of the King of Two Swords), is a yellow two-story mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan (District 2) on Andarabi Road, just off the Kabul River and the Shah-Do Shamshira bridge in the center of the city. It was ...
, the Shrine of the King of Two Swords, a religious shrine in Kabul. During this argument, Zainuddin reportedly falsely accused her of burning the Quran. Police investigations revealed that she had not burned anything. A number of prominent public officials turned to Facebook immediately after the death to endorse the murder. After it was revealed that she did not burn the Quran, the public reaction in
Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran borde ...
turned to shock and anger. Her murder led to 49 arrests; three adult men received twenty-year prison sentences, eight other adult males received sixteen year sentences, a minor received a ten-year sentence, and eleven police officers received one-year prison terms for failing to protect Farkhunda. Her murder and the subsequent protests served to draw attention to
women in Afghanistan Women's rights in Afghanistan are severely restricted by the Taliban. In 2023, the United Nations termed Afghanistan as the world's most repressive country for women. Since the US troops withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021, the Taliban gradua ...
.


2013–2020 – Saudi Arabia

In 2013, over 50 copies of the Quran were found in different storm water inlets of the sewage system of the city of
Taif Taif (, ) is a city and governorate in Mecca Province in Saudi Arabia. Located at an elevation of in the slopes of the Hijaz Mountains, which themselves are part of the Sarat Mountains, the city has a population of 563,282 people in 2022, mak ...
, in the
Mecca Province Mecca Province (, ), officially Makkah Province, is one of the 13 provinces of Saudi Arabia. It is the third-largest province by area at and the most populous with a population of 8,557,766 as of 2017, of which 4,041,189 were foreign nationals ...
of
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries ...
. In the same year, there were protests in Saudi Arabia after reports of prison officials in Al-Haer province insulting the Quran. In 2014, torn copies of the Quran were found in garbage cans in the same city of Taif. In 2016, Qurans were found to have been put in the garbage by the Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Morocco, causing outrage across Morocco. In 2017, again, a large number of Quran copies were found in the sewage system of Taif. In 2019, torn copies of the Quran were found in a trash dump in the city of
Khaybar KhaybarOther Arabic transliteration, standardized Arabic transliterations: / . Anglicized pronunciation: , . (, ) is an oasis in Medina Province (Saudi Arabia), Medina Province, Saudi Arabia, situated some north of the city of Medina. Prior to ...
. In 2020, a man recorded a video of himself desecrating and stepping on the Quran in Saudi Arabia and uploaded the video on social media. The act was widely condemned on social media.


2017–2023 – Denmark

The legality of burning religious scriptures in Denmark was disputed for a long time, since the act might have been punishable under the country's blasphemy law (which, though on the books, was considered to may have lapsed; for instance, it hadn't been used to prosecute a televised Bible burning in 1997). But the blasphemy law was officially abolished in 2017, after which it became legal to desecrate Qurans and other religious scriptures. Burnings of the Quran, sometimes wrapped in bacon, and other forms of desecration such as ripping the book apart, throwing it in the dustbin were a regular occurrence at rallies of the party ''
Stram Kurs (), () is a far-right, nationalist, anti-Islam political party in Denmark and Sweden founded in 2017 by Danish-Swedish lawyer Rasmus Paludan. The party is almost exclusively associated with its founder and his anti-Islam activism and demonstra ...
'' and party leader
Rasmus Paludan Rasmus Paludan (born 2 January 1982) is a Danish-Swedish politician and lawyer, who is the founder and leader of the Far-right politics, far-right Nationalism, nationalist Danish political party Stram Kurs. Paludan has become known for his extr ...
as well as similar extremist groups. Paludan called on his supporters to pee on the Quran, call it a "shit book", and
Muhammad Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of A ...
a pedophile murderer. A small anti-Islam group called the Danish Patriots set fire to Qurans in front of the Turkish and Egyptian embassies in 2023. In December 2023,
Folketing The Folketing ( , ), also known as the Parliament of Denmark or the Danish Parliament in English, is the unicameral national legislature (parliament) of the Kingdom of Denmark — Denmark proper together with the Faroe Islands and Greenland. E ...
et passed a law to make it illegal to burn, soil, trample on or cut recognised religious scriptures like the Bible, the Torah or the Quran.


2019–present – Norway

Since Lars Thorsen became leader of the
Stop Islamisation of Norway Stop Islamisation of Norway (, SIAN) is a Norwegian anti-Muslim group that was originally established in 2000. Its stated aim is to work against Islam, which it defines as a totalitarian political ideology that violates the Norwegian Constitutio ...
group in 2019, the group has started repeatedly burning the Quran at their rallies in Norway. The group has also ripped apart and spit on copies of the Quran, and dragged it around on a leash like a dog.


2020–present – Sweden

Since 2020, the Danish party ''
Stram Kurs (), () is a far-right, nationalist, anti-Islam political party in Denmark and Sweden founded in 2017 by Danish-Swedish lawyer Rasmus Paludan. The party is almost exclusively associated with its founder and his anti-Islam activism and demonstra ...
'' and the party leader
Rasmus Paludan Rasmus Paludan (born 2 January 1982) is a Danish-Swedish politician and lawyer, who is the founder and leader of the Far-right politics, far-right Nationalism, nationalist Danish political party Stram Kurs. Paludan has become known for his extr ...
have planned or orchestrated Quran burnings in multiple Swedish cities. This has resulted in numerous riots in Swedish cities against both planned and realized desecrations, notably the 2020 Sweden riots and
2022 Sweden riots Riots occurred in several Swedish cities in April 2022, primarily against police who were stationed to protect events planned by Danish-Swedish politician Rasmus Paludan. The motivation for the violence was ostensibly Paludan's plan to burn a Q ...
. On June 28, 2023,
Salwan Momika Salwan Sabah Matthew Momika (; ; 23 June 1986 – 29 January 2025) was an Iraqi refugee and former paramilitary member of the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF). While living in Sweden, he gained infamy for being an anti-Islam demonstrator who ...
, an Iraqi immigrant living in Sweden burned a copy of the Quran and played football with the copy, outside Stockholm's central mosque. The Swedish police had granted a permit for the demonstration, after a Swedish court ruling that allowed it on the grounds of freedom of expression. The incident led to international protests. There is a law in Sweden against
incitement to ethnic or racial hatred Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred is a crime under the laws of several countries. Australia In Australia, the Racial Hatred Act 1995 amends the Racial Discrimination Act 1975, inserting Part IIA – Offensive Behaviour Because of Race, Colou ...
, but it is considered not to apply to critique or desecration against a religion as such, only to negative statements against people based on having a specified religion. However, Swedish police did file preliminary hate crime charges against a man who burned the Quran outside a mosque in Stockholm in June 2023 and Swedish state prosecutors will decide whether to formally indict him or not. If they do indict him, it will be up to a Swedish judge to decide on whether or not his actions constituted incitement under the current law, However, he was assassinated the day before the verdicts was due to be released, possibly due to his Quran burning activities, and the release of the verdict was delayed due to his death. On July 20, 2023, hundreds of protesters stormed the Swedish embassy in Baghdad in response to a planned Quran burning in Stockholm, prompting Iraqi authorities to expel the Swedish ambassador and recall their chargé d'affaires. The incident led to diplomatic tensions between
Iraq Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to Iraq–Saudi Arabia border, the south, Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq border, the east, the Persian Gulf and ...
and
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...
, with condemnation from several countries, including the
U.S. The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous ...
and the
UNAOC The United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) is an initiative that attempts to "galvanize international action against extremism" through the forging of international, intercultural and interreligious dialogue and cooperation. The Allian ...
. On February 17, 2024, in Stockholm, a woman named Jade Sandberg, dressed as a nun, burned the Quran and called for a ban of Islam in Europe.


2025 – London

On 13 February 2025 Hamit Coşkun was attacked by Moussa Kadri with a knife for burning the Quran outside the Turkish consulate in London. Coskun was charged with a religiously aggravated public order offence and pleaded not guilty, and Kadri was charged with causing bodily harm and possessing an offensive weapon.


Others

In March 2013, the al-Qaeda English-language magazine Inspire published a poster stating "Wanted dead or alive for crimes against Islam" with a prominent image of
Terry Jones Terence Graham Parry Jones (1 February 1942 – 21 January 2020) was a Welsh actor, comedian, director, historian, writer and member of the Monty Python comedy troupe. After graduating from Oxford University with a degree in English, Jones a ...
, known for public Quran burning events. Iran's news agency, IRIB, reported on April 8, 2013, that Terry Jones planned another Quran burning event on September 11, 2013. On April 11, IRIB published statements from an Iranian MP who said the West must stop the event and warned that "the blasphemous move will spark an uncontrollable wave of outrage among over 1.6 billion people across the globe who follow Islam." In Pakistan, protesters set the American flag and effigy of the US pastor Terry Jones on fire, condemning the 9/11 plan, according to an April 14, 2013 article in ''The Nation''. In October 2013, a Turkish woman was arrested on suspicion of blasphemy and inciting religious hatred after allegedly stepping on Quran and then posting the picture on Twitter. Proposals to recycle old Qurans in Pakistan have met with opposition. On July 31, 2016, a couple of days after the Normandy church attack, several copies of the Quran at the multi-faith room of
Mater Dei Hospital Mater Dei Hospital (MDH; ), also known simply as '' Mater Dei'', is an acute general and teaching hospital in Msida, Malta. It was opened in 2007, replacing St. Luke's Hospital. It is a public hospital affiliated to the University of Malta, offer ...
in
Malta Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea, between Sicily and North Africa. It consists of an archipelago south of Italy, east of Tunisia, and north of Libya. The two ...
were desecrated when slices of pork were laid inside the book. The perpetrators also left a photo of
Jacques Hamel Jacques Hamel (; 30 November 1930 – 26 July 2016) was a French Catholic priest who served in Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray. On 26 July 2016, Hamel was murdered during the 2016 Normandy church attack by two Muslim men pledging allegiance to the ...
, the Catholic priest murdered during the attack, with the caption "Victim of Islam".
Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...
summoned the Dutch ambassador in
Ankara Ankara is the capital city of Turkey and List of national capitals by area, the largest capital by area in the world. Located in the Central Anatolia Region, central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5,290,822 in its urban center ( ...
following "a vile attack" on the Quran in the Hague in January 2023 by Dutch Pegida leader
Edwin Wagensveld Edwin Wagensveld (born 1969) is a Dutch Criticism of Islam, anti-Islam activist, convicted criminal and leader of Pegida Netherlands. He has managed to "create a spectacle generating broad media coverage" with his anti-Islam protests and Quran de ...
. Ambassador Joep Wijnands was told by the Foreign Ministry that Turkey condemned "the heinous and despicable act" and demanded the Netherlands not to allow such "provocative acts".


Notes


See also

*
Bible desecration A Bible desecration is the treatment of the Bible in a way that is intended to be disrespectful or insulting. Bible desecration is considered to be blasphemous and sacrilegious in Christianity. Such incidences have resulted in legal repercussions ...
*
Criticism of the Quran The Quran is viewed to be the scriptural foundation of Islam and is believed by Muslims to have been sent down by God () and revealed to Muhammad by the angel Rūḥ#As interpreted to refer to the Archangel Gabriel, Jibrael (Gabriel). The Qura ...
*
Attempted imitations of the Quran Quran imitations represent literary attempts to replicate the style, form and content of the Quran. Historically, they emerge in a dialectic with the doctrine of the i'jaz (inimitability) of the Quran, which asserts that the literary and/or semant ...
*
Desecration Desecration is the act of depriving something of its sacred character, or the disrespectful, contemptuous, or destructive treatment of that which is held to be sacred or holy by a group or individual. Overview Many consider acts of desecration t ...
*
Host desecration Host desecration is a form of sacrilege in Christian denominations that follow the doctrine of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. It involves the mistreatment or malicious use of a consecrated Sacramental bread, host—the bread used in ...
*
List of blasphemy cases in Pakistan According to human rights groups, blasphemy laws in Pakistan are often exploited, even against Muslims, to settle personal rivalries or to persecute minorities. Almost any person that speaks out against blasphemy laws or proceedings is in danger ...
*''
Volksverhetzung (), in English "incitement to hatred" (used also in the official English translation of the German Criminal Code), "incitement of popular hatred", "incitement of the masses", or "instigation of the people", is a concept in German criminal law t ...
''


References

  /small> - The major sources about punishment are: "Newsweek says Koran desecration report is wrong", David Morgan,
Reuters Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide writing in 16 languages. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world. The agency ...
(Washington, DC), 15 May 2005.
"BBC NEWS , South Asia , Riots over US Koran 'desecration'", BBC.com, 11 May 2005, webpage:
BBC-491
"Six Christians killed in Pakistan over Koran 'insult' ", Persecutionbd.org, August 2009, webpage:
Persec-insult
(compute-bound).
{{Reflist, 2


External links


Afghan protest over 'burnt Koran'
BBC, 25 October 2009. Quran-related controversies Anti-Islam sentiment Counter-jihad Articles containing video clips