Yami Qaghan ( Jаmï qağan;

Chinese Chinese may refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people identified with China, through nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **Han Chinese, East Asian ethnic group native to China. **'' Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic ...

: 啓民可汗, 啟民可汗/启民可汗;

Pinyin Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, officially the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. ''Hanyu'' () literally means 'Han Chinese, Han language'—that is, the Chinese language—while ''pinyin' ...

: Qǐmín Kěhàn, Wade-Giles: Ch'i-min K'o-han,

Middle Chinese Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese language, Chinese recorded in the ''Qieyun'', a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expande ...

(

Guangyun The ''Guangyun'' (''Kuang-yun''; ) is a Chinese rhyme dictionary that was compiled from 1007 to 1008 under the patronage of Emperor Zhenzong of Song. Its full name was ''Dà Sòng chóngxiū guǎngyùn'' (, literally "Great Song revised and ...

): ), personal name Ashina Rangan (阿史那染幹/阿史那染干,

pinyin Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, officially the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. ''Hanyu'' () literally means 'Han Chinese, Han language'—that is, the Chinese language—while ''pinyin' ...

Āshǐnà rǎngān; Wade-Giles A-shih-na jan-kan, ), at one point known as Tolis Qaghan (突利可汗, , Töles qaγan) and later El Ïduk Jamï(r) Qağan"Memorial Complex Eletmiš Yabgu (bilge atačim)"
Note 106 a
''Türik Bitig''
/ref> (意利珍豆啟民可汗/意利珍豆启民可汗, ''Yìlì Zhēndòu Qǐmín Kěhàn'') was the first qaghan of the

Eastern Turkic Khaganate The Eastern Turkic Khaganate ( zh, t=東突厥, p=Dōng Tūjué or Dōng Tújué) was a Turkic khaganate formed as a result of the internecine wars in the beginning of the 7th century (AD 581–603) after the First Turkic Khaganate (found ...

Background

His parentage is uncertain as he was either son of

Bagha Qaghan Bagha Qaghan () was the seventh Khagan (587–588) of the Eastern Wing of Göktürks during the turmoil inside the khaganate. He has been erraneously associated with Šāwa, Sāva, or Sāba in Persian sources. Biography He was born to Issik ...

Ishbara Qaghan Ishbara Qaghan (, ) (c. 540 – 587) was the first son of Issik Qaghan, grandson of Bumin Qaghan, and the sixth khagan of the Turkic Khaganate (581–587). Name His birth name was recorded as either Ashina Shetu or Nietu () in Chinese sourc ...

. He was a subordinate khagan under

Tulan Qaghan Tulan Qaghan ( Chinese: 都蘭可汗/都兰可汗, Pinyin: dōulán kěhàn, Wade-Giles: tu-lan k'o-han, Middle Chinese (Guangyun): , personal name: 阿史那雍虞閭/阿史那雍虞闾, āshǐnà yōngyúlǘ, a-shih-na yung-yü-lü) was the seve ...

with title of Tolis Qaghan, ruling eastern tribes. He sent an ambassador to

Sui dynasty The Sui dynasty ( ) was a short-lived Dynasties of China, Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 581 to 618. The re-unification of China proper under the Sui brought the Northern and Southern dynasties era to a close, ending a prolonged peri ...

in 597, requesting to marry to a Chinese princess.

Pei Ju Pei Ju (547 – 3 October 627), birth name Pei Shiju, courtesy name Hongda, formally Duke Jing of Anyi, was a Chinese cartographer, diplomat, politician, and writer who lived in the Sui and Tang dynasties, briefly serving as a chancellor durin ...

saw this as opportunity and told him to kill

's Zhou origin khatun Princess Qianjin (who was styled as Princess Dayi by

). Princess was murdered and emperor fulfilled his promise, sending Princess Anyi (安义公主) to marry him. However, Tolis' ambitious behaviour caused outrage to khagan. Tulan started to gather invasion party to attack Sui repeatedly in 597 and 599, only to be reported to emperor beforehand by Tolis every occasion. As a reaction, Tulan approached to

Tardu Tardu or Tardush Yabghu was the second yabghu of the Western Turkic Khaganate (c. 575–603), and ninth Khagan of the First Turkic Khaganate (599–603). He was the son of Istämi. Names The regnal name in Turkic was Tarduš (), Medieval Gre ...

to combine forces and attack Tolis. Attack was a success and Tolis had to flee to China after his brothers and nephews getting killed during invasion. In winter 599, he was created Qimin Khagan by Emperor Wen. Meanwhile Princess Anyi died and he was married to Princess Yicheng this time, a daughter of Yang Xie (杨谐). Emperor also commissioned

Zhangsun Sheng Zhangsun Sheng or Zhangsun Cheng (; 552 — 609), courtesy name Jicheng (季晟), was a Chinese statesman, diplomat and general of Xianbei extraction who served the Sui dynasty. He was China's chief strategist about Turkic policy. He was describe ...

to build the city of Dali (大利, in modern

Hohhot Hohhot,; abbreviated zh, c=呼市, p=Hūshì, labels=no formerly known as Kweisui, is the Capital (political), capital of Inner Mongolia in the North China, north of the China, People's Republic of China, serving as the region's administrativ ...

) to house Qimin's people, and also sent an army to protect Qimin. Meanwhile Tulan was killed by his men causing

to assume throne and claim title Bilge Khagan in 599/600. In winter 601, Emperor Wen commissioned

Yang Su Yang Su (; 544–August 31, 606), courtesy name Chudao (處道), posthumous name Duke Jingwu of Chu (楚景武公), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Sui dynasty whose authority eventually became nearly as supreme as the emper ...

to command an army, in association with

Qimin Khan Yami Qaghan ( Jаmï qağan; Chinese: 啓民可汗, 啟民可汗/启民可汗; Pinyin: Qǐmín Kěhàn, Wade-Giles: Ch'i-min K'o-han, Middle Chinese ( Guangyun): ), personal name Ashina Rangan (阿史那染幹/阿史那染干, pinyin Āshǐnà r ...

as to attack

Reign

After

's subsequent defeat in 603, he fled to

Tuyuhun Tuyuhun (; LHC: *''tʰɑʔ-jok-guən''; Wade-Giles: ''T'u-yühun''), also known as Henan () and Azha (; ), was a dynastic monarchy established by the nomadic peoples related to the Xianbei in the Qilian Mountains and upper Yellow River valley, ...

. Having a cleared way Qimin assumed Turkic throne, definitely starting division between Western and Eastern wings of khaganate. In spring 607, he went to

Luoyang Luoyang ( zh, s=洛阳, t=洛陽, p=Luòyáng) is a city located in the confluence area of the Luo River and the Yellow River in the west of Henan province, China. Governed as a prefecture-level city, it borders the provincial capital of Zheng ...

to pay a visit to

Emperor Yang Emperor Yang of Sui (隋煬帝, 569 – 11 April 618), personal name Yang Guang (), alternative name Ying (), Xianbei name Amo (), was the second emperor of the Sui dynasty of China. Emperor Yang's original name was Yang Ying, but he was rena ...

. In the summer, he was visited back by Yang. Khagan's display of submission and loyalty caused Emperor Yang to bestow much honor and wealth on him. When the senior officials Gao Jiong, Yuwen Bi (宇文弼), and Heruo Bi privately expressed disapproval, Emperor Yang discovered their criticism and put all of them to death, while removing Su Wei, who also discouraged him from giving excessive rewards to khagan, from his post. In spring 609, Qimin made another visit to Emperor Yang and was rewarded with much treasure. He died later from an illness.

Family

He was married to Princess Anyi (安义公主) at first and later her death to Princess Yicheng (義成公主). He also had a

concubine or wife. He had several issues: *

Shibi Qaghan Shibi Khagan (r. 609 or 611 – April 619 AD) succeeded Yami Qaghan as the second khagan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Reign He succeeded Yami Qaghan in 609 or 611. From 613 to 615 he was actively supporting agrarian rebels inside China. P ...

* Chuluo Qaghan *

Illig Qaghan Illig Qaghan (Old Turkic: ; ; died 13 February 634), born Ashina Duobi (), posthumous name Prince Huang of Guiyi (歸義荒王), was the last qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Background He was a son of Yami Qaghan and his Tuyuhun wife ...

* Yento shad (延陀設) * Chiji shad (叱吉設) * Börü shad (步利設)

Notes

References

Sources

*''

Book of Sui The ''Book of Sui'' () is the official history of the Sui dynasty, which ruled China in the years AD 581–618. It ranks among the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial China. It was written by Yan Shigu, Kong Yingda, and Zhangsun Wuji, ...

'', vol. 84. *''

History of the Northern Dynasties The ''History of the Northern Dynasties'' () is one of the official Chinese historical works in the '' Twenty-Four Histories'' canon. The text contains 100 volumes and covers the period from 386 to 618 CE: the histories of Northern Wei, Wester ...

'', vol. 99. *''

Zizhi Tongjian The ''Zizhi Tongjian'' (1084) is a chronicle published during the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) that provides a record of Chinese history from 403 BC to 959 AD, covering 16 dynasties and spanning almost 1400 years. The main text is ...

'' vols

179 Year 179 (Roman numerals, CLXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Veru (or, less frequently, year 932 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination ...

180 __NOTOC__ Year 180 ( CLXXX) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Condianus (or, less frequently, year 933 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 180 ...

181 Year 181 ( CLXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Burrus (or, less frequently, year 934 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 181 for this ye ...

. {{DEFAULTSORT:Qimin Khan 6th-century births 609 deaths Göktürk khagans Ashina house of the Turkic Empire 7th-century monarchs in Asia Founding monarchs in Asia