Purian Languages
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The Purian languages are a pair of
extinct language An extinct language or dead language is a language with no living native speakers. A dormant language is a dead language that still serves as a symbol of ethnic identity to an ethnic group; these languages are often undergoing a process of r ...
s of eastern
Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...
: *
Puri Puri, also known as Jagannath Puri, () is a coastal city and a Nagar Palika, municipality in the state of Odisha in eastern India. It is the district headquarters of Puri district and is situated on the Bay of Bengal, south of the state ca ...
* Coroado Puri (also known as Coroado) Coropó (Koropó), once spoken in
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and
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, was added by Campbell (1997), but removed again by Ramirez et al. (2015).Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015)
Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro
''LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas'', 15(2), 223 - 277.
Purian was initially part of the Macro-Jê proposal. However, when Coropó is removed, there are not sufficient lexical connections to maintain this classification. Coroado and Puri are mutually intelligible with each other, and they are no longer regarded as being in the Macro-Jê family. The Waitaká and Maromomin languages, both extinct, are possibly belonging to the Purian family, but this is not confirmable as no linguistic information was recorded.


Attestation

The Purian languages are only attested by a few word lists from the 19th century. The lists are:
Puri Puri, also known as Jagannath Puri, () is a coastal city and a Nagar Palika, municipality in the state of Odisha in eastern India. It is the district headquarters of Puri district and is situated on the Bay of Bengal, south of the state ca ...
: * Martius (1863: 194–195), collected in 1818 at São João do Presídio (now Visconde do Rio Branco, Minas Gerais). *
Eschwege Eschwege (), the district seat of the Werra-Meißner-Kreis, is a town in northeastern Hesse, Germany. In 1971, the town hosted the eleventh ''Hessentag'' state festival. Geography Location The town lies on a broad plain tract of the river Wer ...
(2002: 122–127), collected in 1815 near São João do Presídio *Torrezão (1889: 511–513), collected in 1885 at Abre Campo (near
Manhuaçu Manhuaçu is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality in Eastern Minas Gerais state, in Brazil. Its population was 91,169 (2020) and its area is 628 km2. Geography Located 260 km from the state capital of Belo Horizonte, it is near the impo ...
,
Minas Gerais Minas Gerais () is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil, being the fourth largest state by area and the second largest in number of inhabitants with a population of 20,539,989 according to the 2022 Brazilian census, 2022 census. Located in ...
) Coroado: *Martius (1863: 195–198), collected in 1818 near São João do Presídio *Eschwege (2002: 122–127), collected in 1815 near São João do Presídio *Marlière (Martius, 1889: 198–207), collected between 1817 and 1819 at missions along the lower Paraíba do Sul River * Saint-Hilaire (2000: 33), collected in 1816 near Valença, Rio de Janeiro Koropó, which is now regarded as Maxakalian, is attested by two word lists: *Eschwege (2002: 122–127), 127 words collected in 1815 * Schott (1822, pp. 48–51), 55 words collected in 1818


Geographical distribution

The Purian languages were spoken in a continuous region stretching from the Preto River to the Paraíba River (from Queluz, São Paulo to Paraibuna,
São Paulo São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...
). The Puri occupied the Upper Paraíba do Sul River up to Queluz, São Paulo, and the Coroado from the Pomba River to the
Doce River The Doce River ( , "Sweet River") is a river in southeast Brazil with a length of . The river basin is economically important. In 2015, the collapse of a dam released highly contaminated water from mining into the river, causing an ecological d ...
in
Minas Gerais Minas Gerais () is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil, being the fourth largest state by area and the second largest in number of inhabitants with a population of 20,539,989 according to the 2022 Brazilian census, 2022 census. Located in ...
.


Dialects

Mason (1950) lists the following dialects of Coroado and Puri: * Coroado **Maritong **Cobanipake **Tamprun **Sasaricon *
Puri Puri, also known as Jagannath Puri, () is a coastal city and a Nagar Palika, municipality in the state of Odisha in eastern India. It is the district headquarters of Puri district and is situated on the Bay of Bengal, south of the state ca ...
**Sabonan **Wambori **Shaynishuna


Other languages

Extinct and unknown languages that may have been Purian languages: *Caracatan - once spoken on the Caratinga River and Manhuaçu River, Minas Gerais. *Bucan - found between Funil and Itacolumi near
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. *Arasi - in Minas Gerais, Serra Ibitipoca and near Barbacena. *Bacunin - near the city of Valença and on the Preto River. *Airuan - Minas Gerais, between the Piranga River and
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. *Bocayú - on the Pomba River. *Aripiado - in the Serra da Araponga, Minas Gerais. *Aredé - between Itabirito and Espinhaço. *Guaraxué - between
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, Mariana and Piranga. *Sacarú - state of Rio de Janeiro on the Paraíba River. *Paraíba - state of Rio de Janeiro on the Paraíba River. *Pitá - state of Rio de Janeiro, on the Bonito River. *Xumeto - in the Serra da Mantiqueira, state of Rio de Janeiro. *Guarú - south of the Pitá tribe, state of Rio de Janeiro. *Lôpo or Rôpo - in the Serra de Abre Campo, state of Minas Gerais. *Abatipó - once spoken on the Matipó River, Minas Gerais. *Caxine - in the state of Minas Gerais between the Preto River and Paraíba River, and near Valença, Rio de Janeiro. *Caramonan - state of Minas Gerais, between the Pomba River and
Doce River The Doce River ( , "Sweet River") is a river in southeast Brazil with a length of . The river basin is economically important. In 2015, the collapse of a dam released highly contaminated water from mining into the river, causing an ecological d ...
. * Waitaka or Goytacaz - formerly spoken on the São Mateus River and in the vicinity of Cabo de São Tomé, state of Rio de Janeiro.


Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. :


Proto-language

Silva Neto (2007) reconstructs 47 Proto-Purian forms.Silva Neto, Ambrósio Pereira da Silva. 2007.
Revisão da classificação da família lingüística Puri
'. M.A. dissertation, University of Brasília.
Reconstituted forms by Silva Neto (2007) for
Puri Puri, also known as Jagannath Puri, () is a coastal city and a Nagar Palika, municipality in the state of Odisha in eastern India. It is the district headquarters of Puri district and is situated on the Bay of Bengal, south of the state ca ...
, Coroado, and Koropó synthesized from historical sources are also provided. : However, similarities in Koropó were later found to be loanwords by Ramirez et al. (2015), who classifies Koropó as Maxakalían. Nikulin (2020) also classifies Koropó as Macro-Jê ( Maxakalían branch).Nikulin, Andrey. 2020.
Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo
'. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília.


References


Bibliography

*Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. . *Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.


External links

* PROEL

{{South American languages Language families Extinct languages of South America Indigenous languages of Eastern Brazil