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Maxakalían Languages
The Maxakalían languages (also Mashakalían) are a group of related indigenous languages of Brazil, named after Maxakalí, the one surviving language in the group. Many of the other, extinct, languages are poorly attested and linguists differ in the languages they identify as part of the group. The Maxakalían group is today usually considered part of the Macro-Jê language family. Maxakalían languages were first classified into the Jê languages. It was only in 1931 that Čestmír Loukotka separated them from the Jê family. Alfred Métraux and Curt Nimuendajú considered the Maxakalían family isolated from others. John Alden Mason suggests a connection with the Macro-Jê stock, confirmed by Aryon Rodrigues. Languages Apart from extinct varieties generally seen as dialects of Maxakalí, Mason noted resemblances with a few other extinct languages of the area: Pataxó, Malalí and Coropó. However, Coropó is sometimes thought to be a Purian language. Campbell (1997) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population, seventh-largest by population, with over 212 million people. The country is a federation composed of 26 Federative units of Brazil, states and a Federal District (Brazil), Federal District, which hosts the capital, Brasília. List of cities in Brazil by population, Its most populous city is São Paulo, followed by Rio de Janeiro. Brazil has the most Portuguese-speaking countries, Portuguese speakers in the world and is the only country in the Americas where Portuguese language, Portuguese is an Portuguese-speaking world, official language. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a Coastline of Brazil, coastline of . Covering roughly half of South America's land area, it Borders of Brazil, borders all other countries and ter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aryon Rodrigues
Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues (4 July 1925 – 24 April 2014) was a Brazilian linguist, considered one of the most renowned researchers of the indigenous languages of Brazil. Education and early career In 1959, Rodrigues was the first Brazilian to obtain a PhD in linguistics at the University of Hamburg. Aryon Rodrigues was invited by Darcy Ribeiro to organize the first post-graduate program in Linguistics in Brazil, in the recently founded the University of Brasília (UnB). Aryon left UnB following the coup in 1964, in solidarity with his colleagues dismissed and persecuted by the military, moving to the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) and later to the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). Research and publications Throughout his career, which lasted nearly seventy years, he dedicated himself to the analysis of various languages such as Xetá and Tupinambá, of the Tupi–Guarani family, and Kipeá of the Kariri family (Macro-Jê). In addition to descriptive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karl Friedrich Philipp Von Martius
Carl Friedrich Philipp (Karl Friedrich Philipp) von Martius (17 April 1794 – 13 December 1868) was a German botanist and explorer. Between 1817 and 1820, he travelled 10,000 km through Brazil while collecting botanical specimens. His most important work was a comprehensive flora of Brazil, ''Flora Brasiliensis'', which he initiated in 1840 and was completed posthumously in 1906. Life Martius was born at Erlangen, the son of Prof Ernst Wilhelm Martius, court apothecary. He graduated PhD from Erlangen University in 1814, publishing as his thesis a critical catalogue of plants in the university's botanical garden. After that he continued to devote himself to botanical study, and in 1817 he and Johann Baptist von Spix were sent to Brazil by Maximilian I Joseph, the king of Bavaria. They travelled from Rio de Janeiro through several of the southern and eastern provinces of Brazil and travelled up the Amazon River to Tabatinga, as well as exploring some of its larger tributaries. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Augustin Saint-Hilaire
Augustin François César Prouvençal de Saint-Hilaire (4 October 17793 September 1853) was a French botanist and traveller who was born and died in Orléans, France. A keen observer, he is credited with important discoveries in botany, notably the direction of the radicle in the embryo sac and the double point of attachment of certain ovules. He also described two families, the Paronychiae and the Tamariscinae, as well as many genera and species. Biography He began to publish memoirs on botanical subjects at an early age. Between 1816 and 1822 and again in 1830, he traveled in South America, especially in south and central Brazil, and the results of his study of the rich flora of the regions through which he passed appeared in several books and numerous articles in scientific journals. In his first voyage, from 1816 to 1822, he explored the Brazilian backlands, traveling ca. 9,000 km, from Southeast Brazil to Río de la Plata, including the former Cisplatina Province ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SIL International
SIL Global (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics International) is an evangelical Christian nonprofit organization whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy, translate the Christian Bible into local languages, and aid minority language development. Based on its language documentation work, SIL publishes a database, '' Ethnologue'', of its research into the world's languages, and develops and publishes software programs for language documentation, such as FieldWorks Language Explorer (FLEx) and Lexique Pro. Its main offices in the United States are located at the International Linguistics Center in Dallas, Texas. History Early History William Cameron Townsend, a Presbyterian minister, founded the organization in 1934, after undertaking a Christian mission with the Disciples of Christ among the Kaqchikel Maya people in Guatemala in the earl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prince Maximilian Of Wied-Neuwied
Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied (23 September 1782 – 3 February 1867) was a German explorer, ethnologist and natural history, naturalist. He led a pioneering expedition to southeast Brazil between 1815 and 1817, from which the album ''Reise nach Brasilien,'' which first revealed to Europe real images of Brazilian Indians, was the ultimate result. It was translated into several languages and recognized as one of the greatest contributions to the European knowledge of Brazil at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In 1832 he embarked on another expedition, this time to the United States, together with the Swiss painter Karl Bodmer. Prince Maximilian collected many examples of ethnography, and many specimens of flora and fauna of the area, still preserved in museum collections, notably in the Linden Museum, Stuttgart. The genus ''Neuwiedia'' Carl Ludwig Blume, Blume (Orchidaceae) was named for him. Also, Prince Maximilian is honored in the scientific names ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Makoni Language
Makoni District is a district in Manicaland Province of northeastern Zimbabwe. The district's main town, Rusape, with an estimated population of 37,906 in 2022, is located approximately , by road, southeast of Harare, the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe . Economy Makoni District is primarily a farming district. The chief cash crop is tobacco. Population In 2002, the national census estimated the population of Makoni District at 151,596 people. In 2004, the district population was estimated at 272,578. In 2022, the population of the district was 288,441. See also * Districts of Zimbabwe * Provinces of Zimbabwe Provinces are constituent Polity, political entities of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe currently has ten provinces, two of which are City, cities with provincial status. Zimbabwe is a unitary state, and its provinces exercise only the powers that the centr ... References External links Districts of Manicaland Province {{Zimbabwe-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
São Francisco River
The São Francisco River (, ) is a large Rivers of Brazil, river in Brazil. With a length of , it is the longest river that runs entirely in Brazilian territory, and the fourth longest in South America and overall in Brazil (after the Amazon River, Amazon, the Paraná River, Paraná and the Madeira River, Madeira). It used to be known as the by the indigenous people before colonisation, and is today also known as . The São Francisco originates in the Serra da Canastra, Canastra mountain range in the central-western part of the state of Minas Gerais. It runs generally north in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia, behind the coastal range, draining an area of over , before turning east to form the border between Bahia on the right bank and the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas on the left one. After that, it ends on the boundaries between the states of Alagoas and Sergipe and washes into the Atlantic Ocean. In addition to the five states which the São Francisco directly traver ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kamakã Languages
The Kamakã languages are a small family of extinct Macro-Jê languages of Bahía, northeastern Brazil. The attested Kamakã languages are: * (northern) Kamakã (dialects: Mongoyó/Mangaló), Kotoxó, Menién * (southern) Masakará Varieties Loukotka (1968) Below is a full list of Kamakã languages and dialects listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. ;Southern * Kamakán / Ezeshio - once spoken on the Ilhéus River, De Contas River and Pardo River, Bahia state. *Mangaló / Mongoyo / Monshoko - extinct language once spoken on the lower Pardo River near the frontier of Bahia and Minas Gerais states. *Kutasho / Cotoxo / Catathoy - once spoken between the Pardo River and De Contas River. * Menien / Manyã - once spoken at the sources of the Jequitinhonha River. *Dendi - once spoken in the Serra Geral de Condeúba, frontier area between the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. (Unattested) *Catolé - once spoken in the state of Minas Gerais in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Krenak Languages
The Borum languages, also known as Aimoré and formerly Botocudoan, now sometimes Krenakan after the last language remaining, are a branch of the Macro-Jê languages – spoken mainly in Brazil – including moribund Krenak and extinct languages such as Guerén and Nakrehé. Loukotka (1968) considered them dialects of a single language, but more recent treatments (Campbell 1997, Campbell 2012) describe at least some of them as separate languages. Languages A fair amount of lexical data was collected before the majority of languages became extinct. Loukotka (1968) Loukotka (1968) illustrates the following: :''Krekmun/Kraik-mús, Krenak (Crenaque), Pejaurún (Cajaurun), Naknanuk (Nacnhanuc, Nakyananiuk), Xiporoc (Shiporoc, Yiporok, Djiporoca), Nak-Ñapma, Bakuen (Bacuen, Bocué), Nakrehé (Nacrehé), Aranãa, Miñan-yirugn, Pojichá (Pozyichá), Gueren'' and mentions sources of data for: :''Uti Krag (Guti Krag, Ngùd-Kràg),'' reported in 1913 to still be spoken. Miñan-yi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ritual Maxakalí
A ritual is a repeated, structured sequence of actions or behaviors that alters the internal or external state of an individual, group, or environment, regardless of conscious understanding, emotional context, or symbolic meaning. Traditionally associated with gestures, words, or revered objects, rituals also occur in non-human species, such as elephant mourning or corvid object-leaving. They may be prescribed by tradition, including religious practices, and are often characterized by formalism, traditionalism, rule-governance, and performance. Rituals are a feature of all known human societies. They include not only the worship rites and sacraments of organized religions and cults, but also rites of passage, atonement and purification rites, oaths of allegiance, dedication ceremonies, coronations and presidential inaugurations, marriages, funerals and more. Even common actions like hand-shaking and saying "hello" may be termed as ''rituals''. The field of ritual studies has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
