Psylloidea is a superfamily of

true bugs Hemiptera (; ) is an order (biology), order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising more than 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, assassin bugs, Cimex, bed bugs, and shield bugs. They ...

, including the jumping plant lice and others which have recently been classified as distinct families. Though the group first appeared during the Early Jurassic, modern members of the group do not appear until the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes ...

, and

Mesozoic The Mesozoic Era is the Era (geology), era of Earth's Geologic time scale, geological history, lasting from about , comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Period (geology), Periods. It is characterized by the dominance of archosaurian r ...

members of the order are usually assigned to the possibly

paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

family Liadopsyllidae.

Families

The following

extant Extant or Least-concern species, least concern is the opposite of the word extinct. It may refer to: * Extant hereditary titles * Extant literature, surviving literature, such as ''Beowulf'', the oldest extant manuscript written in English * Exta ...

families are included:Burckhardt D, Ouvrard D, Percy DM (2021) An updated classification of the jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) integrating molecular and morphological evidence. ''European Journal of Taxonomy'' 736: 137–182
DOI
/ref> # Aphalaridae (includes Phacopteronidae, now a subfamily) # Calophyidae # Carsidaridae (includes Homotominae) #

Liviidae Liviidae is a family of Psylloidea, plant lice (order Hemiptera), with about 19 genera. Subfamilies and genera There have been various classifications of Psylloidea including that of Burckhardt and Ouvrard (2012); in the latest (2021) review,Bur ...

# Mastigimatidae # Psyllidae #

Triozidae Triozidae is one of seven families, collectively referred to as Psylloidea, plant lice, based on the type genus ''Trioza''. They had traditionally been considered part of a single family, Psyllidae, but recent classifications divide the superfam ...

In addition, the following extinct families are recognised: * † Liadopsyllidae * † Malmopsyllidae * † Neopsylloididae

Economic importance

Some psylloids are economically important pests: *'' Diaphorina citri'' (Liviidae), the asiatic citrus psyllid is native to southern Asia; it has spread to most

citrus ''Citrus'' is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the family Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, mandarins, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes. ''Citrus'' is nativ ...

-growing regions. It is a vector of '' Liberobacter asiaticum'', the bacterial greening disease. *'' Trioza erytreae'' (Triozidae), the African citrus psyllid is a pest of citrus and some other Rutaceae. Like ''Diaphorina citri'' it is a vector of "greening disease". The psyllid is primarily an

Afrotropical The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Sub-Saharan Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopi ...

pest. *'' Trioza perseae'' (Triozidae), the avocado psyllid forms galls on the leaves of

avocado The avocado, alligator pear or avocado pear (''Persea americana'') is an evergreen tree in the laurel family (Lauraceae). It is native to Americas, the Americas and was first domesticated in Mesoamerica more than 5,000 years ago. It was priz ...

, ''Persea americana''. Other psyllid pests of avocado include '' Trioza anceps'', '' Trioza aguacate'' and '' Trioza godoyae'' *'' Trioza apicalis'' (Triozidae), the carrot psyllid is an important pest of the cultivated

carrot The carrot ('' Daucus carota'' subsp. ''sativus'') is a root vegetable, typically orange in colour, though heirloom variants including purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist, all of which are domesticated forms of the wild ...

, ''Daucus carota'' (Apiaceae). *'' Bactericera cockerelli'' (syn. ''Paratrioza cockerelli'') (Triozidae), the potato psyllid feeds on

potatoes The potato () is a starchy tuberous vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are underground stem tubers of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'', a perennial in the nightshade famil ...

and

tomatoes The tomato (, ), ''Solanum lycopersicum'', is a plant whose fruit is an edible berry that is eaten as a vegetable. The tomato is a member of the nightshade family that includes tobacco, potato, and chili peppers. It originated from and was d ...

(Solanaceae); sporadic infestations have occurred in potato-growing areas of the USA, causing symptoms knows as "potato yellows".

Gallery

File:Pachypsylla celtidismamma, galls closeup.jpg, '' Pachypsylla celtidismamma'', galls File:Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus.jpg, '' Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus'' File:Phylloplecta tripunctata nymphs.jpg, '' Phylloplecta tripunctata'', nymphs on ''

Rubus ''Rubus'' is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, most commonly known as brambles. Fruits of various species are known as raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, and bristleberries. ...

References

External links

* {{Hemiptera, 2 Hemiptera superfamilies Sternorrhyncha