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Prima Porta is the 58th of
Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...
, identified by the initials Z. LVIII. The name Prima Porta (First Door) came from an arch of the aqueduct that brought water to the
Villa of Livia The Villa of Livia () is an ancient Roman villa at Prima Porta, north of Rome, Italy, along the Via Flaminia. It may have been part of Livia Drusilla's dowry that she brought when she married Octavian (later called the emperor Augustus), her sec ...
, which formed over Via Flaminia a sort of gateway which travellers saw as the first indication of having reached Rome (Piperno).


History

The location was strategically important due to the iron-rich cliffs of red
tuff Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption. Following ejection and deposition, the ash is lithified into a solid rock. Rock that contains greater than 75% ash is considered tuff, while rock co ...
that approach the river at this point, the confluence of several roads, and its function as the north entryway to Rome. Prima Porta was one of the scenes of Constantine's victory over the army of Maxentius in 312 which ended with the
Battle of the Milvian Bridge The Battle of the Milvian Bridge took place between the Roman Emperors Constantine the Great, Constantine I and Maxentius on 28 October AD 312. It takes its name from the Milvian Bridge, an important route over the Tiber. Constantine won the batt ...
. The battle is shown in the frieze of the
Arch of Constantine The Arch of Constantine () is a triumphal arch in Rome dedicated to the emperor Constantine the Great. The arch was commissioned by the Roman Senate to commemorate Constantine's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in AD 312 ...
in Rome. A triumphal arch was also erected here.


The Villa of Livia

Nearby, the
villa A villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient Roman upper class country house that provided an escape from urban life. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the f ...
of
Livia Drusilla Livia Drusilla (30 January 59 BC AD 29) was Roman empress from 27 BC to AD 14 as the wife of Augustus, the first Roman emperor. She was known as Julia Augusta after her formal adoption into the Julia ''gens'' in AD 1 ...
called ''Ad Gallinas Albas'' was probably part of Livia's dowry brought to the
Julio-Claudian The Julio-Claudian dynasty comprised the first five Roman emperors: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. This line of emperors ruled the Roman Empire, from its formation (under Augustus, in 27 BC) until the last of the line, Emper ...
dynasty. It was named and famous for its breed of white chickens and for its laurel grove (
Pliny's Natural History The ''Natural History'' () is a Latin work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the ''Natural History'' compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. Despite the work' ...
15.136f), which were given auspiciously omened origins by
Suetonius Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (), commonly referred to as Suetonius ( ; – after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire. His most important surviving work is ''De vita Caesarum'', common ...
. The villa's site was rediscovered and explored as early as 1596, but it was not recognized as that of Livia until the nineteenth century. In 1863–1834, a marble
krater A krater or crater (, ; , ) was a large two-handled type of vase in Pottery of ancient Greece, Ancient Greek pottery and metalwork, mostly used for the mixing of wine with water. Form and function At a Greek symposium, kraters were placed in ...
carved in refined low relief was discovered at the site and in 1867 one of the most famous marble statue of Augustus, the
Augustus of Prima Porta The Augustus of Prima Porta () is a full-length Roman portraiture, portrait statue of Augustus, the first Roman emperor. The statue was discovered on April 20, 1863, during archaeological excavations directed by Giuseppe Gagliardi at the Villa of ...
, which is now in the Vatican (
Braccio Nuovo The Vatican Museums (; ) are the public museums of the Vatican City. They display works from the immense collection amassed by the Catholic Church and the papacy throughout the centuries, including several of the best-known Roman sculptures and ...
), was discovered here. The magisterial ''Augustus'' is a marble copy of a bronze statue that celebrated the return in 20 BC of the military standards captured by the
Parthians Parthia ( ''Parθava''; ''Parθaw''; ''Pahlaw'') is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran. It was conquered and subjugated by the empire of the Medes during the 7th century BC, was incorporated into the subsequent Achaemen ...
in 53 BC after the defeat of Crassus at Carrhae: a rich iconography plays out in the low reliefs that decorate his
cuirass A cuirass ( ; ; ) is a piece of armour that covers the torso, formed of one or more pieces of metal or other rigid material. The term probably originates from the original material, leather, from the Old French word and the Latin word . The us ...
. The villa occupied the height dominating the view down the
Tiber Valley The Tiber Valley (Italian: ''Valle del Tevere'') is the largest geographical part of the of the Tiber river included in the Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Umbria, and the Lazio regions; it is characterized by river terraces and floodplain areas that e ...
to Rome; some of the walling that retained its terraces may still be seen (Piperno). Except for works of terracing—the gardens are currently being excavated—, all that can be seen today are three vaulted subterranean rooms, from the largest of which the fine fresco decor of an illusionistic garden view, where all the plants and trees flower and fruit at once, was removed to Rome; it has recently been reinstalled in the Palazzo Massimo, following cleaning and restoration. The vault above the fresco was covered with stucco reliefs of which only a few remains survive. The villa was built and modified in four stages, the earliest of Republican date, the latest of the time of
Constantine the Great Constantine I (27 February 27222 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. He played a Constantine the Great and Christianity, pivotal ro ...
. In the nineteenth century the villa belonged to the convent of
Santa Maria in Via Lata Santa Maria in Via Lata is a church on the Via del Corso (the ancient Via Lata), in Rome, Italy. It stands diagonal from the church of San Marcello al Corso. It is the stational church for Tuesday in the fifth week of lent. History The first ...
; it may never have passed into private hands. A new series of more meticulous modern excavations was initiated in 1970.


Modern history

The new cemetery of Rome was established in Prima Porta in 1945, on a project by the architect Elena Luzzatto. With its extension of 140 hectares, the Cimitero Flaminio is the largest cemetery in Italy; it is crossed by 37 km of internal roads, on which vehicles and buses circulate. Pope Francis, having previously said Mass on
All Soul's Day All Souls' Day, also called The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed, is a day of prayer and remembrance for the faithful departed, observed by Christianity, Christians on 2 November. In Western Christianity, including Catholic Church, ...
at Rome's
Campo Verano The Campo Verano (Italian: ''Cimitero del Verano'') is a cemetery in Rome, Italy, founded in the early 19th century. The monumental cemetery covers a surface area of 83 hectares which is currently divided into several sections: the main Catholic ...
Cemetery, said that Mass here in 2016. In 1965, heavy rains made two near Tiber tributaries, which had no protective banks, to flood the area, generating infrastructural and economic damage. Water level was two meters high at some points.


Geography

The zone is located 12 kilometres north of the city center, along the
Via Flaminia The Via Flaminia () was an ancient Roman roads, Roman road leading from Rome over the Apennine Mountains to ''Ariminum'' (Rimini) on the coast of the Adriatic Sea, and due to the ruggedness of the mountains was the major option the Romans had f ...
and just a kilometre outside of the
Grande Raccordo Anulare Autostrada A90 or Grande Raccordo Anulare () or GRA is a ring-shaped ''autostrada'' (Italian for "motorway") long in Italy located in the region of Lazio that encircles Rome. It is a part of the E80 European route. GRA is one of the most impo ...
highway. It is located on the right bank of the Tiber, where the
Via Tiberina The via Tiberina was an ancient Roman roads, Roman road, which from the north of Rome, going up the right bank of the Tiber river, crossed the ancient center of Veii, Veio, Capena and Falisci, Falerii Veteres countryside to Tiber Valley and continu ...
leads away from the Via Flaminia and another road led off along the
Cremera The Cremera is a Italian stream in Lazio (and previously in Etruria) which runs past Sacrofano, Formello, and Campagnano di Roma before falling into the Tiber about north of Rome. It connects to the Tiber just as the Via Flaminia intersects th ...
to
Veii Veii (also Veius; ) was an important ancient Etruscan city situated on the southern limits of Etruria and north-northwest of Rome, Italy. It now lies in Isola Farnese, in the comune of Rome. Many other sites associated with and in the city-st ...
. The territory of Prima Porta includes the urban zone 20L ''Prima Porta'' and part of the urban zones 20I ''Santa Cornelia'' and 20M ''Labaro''.


Boundaries

Northward, the zone borders with the municipalities of
Formello Formello is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital. It is located southwest of the Monti Sabatini, within the Regional Park of Veii. The communal territory sits on large deposits of tuff, which is intensively mined i ...
, Sacrofano and Riano. To the east, the zone borders with ''Zona'' Marcigliana (Z. III), whose border is marked by the river
Tiber The Tiber ( ; ; ) is the List of rivers of Italy, third-longest river in Italy and the longest in Central Italy, rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing through Tuscany, Umbria, and Lazio, where it is joined by the R ...
, up to the Fosso di Monte Oliviero. To the south, Prima Porta borders with ''Zona''
Labaro Labaro is the 57th of Rome, identified by the initials Z. LVII. It is located 11 kilometres north of the city center, along the Via Flaminia, just outside the Grande Raccordo Anulare. History The zone takes its name from a curious event that ...
(Z. LVII), from which is separated by the Fosso di Monte Oliviero, then by Via della Giustiniana, up to the river
Cremera The Cremera is a Italian stream in Lazio (and previously in Etruria) which runs past Sacrofano, Formello, and Campagnano di Roma before falling into the Tiber about north of Rome. It connects to the Tiber just as the Via Flaminia intersects th ...
. Westward, the zone borders with ''Zona'' La Giustiniana (Z. LIV), whose boundary is outlined by the Valchetta stream, and with ''Zona'' Isola Farnese (Z. LV), from which is separated by the Fosso Pantanacci.


Odonymy

The majority of the roads and squares of Prima Porta are named after towns of
Lombardy The Lombardy Region (; ) is an administrative regions of Italy, region of Italy that covers ; it is located in northern Italy and has a population of about 10 million people, constituting more than one-sixth of Italy's population. Lombardy is ...
and
Latium Latium ( , ; ) is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire. Definition Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile, volcanic soil (Old Latium) on whic ...
, while some streets near the border with ''Zona''
Labaro Labaro is the 57th of Rome, identified by the initials Z. LVII. It is located 11 kilometres north of the city center, along the Via Flaminia, just outside the Grande Raccordo Anulare. History The zone takes its name from a curious event that ...
are dedicated to Italian tapestry artists. Odonyms of the zone can be categorized as follows: * Local toponyms, e.g. Via del Fosso di Monte Oliviero, Via della Giustiniana, Via di Grotta Oscura, Via di Malborghetto, Via Monte del Gatto, Via di Santa Cornelia, Piazza di
Saxa Rubra Saxa Rubra was a village and station on the Roman Flaminian Way, from Rome, Italy. It is now the name of a neighborhood north of Rome and of the city's Roma Nord railway station. Situated on the modern Via Flaminia it is also the site of a major ...
, Via Tenuta Piccirilli, Via and Vicolo di Valle Muricana, Via della Villa di Livia; * Tapestry artists, e.g. Via Pietro Bascotti, Via Felice Cettomai, Via Pietro Davanzo, Via Pietro Ferloni, Via Pietro Lusetti, Via Giuseppe Prinotti, Via Andrea Procaccini, Via Alessandro Zannetti; * Towns of Latium, e.g. Via Alvito, Via
Bassano in Teverina Bassano in Teverina is a (municipality) in the Province of Viterbo in the Italian region of Latium. It is inhabited by 1,332 people and is located about north of Rome and about northeast of Viterbo. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("Th ...
, Via
Canepina Canepina is a (municipality) in the Province of Viterbo in the Italian region of Latium, located about northwest of Rome and about southeast of Viterbo. The town derives its name from the once locally widespread cultivation of hemp Hemp ...
, Via Casalvieri, Via Settefrati, Via
Soriano nel Cimino Soriano nel Cimino is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Viterbo, Lazio, central Italy. The town is overlooked by Monte Cimino, the highest peak in the Monti Cimini. Main sights *The Orsini Castle, built by Orso Orsini in the 13th centu ...
, Via
Toffia Toffia is a (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region of Latium, located about northeast of Rome and about southwest of Rieti Rieti (; , Sabino: ) is a town and ''comune'' in Lazio, central Italy, with a population of 47, ...
; * Towns of Lombardy, e.g. Via
Albavilla Albavilla ( Brianzöö: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about north of Milan and about east of Como Como (, ; , or ; ) is a city and (municipality) in Lombardy, Italy. I ...
, Via
Arcore ARCore, also known as Google Play Services for AR, is a software development kit developed by Google that allows for augmented reality (AR) applications to be built. ARCore has been integrated into a multitude of devices. Key technologies ARC ...
, Via Bagnatica, Via
Barlassina Barlassina is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Monza and Brianza in the Italian region Lombardy, located about north of Milan and south of Como. The town extends over two areas, the one to the east sloping down towards the Seveso va ...
, Via
Blevio Blevio ( Comasco: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about north of Milan and about northeast of Como. It overlooks the eastern shore of Lake Como from hilly slopes starting at mor ...
, Via
Bozzolo Bozzolo ( Mantovano: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region Lombardy, located about southeast of Milan and about southwest of Mantua. Bozzolo borders the following municipalities: Acquanegra sul Chiese, ...
, Via Brenna, Via
Cabiate Cabiate ( Brianzöö: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about north of Milan and about southeast of Como. Cabiate borders the following municipalities: Lentate sul Seveso, Mariano ...
, Via
Casatenovo Casatenovo ( Brianzöö: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Lecco in the Italian region of Lombardy, about northeast of Milan and about southwest of Lecco. , it had a population of about 12,700. Casatenovo borders the followin ...
, Via
Castelbelforte Castelbelforte ( Mantovano: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region Lombardy, located about east of Milan and about northeast of Mantua. , it had a population of 2,636 and an area of .All demographics and ...
, Via
Castenedolo Castenedolo (Brescian: ) is a ''comune'' in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It is bounded by other communes of Montichiari and San Zeno Naviglio. The commune is situated in the plain southeast of Brescia. Twin towns Castenedolo is town tw ...
, Via
Concesio Concesio (Brescian: ; locally ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy in Trompia valley. It is located north of Brescia and south of Sarezzo. Concesio is located in the lower Val Trompia, at the foot of Monte Spi ...
, Via Cornovecchio, Via
Desio Desio () is a (municipality) in the province of Monza and Brianza, in the Italian region of Lombardy. History In 1277 it was the location of the battle between the Visconti and della Torre families for the rule of Milan. On 24 February 1924, ...
, Via
Gardone Riviera Gardone Riviera ( Gardesano: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It is situated on the western shore of Lake Garda. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). Twin towns Gard ...
, Via
Inverigo Inverigo ( Brianzöö: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about north of Milan and about southeast of Como. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 8,209 and an area of 10.0&nb ...
, Via
Iseo Iseo may refer to: Acronyms * International Sustainable Energy Organization (ISEO) Places Italy * Iseo, Lombardy, a ''comune'' in the Province of Brescia * Lake Iseo, a lake in the Provinces of Bergamo and Brescia, Lombardy * Provaglio d'Ise ...
, Via
Livigno Livigno (; local ; ) is a town, ''comune'' and a special-administered territory in the province of Sondrio, in the region of Lombardy, Italy, located in the Italian Alps, near the Swiss border. History Livigno's first settlers were probably sh ...
, Via Lomazzo, Via Lonato, Via
Luisago Luisago ( Brianzöö: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about northwest of Milan and about southwest of Como. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,532 and an area of .All ...
, Via
Lumezzane Lumezzane (, locally ) is a town and (municipality) in the province of Brescia, in the Italian region of Lombardy. With a population of 22,255 (), it is one of the largest towns in its province. It is situated in the Gobbia Valley, which is a s ...
, Via
Mapello Mapello (Bergamasque: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about northeast of Milan and about west of Bergamo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 5,806 and an area of ...
, Via Monte Cremasco, Via
Montù Beccaria Montù Beccaria is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about south of Milan and about southeast of Pavia Pavia ( , ; ; ; ; ) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, in Northern ...
, Via
Olginate Olginate ( Brianzöö: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Lecco in the Italian region Lombardy, located about northeast of Milan and about south of Lecco. As of October 2010, it had a population of 7,200 and an area of .All demog ...
, Via
Orzinuovi Orzinuovi (; Brescian: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, Italy. History It was founded in 1193 by statute of the ''comune'' of Brescia, as a boundary fortress with the name of "Orci Novi". Its history thenceforth ...
, Via Orzivecchi, Via Pandino, Via
Pianello del Lario Pianello del Lario ( Comasco: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about north of Milan and about northeast of Como. Pianello del Lario borders the following municipalities: Colico, C ...
, Via
Pedrengo Pedrengo (Bergamasque: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about northeast of Milan and about east of Bergamo Bergamo ( , ; ) is a city in the Alps, alpine Lombardy regio ...
, Via Pegognaga, Via
Pomponesco Pomponesco ( Casalasco-Viadanese: ) is a ''comune'' in the Italian Province of Mantua. As of 2007, the estimated population of Pomponesco was 1,770. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). The experiment ...
, Via Robecco sul Naviglio, Via
Roncoferraro Roncoferraro ( Mantovano: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about southeast of Milan and about southeast of Mantua. Roncoferraro borders the following municipalities: Bagnolo S ...
, Via
Saronno Saronno (; ) is a ''comune'' of Lombardy, Italy, in the province of Varese. It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree in 1960. With an estimated population of inhabitants, it is the most densely populated among the big m ...
, Via Sulbiate, Via
Sesto Calende Sesto Calende () is a town and ''comune,'' with around 11,019 inhabitants, located in the province of Varese, in the Lombardy region of northern Italy. It is at the southern tip of Lake Maggiore, where the river Ticino starts to flow towards the ...
, Via
Varenna Varenna (Comasco, Lecchese: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) on Lake Como in the Province of Lecco in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about north of Milan and about northwest of Lecco. Varenna was founded by local fishermen in AD 769 a ...
, Via Viadana, Via
Viadanica Viadanica (Bergamasque: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about northeast of Milan and about east of Bergamo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,093 and an area o ...
, Via
Zavattarello Zavattarello is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 km south of Milan and about 35 km south of Pavia. Zavattarello borders the following municipalities: Alta Val Tidone, ...
.


Places of interest


Civil buildings

* Torre di Pietra Pertusa, in Via Flaminia. A medieval tower. * Arch of Malborghetto, in Via Barlassina (km. 19 di via Flaminia). A 4th-century Roman
tetrapylon A tetrapylon (plural tetrapyla; ; , also used in English) is a rectangular form of monument with arched passages in two directions, at right angles, generally built on a Crossroads (culture), crossroads. They appear in ancient Roman architecture ...
. * Torre di Orlando or Torre di Prima Porta, in Via della Villa di Livia. A 14th-century tower.


Religious buildings

* Chapel of Malborghetto, in Via Barlassina. 18th-century chapel. :it is a subsidiary place of worship of the parish of Santi Urbano e Lorenzo a Prima Porta. * Church of Santi Urbano e Lorenzo, in Via della Villa di Livia. A 20th-century church. * Chapel of Sant'Elisabetta, in Via di Santa Cornelia. A 20th-century chapel. :it is a subsidiary place of worship of the parish of Sant'Alfonso de' Liguori. * Church of Sant'Alfonso de' Liguori, in Via della Giustiniana. A 20th-century church. :Parish church erected on 1 October 1975 according to the decree "''Pernotum quidem est''" of Cardinal Vicar Ugo Poletti. * Church of Santi Elisabetta e Zaccaria, in Via Sulbiate. A 21st-century church (2007–09). * Cimitero Flaminio, in Via Flaminia. A 20th-century cemetery (1941). * Church of San Michele Arcangelo al Flaminio, in Via Flaminia. Church inside the Cimitero Flaminio. :it is a subsidiary place of worship of the parish of Santi Urbano e Lorenzo a Prima Porta.


Archaeological sites

* Villa di Quarto di Montebello, in Via Flaminia (9th mile of Via Flaminia). A 1st-century BC Roman villa * Roman villa of the Cimitero Flaminio, in Viale della Villa Romana (1st mile of Via Tiberina). A 1st-century BC Roman villa * Villa della Via Tiberina, in Via Tiberina (1st mile of Via Tiberina). A 1st-century BC Roman villa * Villa di Livia ''ad gallinas albas'', in Via della Villa di Livia (9th mile of Via Flaminia). A 1st-century BC Roman villa * Roman cistern near the Villa of Livia, in Piazza di Saxa Rubra. A 1st-century BC cistern {{Coord, 42.001325, 12.493242, type:landmark * Tomba delle Centocelle, in Via Flaminia. An imperial age sepulchre. {{Coord, 42.023979, 12.486861, type:landmark * Arch near Santi Urbano e Lorenzo, in Via della Villa di Livia. An imperial age arch. {{Coord, 42.001272, 12.492746, type:landmark * Tumulo di Monte Oliviero, in Via del Fosso di Monte Oliviero. An
Etruscan __NOTOC__ Etruscan may refer to: Ancient civilization *Etruscan civilization (1st millennium BC) and related things: **Etruscan language ** Etruscan architecture **Etruscan art **Etruscan cities **Etruscan coins **Etruscan history **Etruscan myt ...
sepulchre. {{Coord, 42.014218, 12.448017, type:landmark * Villa della Terma, in Via Flaminia, on the right bank of the Marrana di Prima Porta. A 3rd-century villaSee Marina De Franceschini, chapt. 8. Villa della Terma presso Prima Porta, pp. 45-47.


Gallery

{{Cleanup gallery, date=January 2019 Image:Prima Porta old railway in Via Flaminia.png, Old railway in Via Flaminia Image:Prima Porta old bridge of La_Celsa.png, Old bridge of La Celsa Image:Prima Porta inauguration monument fallen.png, Inauguration of the monument to the fallen soldiers Image:Prima Porta old inn of La Celsa.png, Old inn of La Celsa


Notes

{{Reflist


Bibliography

* {{Cite book, title=Ville dell'Agro romano, author=Marina De Franceschini, publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider, location=Rome, year=2005, isbn=978-88-8265-311-8


References


Robert Piperno, "A Walk to Malborghetto"
*
Edward Gibbon Edward Gibbon (; 8 May 173716 January 1794) was an English essayist, historian, and politician. His most important work, ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', published in six volumes between 1776 and 1789, is known for ...
, ''
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', sometimes shortened to ''Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', is a six-volume work by the English historian Edward Gibbon. The six volumes cover, from 98 to 1590, the peak of the Ro ...
'', Vol. 1, ch.13-14 passim. {{coord, 42, 00, N, 12, 29, E, region:IT_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki, display=title {{Authority control Roman waystations in Italy Subdivisions of Rome