Pahari Pothwari is an Indo-Aryan

language variety In sociolinguistics, a variety, also known as a lect or an isolect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, registers, styles, or other forms of language, as well as a standard variety.Meech ...

of the

Lahnda Lahnda (; , ), also known as Lahndi (Lahanda, Lahinda) or Western Punjabi, is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India. It is defined in the ISO 639 standard as a " macrolanguage" or as a "s ...

group, spoken in the northern half of

Pothohar Plateau The Pothohar Plateau (, : ''Pо̄ṭhoā̀r Paṭhār''; , ''Satāh Murtafā Pо̄ṭhohār''), also spelled Pothwar, is a plateau in the Sindh Sagar Doab, Sind Sagar Doab of northern Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan, located between the Indus ...

, in

Punjab, Pakistan Punjab (, ) is a Administrative units of Pakistan, province of Pakistan. With a population of over 127 million, it is the Demographics of Pakistan, most populous province in Pakistan and the List of first-level administrative divisions by popu ...

, as well as in the most of Pakistan-administered

Azad Kashmir Azad Jammu and Kashmir (), abbreviated as AJK and colloquially referred to as simply Azad Kashmir ( ), is a region administered by Pakistan as a nominally self-governing entitySee: * * * and constituting the western portion of the larger ...

and in the western areas of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. It is known by a variety of names, the most common of which are Pahari (; an ambiguous name also applied to other unrelated languages of India), and Pothwari (or Pothohari). The language is transitional between

Hindko Hindko (, , ) is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Pun ...

and

standard Punjabi Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi, is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India. It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world, with approximately 150 million native speakers. Punjabi is t ...

and is mutually intelligible with both. There have been efforts at cultivation as a literary language, although a local standard has not been established yet. The

Shahmukhi Shahmukhi (, , , ) is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan. It is generally written in the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand, whic ...

script is used to write the language, such as in the works of Punjabi poet Mian Muhammad Bakhsh. Grierson in his early 20th-century

Linguistic Survey of India The Linguistic Survey of India (LSI) is a comprehensive survey of the languages of British India, describing 364 languages and dialects. The Survey was first proposed by George Abraham Grierson, a member of the Indian Civil Service and a lingu ...

assigned it to a so-called "northern cluster" of Lahnda (Western Punjabi), but this classification, as well as the validity of the Lahnda grouping in this case, have been called into question. In a sense all

varieties, and standard Punjabi are "dialects" of a " greater Punjabi" macrolanguage.

Geographic distribution and dialects

There are at least three major dialects: Pothwari, Mirpuri and Pahari. The dialects are mutually intelligible, but the difference between the northernmost and the southernmost dialects (from Muzaffarabad and Mirpur respectively) is enough to cause difficulties in understanding.

Pothohar Plateau

Pothwari (), also spelt ''Potwari'', ''Potohari'' and ''Pothohari'', is spoken in the north-eastern portion of

of northern Punjab, an area administratively within Rawalpindi division. Pothwari is its most common name, and some call it '' Pindiwal Punjabi'' to differentiate it from the Punjabi spoken elsewhere in Punjab. Pothwari extends southwards up to the

Salt Range The Salt Range ( and Namkistan نمکستان) is a mountain range in the north of Punjab province of Pakistan, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of rock salt. The range extends along the south of the Potohar Plateau and the north ...

, with the city of

Jhelum Jhelum (; , ) is a city, located along the western bank of the Jhelum River, in Punjab, Pakistan. It is the 21st largest city in Punjab and 31st largest in Pakistan, by population. Located in northern Punjab, it serves as the capital of the ...

marking the border with Majha dialect. To the north, Pothwari transitions into the Pahari-speaking area, with Bharakao, near Islamabad, generally regarded as the point where Pothwari ends and Pahari begins. In

Attock Attock ( Punjabi, ), formerly known as Campbellpur (Punjabi, ), is a city in Punjab, Pakistan, not far from the country's capital Islamabad. It is the headquarters of the Attock District and is 36th largest city in the Punjab and 61st largest c ...

and Talagang districts of Pothohar, it comes in contact with other Lahnda varieties, namely Chacchi, Awankari and Ghebi. In Chakwal, yet another dialect is spoken, Dhani. Pothwari has been represented as a dialect of Punjabi by the Punjabi language movement, and in census reports the Pothwari areas of Punjab have been shown as Punjabi-majority.

Mirpur

East of the Pothwari areas, across the

Jhelum River The Jhelum River is a major river in South Asia, flowing through India and Pakistan, and is the westernmost of the five major rivers of the Punjab region. It originates at Verinag and flows through the Indian-administered territory of Jammu ...

into

Mirpur District Mirpur District () is a district of Pakistan-administered Azad Jammu and Kashmir region. The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the tertiary sources (a ...

in Azad Kashmir, the language is more similar to Pothwari than to the Pahari spoken in the rest of Azad Kashmir. Locally it is known by a variety of names: ''Pahari'', ''Mirpur Pahari'', ''Mirpuri'', and ''Pothwari'', while some of its speakers call it ''Punjabi''. Mirpuris possess a strong sense of Kashmiri identity that overrides linguistic identification with closely related groups outside Azad Kashmir, such as the Pothwari Punjabis. The Mirpur region has been the source of the greater part of Pakistani immigration to the UK, a process that started when thousands were displaced by the construction of the

Mangla Dam The Mangla Dam () is a multipurpose dam situated on the Jhelum River, lying in the Mirpur District of Pakistan administered Azad Kashmir and the Jhelum District in Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan. It is the List of largest dams, sixth-large ...

in the 1960s and emigrated to fill labour shortages in England. The British Mirpuri diaspora now numbers several hundred thousand, and Pahari has been argued to be the second most common mother tongue in the UK, yet the language is little known in the wider society there and its status has remained surrounded by confusion.

Kashmir, Murree and the Galyat

Pahari () is spoken to the north of Pothwari. The central cluster of Pahari dialects is found around

Murree Murree () is a mountain resort city in the northernmost region of the Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab province of Pakistan. Lying in the Galyat region of the Pir Panjal Range under the western Himalayas, it forms the outskirts of the Islamabad–Rawal ...

. This area is in the

Galyat Galyat () region, or hill tract, (also written Galliat and Galiyat) is a narrow strip or area roughly – north-east of Islamabad, Pakistan, extending on both sides of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Punjab border, between Abbottabad and Murree. The word ...

: the hill country of

Murree Tehsil Murree Tehsil () is one of the two Tehsils (i.e. sub-divisions) of Murree District in the Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab Subdivisions of Pakistan, province of Pakistan. Murree Tehsil is located in the northernmost part of Punjab province where it bo ...

in the northeast of Rawalpindi District (just north of the capital Islamabad) and the adjoining areas in southeastern

Abbottabad District Abbottabad District (Hindko, ) is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is part of the Hazara Division and covers an area of 1,969 km2, with the city of Abbottabad being the principal town. Neighbouring districts incl ...

. One name occasionally found in the literature for this language is ''Dhundi-Kairali'' (''Ḍhūṇḍī-Kaiṛālī''), a term first used by Grierson who based it on the names of the two major tribes of the area – the Kairal and the Dhund. Its speakers call it ''Pahari'' in Murree tehsil, while in Abbottabad district it is known as either ''Hindko'' or ''Ḍhūṇḍī''. Nevertheless,

– properly the language of the rest of Abbottabad District and the neighbouring areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – is generally regarded as a different language. It forms a

dialect continuum A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of Variety (linguistics), language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are Mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulat ...

with Pahari, and the transition between the two is in northern Azad Kashmir and in the Galyat region. For example, on the road from Murree northwest towards the city of Abbottabad, Pahari gradually changes into Hindko between Ayubia and Nathiagali. A closely related dialect is spoken across the Jhelum River in Azad Kashmir, north of the Mirpuri areas. Names associated in the literature with this dialect are ''Pahari'' (itself the term most commonly used by the speakers themselves), ''Chibhālī'', named after the Chibhal region or the Chibh ethnic group, and ''Pahari (Poonchi)'' (, also spelt ''Punchhi''). The latter name has been variously applied to either the Chibhali variety specific to the district of Poonch, or to the dialect of the whole northern half of Azad Kashmir. This dialect (or dialects) has been seen either as a separate dialect from the one in Murree, or as belonging to the same central group of Pahari dialects. The dialect of the district of Bagh, for example, has more shared vocabulary with the core dialects from Murree (86–88%) than with the varieties of either Muzaffarabad (84%) or Mirpur (78%). In Muzaffarabad the dialect shows lexical similarity of 83–88% with the central group of Pahari dialects, which is high enough for the authors of the sociolinguistic survey to classify it is a central dialect itself, but low enough to warrant noting its borderline status. The speakers however tend to call their language ''Hindko'' and to identify more with the Hindko spoken to the west, despite the lower lexical similarity (73–79%) with the core Hindko dialects of

Abbottabad Abbottabad is a city in the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. It is the 40th largest city in the country and 6th largest in the province by population, and serves as the headquarter of its namesake tehsil and district ...

and

Mansehra Mansehra (Urdu, ) is a city in the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. By population, it is the List of largest cities in Pakistan, 71st largest city in the country and the List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population, ...

. Further north into the Neelam Valley the dialect, now known locally as ''Parmi'', becomes closer to Hindko. Pahari is also spoken further east across the

Line of Control The Line of Control (LoC) is a military control line between the Indian and Pakistanicontrolled parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir—a line which does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary, but ser ...

into the

Pir Panjal The Pir Panjal Range ( ; ) is a range of mountains in the Lower Himalayan region located in the Western Himalayas of northern Indian subcontinent. It runs southeast to northwest between the Beas and Neelam/Kishanganga rivers, in the Indi ...

mountains in Indian Jammu and Kashmir. The population, estimated at 1 million, is found in the region between the

and Chenab rivers: most significantly in the districts of Poonch and

Rajouri Rajouri or Rajauri (; ; ) is a city in the Rajouri district in the Jammu division of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Jammu and Kashmir. It is located about from Srinagar and from Jammu (city), Jammu city on ...

, to a lesser extent in neighbouring

Baramulla Baramulla (), also known as Varmul () in Kashmiri, is a city and municipality of the Baramulla district of the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.The application of the term "administered" to the various r ...

and Kupwara, and also – as a result of the influx of refugees during the Partition of 1947 – scattered throughout the rest of Jammu and Kashmir. Pahari is among the regional languages listed in the sixth schedule of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir. This Pahari is sometimes conflated with the

Western Pahari The Western Pahari languages are a range of languages and dialects of Northern Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the western parts of the Himalayan range, primarily in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. They are also spoken in Jammu and Jaunsar ...

languages spoken in the mountainous region in the south-east of Indian Jammu and Kashmir. These languages, which include Bhadarwahi and its neighbours, are often called "Pahari", although not same they are closely related to Pahari–Pothwari.

Diaspora

Pahari Pothwari is also very widely spoken in the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

. Labour shortages after

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

, and the displacement of peoples caused by the construction of the Mangla Dam, facilitated extensive migration of Pahari-Pothwari speakers to the UK during the 1950s and 1960s, especially from the Mirpur District. Academics estimate that between two thirds and 80% of people officially classified as

British Pakistanis British Pakistanis (; also known as Pakistani British people or Pakistani Britons) are British people, Britons or residents of the United Kingdom whose ancestral roots lie in Pakistan. This includes people born in the UK who are of Pakistani ...

originate as part of this diaspora, with some suggesting that it is the second most spoken language of the United Kingdom, ahead of even Welsh, with hundreds of thousands of speakers. However, since there is little awareness of the identity of the language among speakers, census results do not reflect this. The highest proportions of Pahari-Pothwari speakers are found in urban centres, especially the

West Midlands conurbation The West Midlands conurbation is the large conurbation in the West Midlands region of England. The area consists of two cities and numerous towns: to the east, the city of Birmingham, along with adjacent towns of Solihull and Sutton Coldfield; a ...

and the

West Yorkshire Built-up Area The West Yorkshire Built-up Area, previously known as the West Yorkshire Urban Area, is a term used by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to refer to a conurbation in West Yorkshire, England, based on the cities of Leeds, Bradford and Wakef ...

Phonology

Vowels

A long diphthong /ɑi/ can be realized as .

Consonants

* Sounds are heard from Persian and Arabic loanwords. * is realized as voiced in word-initial position. * before a velar consonant can be heard as .

Morphology

Nouns

Case table

Extended

masculine Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as socially constructed, and there is also evidence that some beh ...

forms can be realised as being added the

oblique Oblique may refer to: * an alternative name for the character usually called a slash (punctuation) ( / ) *Oblique angle, in geometry * Oblique triangle, in geometry * Oblique lattice, in geometry * Oblique leaf base, a characteristic shape of the ...

forms ending in -e, which is shortened to ''-i-'' (phonetically ̯ before

back vowel A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the highest point of the tongue is positioned relatively back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be c ...

s and is lost before

front vowel A front vowel is a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned approximately as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction th ...

s. Notes: * Extended nouns generally end in -ā for masculine and -ī for feminine in the direct singular form

Oblique form

The numbers in their oblique form function the same throughout Punjabi dialects.

= Oblique case of nouns

= Pahari-Pothwari has unique forms for nouns in oblique cases. This is not observed in standard Punjabi, but is seen in

Vocative case

These cases remain the same between Pothohari and other dialects. As example of the vocative case: Pronominal suffixes Pothohari makes use of the general Punjabi suffixes. Examples:

Pronouns

Full pronoun tables

Verbs

Adding "i" to root form of verb

A peculiar feature of Pahari-Pothwari is to end the basic root form of verbs with an "i" sound.

Future tense

The future tense in Pothwari is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi ''gā.'' This tense is also used in other western Punjabi dialects such as the Jatki dialects, Shahpuri, Jhangochi and Dhanni, as well as in and

and Saraiki. {, class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" , English ! colspan="2" , Pahari-Pothwari ! colspan="2" , Eastern Punjabi , - !transliteration ! Shahmukhi !transliteration ! Shahmukhi , - , I will do , mãi karsā̃ , , mãi karāngā , {{resize , {{Nq, مَیں کرانگا , - , we will do , asā̃ karsā̃ , {{resize , {{Nq, اَساں کرساں , asī̃ karānge , {{resize , {{Nq, اَسِیں کرانگے , - , you will do (s) , tū̃ karsãi , {{resize , {{Nq, تُوں کرسَیں , tū̃ karãigā , {{Nq, تُوں کریں گا , - , you will do (p) , tusā̃ karso , {{resize, {{Nq, تُساں کرسو , tusī̃ karoge , {{resize, {{Nq, تُسِیں کروگے , - , he/she will do , ó karsi , {{resize, {{Nq, اوه کَرسی , ó karega , {{resize, {{Nq, اوه کرے گا , - , they will do , ó karsan , {{resize, {{Nq, اوہ کرسن , ó karaṇge , {{resize, {{Nq, اوه کرݨ گے This type of future tense was also used by classical Punjabi poets. Punjabi poet

Bulleh Shah Sayyid Abdullāh Shāh Qādrī (; ), popularly known as Baba Bulleh Shah and vocatively as Bulleya, was a Punjabi revolutionary philosopher, reformer and Chishti Sufi poet, regarded the 'Father of Punjabi Enlightenment'; and one of the g ...

sometimes uses a similar form of future tense in his poetry: ''Shahmukhi: جو کُجھ کرسَیں, سو کُجھ پاسَیں'' ''Transliteration: jo kujh karsãĩ, so kujh pāsãĩ'' ''Translation: whatsoever you do, is what you shall gain''

Continuous tense

Similar to other Punjabi varieties, Pothwari uses ''peyā'' (past tense form of ''pēṇā'') to signify the continuous tense.

Present Continuous

{, class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" , English ! colspan="2" , Pahari-Pothwari , - !transliteration ! Shahmukhi , - , I am doing (m.) , mē̃ karnā peyā ā̃̀ , {{Nq, میں کرنا پیا ہاں , - , we are doing (m./mixed) , asā̃ karne pa'e ā̃̀ , {{Nq, اساں کرنے پئے ہاں , - , you are doing (sing., m.) , tū̃ karna peya aĩ̀ , {{Nq, تُوں کرنا پیا ہیں , - , you are doing (sing., f.) , tū̃ karnī paī aĩ̀ , {{Nq, تُوں کرنی پئی ہیں , - , you are doing (plural, m./mixed) , tusā̃ karne pa'e ò , {{Nq, تُساں کرنے پئے ہو , - , he is doing , ó karna peya aì , {{Nq, اوہ کرنا پیا ہے , - , she is doing , ó karnī paī aì , {{Nq, اوہ کرنی پئی ہے , - , they are doing (m.) , ó karne pa'e ìn , {{Nq, اوہ کرنے پئے ہِن , - , they are doing (f.) , ó karniyā̃ paiyā̃ ìn , {{Nq, اوہ کرنیاں پئیاں ہِن

= Past continuous

= The past tense in Pothwari resembles that of Eastern Punjabi, however depending on the dialect, there may be slight variations. {, class="wikitable" !English !Pahari-Pothwari !Standard Punjabi , - , I was doing (m.) , {{Nq, میں کرنا پیا ساں maĩ karna pya sã , {{Nq, میں کردا پیا ساں maĩ karda pya sã , - , we were doing (m./mixed) , {{Nq, اساں کرنے پئے سیاں/ساں , {{Nq, اسِیں کردے پئے ساں , - , you were doing (sing., m.) , {{Nq, تُوں کرنا پیا سیں , {{Nq, تُوں کردا پیا سیں , - , you were doing (pl., m./mixed or sing. formal) , {{Nq, تُساں کرنے پئے سیو/سو , {{Nq, تُسِیں کردے پئے سو , - , he was doing , {{Nq, اوہ کرنا پیا سا/سی , {{Nq, اوہ کردا پیا سی , - , she was doing , {{Nq, اوہ کرنی پئی سی , {{Nq, اوہ کردی پئی سی , - , they were doing (m./mixed) , {{Nq, اوہ کرنے پئے سے/سن , {{Nq, اوہ کردے پئے سن , - , they were doing (f.) , {{Nq, اوہ کرنِیاں پئیاں سِیاں/سن , {{Nq, اوہ کردِیاں پئیاں سن The place of "''pyā"'' may sometimes be switched with respect to the verb. This is common in Majhi (e.g: Noor Jehan's ''"chann māhi teri rāh pyi takkni ãã'') and as well as in Jhangochi, Shahpuri, etc ''"tusā̃ báhū̃ changā kamm karne ò pa'e"'', meaning "you (plural/sing. formal) are doing a very good thing" ''"mē̃ vī tā̃ éhe gall ākhnā sā̃ peyā"'', meaning "I was also saying the same thing" ''"mē̃ vī tā̃ ehe gall peyā ākhnā ā̃̀"'', meaning "I am also saying the same thing"

Post-positions

These are typically the same in Pothohari and standard Punjabi, but some differences can be noted.

Adverbs and post-positions

{, class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! colspan="3" , Adverbs and post-positions , - !English !Pothohari !Standard Punjabi , - , which (relative) , جہڑا , جہڑا , - , which (interogative) , کہڑا , کہڑا , - , if , جے , جے , - , and , تے , تے , - , near , نیڑے , نیڑے , - , distant , پرھاں , پرھاں , - , before / previously , اگّے , اگّے , - , hence / thus , تاں مارے , تاں کرکے , - , exactly why , تاں ای , تاں ای , - , first , پہلوں , پہلوں / پہلاں , - , once , اِکّ واری , اِکّ واری , - , now , ہُن , ہُن , - , just now , ہُنے / میسں , ہُنے , - , right at that time , اوسے ویلے , اوسے ویلے , - , sometimes , کدے , کدے / کدی , - , somewhere , کِرے / کُرے , کِتّے / کِدھرے , - , when , کدوں , کدوں , - , like this (adv.) , ایوں / اِنج / اِسراں , ایوں / اِنج / اِس طرحاں , - , like this (adj.) , ایہے جیہا , ایہو جیہا , - , exactly this / only this , ایہے , ایہو , - , above , اَپّر , اُتّے / اُپّر , - , below , تھلّے / بُن , تھلّے , - , from below , تھلّوں , تھلّوں , - , right , سجّے , سجّے , - , left , کھبّے , کھبّے , - , within , وِچّ , وِچّ , - , from within , وِچّّوں , وِچّوں , - , between , وِشکار , وِچکار , - , from , توں / سوں / کولں , توں / کولوں , - , from the front , اگّوں , اگّوں , - , from behind , پِچھوں، مگروں , پِچھوں، مگروں , - , in comparison , کولوں / نالوں , کولوں / نالوں , - , with (utility) , نال , نال , - , furthermore , نالے , نالے , - , yet / still , حالے / اجے , حالے / اجے , - , with (possession) , کول , کول , - , along / including , سݨے , سݨے , - , ٰeverywhere , چوہاں پاسے , چوہاں پاسے , - , properly , چنگی طرحاں , چنگی طرحاں , - , harshly , ڈاہڈا , ڈاہڈا , - , with ease , سوکھا , سوکھا , - , with difficulty , اوکھا , اوکھا , - , lest , متے , متاں / کِتے ایہہ نہ ہووے , - , who knows , خورے , خورے , - , very , بہُوں , (بہوں is used in most Western Punjabi dialects) , - , enough , بتیرا , بتھیرا / بتیرا , - , less , گھٹّ , گھٹّ , - , alone , کلھیوں , کلھیاں , - , together , کٹھّیوں , کٹھّیاں , - , again , مُڑی تے , مُڑکے , - , repeatedly , مُڑی مُڑی , مُڑ مُڑ , - , eventually , ہَولے ہَولے , ہَولی ہَولی , - , quickly , بہلی , چھیتی , - , this much (quality.) , ایڈا , ایڈا , - , this much (quantity.) , ہیتݨاں , اِنّا , - , alright / okay / oh , ہلا , اچّھا Note: * Some Majhi subdialects do use کٹھّیوں for کٹھّیاں * Standard Punjabi makes use of اُپّر * In Pahari-Pothohari مسیں means now, while in other dialects مسیں / مساں means "barely/hardly" * The pronunciation وِشکار is not unique to Pahari-Pothohari alone * The word and expression ہلا / ''Hala'' is common throughout Western Punjab, also used in Majhi

Genitive marker

The genitive marker in Pahari-Pothwari is represented through the use of ''nā'' (ਨਾ / {{resize, {{Nastaliq, نا ) as opposed to ''dā'' (ਦਾ / {{resize, {{Nastaliq, دا ) in common Punjabi. * The phrase: ''lokkā̃ dā'' (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦਾ / {{resize, {{Nastaliq, لوکاں {{strong, دا ), meaning "people's" or "of the people" in Pahari-Pothwari, would become ''lokkā̃ nā'' (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨਾ / {{resize, {{Nastaliq, لوکاں {{strong, نا ) It should also be noted that in Pahari-Pothwari, the present form of verb does not end with the standard ''dā'' sound either, and is replaced with ''nā.'' This means that ''ākhdā'' would be ''ākhnā'' in Pahari-Pothwari meaning "to say" and similarly the word ''takkdā'' would be ''takknā'' in Pahari-Pothwari meaning "to look/to watch". {, class="wikitable" !English !Pothohari !Majhi !Jhangochi , - , we come , اساں اچھنے آں , اسِیں آؤنے آں , اسِیں آنے آں , - , what do you say? , تُوں کے آخنا ایں؟ , تُوں کی آکھدا ایں؟ , تُوں کی آہیندا ایں؟ , - , the things I do , جہڑے کمّ میں کرنا آں , جہڑے کمّ میں کرنا آں , جہڑے کمّ میں کرنا/کریٔنا آں For example: * ''miki eh nih si cāhinā'' ({{Nq, میکی ایہہ نِیہ سی چاہینا), meaning "this is not what I wanted" * ''oh kai pyā ākhnā ae?'' ({{Nq, اوہ کے پیا آخنا ہے؟), meaning "what is he saying?" * This also affects the common Punjabi passive tense: ''is tarhā̃ nih ākhī nā'' ({{Nq, اِس طرحاں نہیں آخی نا), instead of "''ākhee dā''", meaning "that's not how it should be said"

Dative and definite object marker

The dative and definite object marker in Pothwari is ''kī'' (ਕੀ /کی) as opposed to ''nū̃'' (ਨੂੰ / نوں) in standard Punjabi. The phrase: ''lokkā̃ nū̃'' (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ / لوکاں نوں), meaning "to the people" in standard Punjabi, would become ''lokkā̃ kī'' (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਕੀ / لوکاں کی) in Pothwari.

Adjectives

{, class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! colspan="3" , Adjectives , - !English !Pothohari !Majhi , - , difficult , اوکھا , اوکھا , - , easy , سَوکھا , سَوکھا , - , small , نِکّا , نِکّا , - , large , بڑا / بڈّا , وڈّا , - , unfamiliar , اوپرا , اوپرا , - , new , نوَاں , نوَاں , - , old , پراݨاں , پراݨاں , - , straight , سِدھّا , سِدھّا , - , inverted , پُٹھّا , پُٹھّا , - , crooked , ڈِنگّا , ڈِنگّا , - , high , اُچّا , اُچّا , - , low , نِیواں , نِیواں , - , good , چنگا , چنگا , - , bad , ماڑا / مندا , ماڑا / مندا , - , very bad , بھَیڑا , بھَیڑا , - , heavy , بھارا , بھارا , - , light (weight) , ہَولا , ہَولا , - , narrow , سَوڑا , سَوڑا , - , open , کھُلھّا , کھُلھّا , - , firm , پِیڈا , پِیڈا , - , loose , ڈھِلّا , ڈھِلّا , - , late , چِرکا , چِرکا , - , on time , ویلے نال , ویلے نال , - , red , رتّا لال , رتّا لال , - , crimson , سُوہا کھٹّ , سُوہا کھٹّ , - , white , چِٹّا دُدھّ , چِٹّا دُدھّ , - , black , کالا شاہ , کالا شاہ , - , yellow , پِلّا زرد , پِلّا زرد , - , sweet , مِٹھّا , مِٹھّا , - , bitter , کَوڑا , کَوڑا , - , slow , مٹھّا , مٹھّا , - , well , بلّ , ولّ , - , empty , سکھّݨاں , سکھّݨاں , - , filled , بھریا , بھریا , - , dry , سُکّا / آٹھریا , سُکّا / آٹھریا , - , wet , گِلّا / بھِجّا , گِلّا / بھِجّا , - , hot , تتّا , تتّا , - , cold , ٹھڈّا , ٹھنڈا , - , hungry , بھُکھّا , بھُکھّا , - , fed , رجّیا پُجّیا , رجّیا پُجّیا , - , smart , سیاݨا , سیاݨا , - , fool , جھلّا , جھلّا , - , deep , ڈُونگھا , ڈُونگھا , - , beautiful , سوہݨاں , سوہݨاں , - , ugly , کوجھا , کوجھا , - , evil , لُچّا , لُچّا , - , faux naïf , مِیسݨا , مِیسݨا

Tribal groupings

Pahari-Pothwari speakers belong to the same tribes found in Punjab. While the names of the tribes remain the same, the Punjabi word for tribe ''birādrī/barādarī'' ({{resize, {{nq, برادری ) becomes ''bilādrī/balādarī'' ({{resize, {{nq, بلادری ) in Pahari-Pothwari and several other Punjabi dialects such as Jatki and Shahpuri.

Numbering system

Pahari-Pothwari follows the numbering traditions of standard Punjabi. A point of departure from eastern Punjabi dialects occurs in the use of ''trai'' ({{resize, {{nq, ترَے ) instead of ''tinn'' ({{resize, {{nq, تِنّ ) for "three". Other western Punjabi dialects also tend to use ''trai'' over ''tinn''. Similarly, Pothwari, Majhi and other western Punjabi dialects use ''"yārā̃"'' (یاراں) for ''"gyarā̃"'' (گیاراں), ''"trei''" (ترئی) for ''"tei"'' (تئی) "''panji"'' (پنجِی) for ''"pachchi"'' (پچّی) and ''"trih"'' (ترِیہہ) for ''"tih"'' (تِیہہ), for the numbers 11, 23, 25, and 30. Unlike Jhangochi, Shahpuri and Dhanni, Pothohari does not use "''dāh''" for 10, and instead uses ''"das"'' as in Eastern Punjabi and Urdu/Hindi. {, class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" , English ! colspan="3" , Pahari-Pothwari , - !numbers !numerals !transliteration !Shahmukhi !numerals , - , one , 1 , ''ikk'' , {{resize, {{nq, اِکّ , {{resize, {{nq, ۱ , - , two , 2 , ''do'' , {{resize, {{nq, دو , {{resize, {{nq, ۲ , - , three , 3 , ''trai'' , {{resize, {{nq, ترَے , {{resize, {{nq, ۳ , - , four , 4 , ''chār'' , {{resize, {{nq, چار , {{resize, {{nq, ۴ , - , five , 5 , ''panj'' , {{resize, {{nq, پَنج , {{resize, {{nq, ۵ , - , six , 6 , ''che'' , {{resize, چھے , {{resize, {{nq, ۶ , - , seven , 7 , ''satt'' , {{resize, {{nq, سَتّ , {{resize, {{nq, ۷ , - , eight , 8 , ''aṭṭh'' , {{resize, {{nq, اَٹّھ , {{resize, {{nq, ۸ , - , nine , 9 , ''nau'' , {{resize, {{nq, نَو , {{resize, {{nq, ۹ , - , ten , 10 , ''das'' , {{resize, {{nq, دَس , {{resize, {{nq, ۱۰

Ordinals

The ordinal numbers are largely the same. The only difference occurs in the words for "''second"'' and "''third"''. The former is ''dūwā'' (دووا) in Pothwari, whilst it is ''dūjjā'' (دوجا) in Punjabi; the latter is ''trēyā'' (تریا) in Pothwari whilst it is ''tējjā'' (تیجا) in Punjabi. Western Punjabi in general tends to follow this trend. {, class="wikitable" !English ! colspan="2" , Pahari-Pothwari ! colspan="2" , Standard Punjabi ! colspan="2" , Jatki , - !ordinals !Shahmukhi !transliteration !Shahmukhi !transliteration !Shahmukhi !transliteration , - , first , پہلا , pehlā , پہلا , pehlā , پہلا , pehlā , - , second , دووا , dūwā , دوجا , dūjjā , دووا / دُوجا , dūwā / dūjjā , - , third , {{nq, تریا , trīyā , {{nq, تیجا , tījjā , {{nq, ترِجیا , trījjā , - , fourth , چوتھا , chautthā , چَوتھا , chautthā , چَوتھا , chautthā

Vocabulary

General verbs

A majority of the general verbs between Pothohari and most other dialects of Punjabi appear to be the same. {, class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! colspan="3" , Pahari-Pothwari general verbs , - !English !Pothohari !Majhi , - , taking out , کڈھّݨا , کڈھّݨا , - , taking off , لاہݨا , لاہُݨا , - , applying , لاݨا , لاؤݨا , - , decreasing , گھٹّݨا , گھٹّݨا , - , jumping , چھال مارنی , چھال مارنی , - , agreeing , منّݨا , منّݨا , - , hesitating , جھکّݨا , جھکّݨا , - , forgetting , بھُلّݨا , بھُلّݨا , - , wearing / pouring , باݨا , پاؤݨا , - , lying / to be poured , پَیݨا , پَیݨا , - , sitting , بہݨا , بہݨا , - , breaking , بھنّݨا یا تروڑنا , بھنّݨا , - , returning , موڑنا , موڑنا , - , flipping , پرتاݨا , پرتاؤݨا , - , seeing , تکھّݨا , تکّݨا یا ویکھݨا , - , to be seen , دِسّݨا , دِسّݨا , - , telling , دسّݨا , دسّݨا , - , saying , آخݨا , آکھݨا , - , running , نسّݨا , نسّݨا , - , falling , ڈھیہݨا , ڈھہݨا یا ڈِگّݨا , - , slipping , تِلکݨا , تِلکݨا , - , chewing , چِتھّݨا , چِتھّݨا , - , coughing , کھنگھݨا , کھنگھݨا , - , raising , چاڑھنا , چاڑھنا , - , coming , اچھݨا , آؤݨا , - , walking , ٹُرنا , ٹُرنا , - , pulling , چھِکّݨا , چھِکّݨا / کھِچّݨا , - , passing , لنگھّݨا , لنگھّݨا , - , capturing , مَلّݨا , مَلّݨا , - , cooling , ٹھارنا , ٹھارنا , - , obtaining , لبھّݨا , لبھّݨا , - , lighting up , بالݨا , بالݨا , - , cooking , رِنھّݨا , رِنھّݨا , - , tying , بنھّݨا , بنھّݨا , - , roasting , بھُنّݨا , بھُنّݨا , - , slaughtering , کوہݨا , کوہݨا , - , identifying , سیاݨنا , سیاݨنا , - , throwing , سٹّݨا , سُٹّݨا / سٹّݨا , - , losing , ہرنا , ہرنا , - , entering , بڑنا , وڑنا , - , crumbling , بھورنا , بھورنا , - , covering , کجّݨا , کجّݨا , - , dividing , ونڈݨا , ونڈݨا , - , stuffing / thrusting , تُنّݨا , تُنّݨا , - , pressing , منڈݨا , منڈݨا , - , vexing , کھپاݨا , کھپاؤݨا , - , spreading , کھِلارنا , کھِلارنا , - , to be stolen , کھُسّݨا , کھُسّݨا , - , blowing , پھُوکݨا , پھُوکݨا , - , dusting off , چھنڈݨا , چھنڈݨا , - , mixing , رلݨا , رلݨا , - , drying , سُکّݨا , سُکّݨا , - , hanging , لمکݨا , لمکݨا , - , boiling , کاڑھنا , کاڑھنا , - , spilling , ڈولھݨا , ڈولھݨا , - , shining , لِشکݨا , لِشکݨا , - , plastering / coating , لِنبݨا , لِنبݨا , - , maintaining , سانبھݨا , سانبھݨا , - , taking along , کھڑنا , کھڑنا یا لَےجاݨا Note: * Eastern Majhi and Malvai use ''khichchna'' for pulling, while western Majhi, Jhangochi, Shahpuri, Pothohari use ''chhikkna''. * Eastern dialects will use ''bhann-toṛ'' and ''tuṭṭ-bhajj'', while western dialects like Pothohari use ''bhann-troṛ'' and ''truṭṭ-bhajj''. * ''saṭṭna'' for throwing is used in Western dialects, and ''chāna'' for picking (as opposed to s''uṭṭna / chukkna''), though Pothohari may use c''hukkna'' as well. * Pothohari verbs do not seem to involve the -''āvna'' or -''āuna'' sound. This is similar to certain Majhi sub-dialects. * ''labbhna'' is used for obtaining and receiving as in most dialects of Punjabi, however it is often not used in the active sense. For this Pothohari prefers ''loṛna''. (The passive form of this word ''"loṛīnda"'' is commonly used in standard Punjabi) * The Pothohari word for grabbing and holding is ''nappṅa'' (common in Punjabi) and ''lapaṛna'' (unique verb)

The passives remain the same throughout Punjabi dialects

* ''bhanṅa'' (to break) and ''bhajjṅa'' (to be broken) * ''bhunṅa'' (to roast) and ''bhujjṅa'' (to be roasted) * ''rinnhṅa'' (to cook) and ''rijjhṅa'' (to be cooked) * ''dolhṅa'' (to spill) and ''dullhṅa'' (to be spilt) * ''lāhṅa'' (to take off) and ''lehṅa'' (to descend/come off) * ''laveṛna'' (to besmear) and ''livaṛna'' (to be besmeared)

The irregular past tense remains the same throughout Punjabi dialects

Differences in brackets. * ''khādhā'' * ''pītā'' * ''dittā'' * ''kītā'' * ''suttā'' * ''moeā'' * ''seāṅtā'' (Jhangochi/Shahpuri/Dhanni: s''eātā'', Majhi: s''eāṅeā'') * ''latthā'' * ''ḍhaṭṭhā'' * ''baddhā'' * ''nahātā'' * ''dhotā'' * ''khaltā'' (in other dialects: ''khalotā'') e.g.: ''miki saṛke apar khalteon addhā ghantā hoi gya sā'' * ''baṅtā'' (in other dialects: ''baṅeā'') e.g.: ''chāʼ kadū̃ ni banti hoi ae'' * ''guddhā''

''nā'' and ''khā̃'' (emphatics)

Used throughout Punjabi dialects (e.g.: Majhi, Jhangochi, etc.) * ''gall suṅeṉ na'' "please listen" * ''gall suṅ khā̃'' "listen up!" Word for sleep {, class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! colspan="4" , Forms of the verb to sleep , - !English !Pothohari !Jhangochi / Shahpuri !Majhi , - , to sleep , سَیݨا , سَوݨا سن٘وݨا , سَوݨا , - , has slept , سئی ریہا , سَیں پیا سَیں ریہا , سَوں گیا , - , he is sleeping , اوہ سَیݨا اے پیا , اوہ سَوندا اے پیا , اوہ سَوندا اے پیا , - , asleep , سُتّا پیا , سُتّا پیا , سُتّا پیا , - , having slept / while asleep , سُتّیوں , سُتّیاں , سُتّیاں , - , after sleeping , سئی تے , سَیں کے (or تے) , سَوں کے , - , go to sleep , سئی گو سئی جا سئی روہ , سَیں پو سَیں جا سَیں روہ , سَوں جا , - , he is to sleep , اوہ سئے , اوہ سَون٘وے , اوہ سَون٘وے , - , putting to sleep , سن٘واولݨا , سن٘واوݨا , سن٘واؤݨا

Family relations

The names of family relations are mostly the same throughout the Punjabi dialects. {, class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! colspan="2" , Relations , - ! rowspan="2" , English !Pothohari , - !Shahmukhi , - , mother, father , ماں پیو , - , son, daughter , دھِیاں پُتّر , - , brother, sister , بھَیݨاں بھرا , - , elder brother , بھاپا , - , husband , گھر الا / جݨا / خسم , - , wife , گھر آلی / زنانی , - , grandsons, granddaughters (from son) , پوترے پوترِیاں , - , grandsons, granddaughters (from daughter) , دوترے دوترِیاں , - , son-in-law , جوائی , - , daughter-in-law , نوں٘ہہ , - , mother-in-law , سسّ , - , father-in-law , سوہرا , - , husband's sister , نناݨ , - , sister's husband , بھݨوئیا , - , brother's wife , بھرجائی , - , father's brother, father's sister , چاچا / پُپھّی , - , father's brother's wife , چاچی , - , father's sister's husband , پُھپھّڑ , - , mother's brother, mother's sister , ماما / ماسی , - , mother's brother's wife , مامی , - , mother's sister's husband , ماسڑ , - , cousin from father's brother , چچیر / داد پوترا , - , cousin from father's sister , پھُپھیر , - , cousin from mother's brother , ملویر , - , cousin from mother's sister , مسیر Some words unique to Pothohari include: * ''dād-potrā'' to refer to a cousin (son of father's brother, ''potrā'' is a common Punjabi word) * ''be'' for mother (eastern Punjabi uses ''be-be'' for mother) * ''bhāpā'' for brother (sometimes used in eastern Majhi)

Body part names

Names of body parts are the same throughout Punjabi dialects with minimal differences. {, class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! colspan="4" , Body parts , - !English !Pothohari !Jhangochi / Shahpuri !Majhi , - , eyes , اکھِّیاں , اکھِّیاں / اکھِیں , اکھّاں , - , head , سِر , سِر , سِر , - , forehead , متھّا , متھّا , متھّا , - , eyelashes , پِمݨِیاں , پِپّݨیاں , پلکاں , - , eyebrows , بھروٹّے , بھربِٹّے , بھروٹّے , - , eyelids , چھپّر , چھپّر , چھپّر , - , eyeballs , آنّے , آنّے , آنّے , - , ears , کنّ , کنّ , کنّ , - , arms , باہاں , باہِیں , باہواں , - , throat , سنگھ , سگّھ , سنگھ , - , neck , دھَوݨ , دھَوݨ , دھَوݨ , - , shoulders , موڈھے , موڈھے , موڈھے , - , elbow , ارک , ارک , ارک , - , nails , نَونہہ , نَونہہ , نَونہہ , - , hands , ہتھّ , ہتھّ , ہتھّ , - , fingers , انگلاں , انگلاں , اُنگلاں , - , belly , ڈھِڈّ , ڈھِڈّ , ڈھِڈّ , - , waist , لکّ , لکّ , لکّ , - , legs , لتّاں , لتّاں , لتّاں , - , knees , گوڈے , گوڈے , گوڈے , - , ankles , گِٹّے , گِٹّے , گِٹّے , - , feet , پَیر , پَیر , پَیر , - , palm , تلّی , تلّی , تلّی , - , teeth , دند , دند , دند , - , molars , ہݨیوں , ہݨیوں , جاڑھاں , - , tongue , جِیبھ , جِبھّ , جِیبھ , - , nose , نکّ , نکّ , نکّ , - , nostrils , ناساں , ناساں , ناساں , - , face , مونہہ , مونہہ , مونہہ , - , back , کنڈ , کنڈ , کنڈ , - , hips , ڈھاکاں , ڈھاکاں , ڈھاکاں , - , hip bone , چُوکݨا , چُوکݨا , چُوکݨا

Words for "coming" and "going"

The Pahari-Pothwari word for "coming" is ''acchṇā'', whereas for "going" ''gacchṇā, julṇā'' and ''jāṇā'' are used. {, class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" , English !Pahari-Pothwari ! Jatki !

Standard Punjabi Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi, is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India. It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world, with approximately 150 million native speakers. Punjabi is t ...

, - !Shahmukhi !Shahmukhi !Shahmukhi , - , I am coming , {{Nq, میں اچھنا پیا ہاں , {{Nq, میں آوندا پیا ہاں , {{Nq, میں آوندا پیا ہاں , - , I am going , {{Nq, میں گچھنا پیا ہاں {{Nq, میں جُلنا پیا ہاں , {{Nq, میں ویندا پیا ہاں {{Nq, میں جاوندا پیا ہاں , {{Nq, میں جاندا پیا ہاں , - , I don't understand , {{Nq, میکی سمجھ نِیہ اچھنی پئی , {{Nq, مینُوں سمجھ نہیں آوندی پئی , {{Nq, مینُوں سمجھ نہیں آوندی پئی , - , I will leave tomorrow , {{Nq, میں کلّ گیساں {{Nq, میں کلّ جُلساں , {{Nq, میں کلّھ ویساں {{Nq, میں کلّھ جاساں , {{Nq, میں کلّھ جاواں گا , - , we are going for work , {{Nq, اساں کمّے اپّر جُلے ہاں , {{Nq, اسِیں کمّ تے چلے ہاں , {{Nq, اسِیں کمّ تے چلے ہاں , - , it happens , {{Nq, ہوئی گچھنا ہے {{Nq, ہوئی جُلنا ہے {{Nq, ہوئی جانا ہے , {{Nq, ہو ویندا ہے {{Nq, ہو جاوندا ہے , {{Nq, ہو جاندا ہے , - , sit down , {{Nq, بہی جُل {{Nq, بہی گچھ {{Nq, بہی جا , {{Nq, بہہ ونج {{Nq, بہہ جا , {{Nq, بہہ جا , - , I will take him along , {{Nq, اُسکی وی نال گھِنی گیساں {{Nq, اُسکی وی نال گھِنی جُلساں , {{Nq, اوہنُوں وی نال لے ویساں/جاساں {{Nq, اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن ویساں , {{Nq, اوہنُوں وی نال لَے جاواں گا The imperative for ''gacchṇā'' is both ''gacch'' and ''gau''.

Causative verbs

Pahari-Pothwari causative verbs end with -''ālnā''. This feature also exists in the eastern Majhi dialect. (e.g.: ''vikhālṇā'') {, class="wikitable" !English !Pahari-Pothwari !Standard Punjabi !Jatki , - , to cause to eat , {{resize, {{nq, کھوالݨا , {{resize, {{nq, کھواوݨا , {{resize, {{nq, کھواوݨا , - , to cause to drink , {{resize, {{nq, پیالݨا , {{resize, {{nq, پیاوݨا , {{resize, {{nq, پِواوݨا , - , to cause to bathe , {{resize, {{nq, نہوالݨا , {{resize, {{nq, نہواوݨا , {{resize, {{nq, نہواوݨا , - , to cause to wash , {{resize, {{nq, دھوالݨا , {{resize, {{nq, دھواوݨا , {{resize, {{nq, دھواوݨا , - , to cause to cry , {{resize, {{nq, رووالنا , {{resize, {{nq, رواوݨا , {{resize, {{nq, رواوݨا , - , to cause to sleep , {{resize, {{nq, سوالݨا , {{resize, {{nq, سواوݨا , {{resize, {{nq, سواوݨا , - , to cause to sit , {{resize, {{nq, بہالݨا , {{resize, {{nq, بہاوݨا , {{resize, {{nq, بہاوݨا , - , to cause to stand , {{resize, {{nq, اُٹھالݨا , {{resize, {{nq, اُٹھاوݨا , {{resize, {{nq, اُٹھاوݨا Not all causative verbs are formed like this, e.g. to play -''kheṛṇā'' to ''khaṛāṇa,''

Words used for "taking" and "bringing"

Commonly observed in the Lahnda dialects is the use of ''ghinṇā'' ({{Nq, گھِننا) and ''ānṇā'' ({{Nq, آننا){{Cite dictionary , year= 2002, author= Salah-ud-Din, Iqbal, title=Vaḍḍī Panjābī lughat: Panjābī tūn Panjābī , publisher=Aziz Publishers, url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/salah-ud-din_query.py?qs=%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%86&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default , access-date=21 October 2023 , via=dsal.uchicago.edu instead of the eastern Punjabi words ''laiṇā'' ({{Nq, لَینا) and ''lyāṇā'' ({{Nq, لیانا). Notice how ''ghin āo'' becomes ''ghini achho'', and ''ghin ghidā'' becomes ''ghini ghidā'' in accordance with Pothwari grammar and vocabulary. {, class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" , English ! rowspan="2" , Pahari-Pothwari ! colspan="2" , Jatki ! rowspan="2" ,

! rowspan="2" , Saraiki , - ! Shahpuri/ Jhangochi ! Dhanni , - , from tomorrow onwards, I'll also bring it for you, just cope for today , کلّ سوں میں تُساں کی وی آݨی دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کری گھِنو , {{Nq, کلّ توں میں تُہانُوں وی لیا دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر لوو , کلّ توں میں تُسانُوں وی آݨ دِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو , {{Nq, کلّ توں میں تُساں آں وی آݨ دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو , {{Nq, کلّ توں میں تُہاکُوں وی آݨ ڈِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو , - , take him along as well , اُسکی وی نال گھِنی اچھو , اوہنُوں وی نال لَے آوو , اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن آوو , اُساں وی نال گھِن آؤ , اُوکُوں وی نال گھِن آوو , - , they took it from me as well , اُنھاں مھاڑے کولُوں وی گھِنی گھِدا , اُنھاں میرے کولُوں وی لَے لیا , اُنھاں مینڈھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا , اُنھان مڑھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا , اُنھاں میڈے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا , - , he is bringing , اوہ آݨنا پیا ہے , {{Nq, اوہ لیاندا پیا ہے , {{Nq, اوہ اݨیندا پیا ہے , {{Nq, اوہ آݨدا پیا ہے , {{Nq, اوہ اݨیندا پیا ہے , - , we will also have to bring them back , اُنھاں کی واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی , اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی لیاوَݨا ہوسی , اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی , اُنھاں آں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی , اُنھاں کُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی , - , eat it , کھائی گھِن , کھا لَے , کھا گھِن , کھا گھِن , کھا گھِن , - , bring it brought it , چائی آݨو چائی آݨنا , چا لیاؤ چا لیاندا , چا آݨو چا اݨیندا , چا آݨو چا اݨدا , چا آݨو چا اݨیندا , - , take it took it , چائی گھِنو چائی گھِدا , چا لوو چا لیا , چا گھِنو چا گھِدا , چا گھِنو چا گھِدا , چا گھِنو چا گھِدا , - , he will take him along , اوہ اِسکی نال گھِنی گیسی/ جُلسی/ جاسی , اوہ ایہنُوں نال لَے ویسی اوہ ایہنُوں لے جاسی , اوہ ایہنُوں نال گھِن ویسی , اوہ اِساں نال گھِن جُلسی , اوہ اِیکُوں نال گھِن ویسی

Interrogative words

{, class="wikitable" !English !Pahari-Pothwari !Jatki !Standard , - , why , {{Nq, کِیاں , {{Nq, کیوں , {{Nq, کیوں , - , where , {{Nq, کتھے , {{Nq, کِتھّے , {{Nq, کِتھّے , - , whither , {{Nq, کُدھّر , {{Nq, کِدّے , {{Nq, کِدّھر , - , who , کُݨ , کَوݨ , کَوݨ , - , what? , کے؟ , کیہ / کی , کی / کِیہ

Pahari-Pothwari vocabulary similarities with other western Punjabi dialects

{, class="wikitable" !English !Pahari-Pothwari !Jatki !Hindko !Saraiki , - , very / much , بُہو , بہُوں , بہُوں , بہُوں , - , go to sleep , سئی گو , {{Nq, سَیں ونج , {{Nq, سَیں جُل , {{Nq, سم ونج , - , alright / okay , ہلا , ہلا , ہلا , ہلا , - , boy , جاکت / جاتک , جاتک / چھوہر , جندک , چھُوہر , - , what is his name? , کے ناں اُسنا؟ , کیہ/کے ناں اُس؟ , کے ناں اُس؟ , کیا ناں اُس؟ , - , take , گھِنو , لَوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری) گھِنو (دھنی) , گھِنو , گھِنو , - , bring , آݨو , {{Nq, لیاوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری) آنو (دھنی) , آنو , آنو , - , he speaks like us , اوہ اساں آر بولنا اے , {{Nq, اوہ ساڈے آر بولیندا اے , اوہ اساں آر بولدا اے , {{Nq, اوہ ساڈے آر الیندا اے , - , let's go , {{Nq, آ جُلِیَے , {{Nq, آ چلِیئے/جُلِیے , آ جُلاں , آ جُلُوں , - , lift / raise , چاؤ , چاوو , چاؤ , چاوو , - , life , {{Nq, حیاتی , {{Nq, حیاتی , {{Nq, حیاتی , {{Nq, حیاتی

Notes

{{Notelist

References

{{Reflist

Bibliography

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Ethnologue ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensive catalogue of languages. It w ...

, year = 2017, title = Pahari-Potwari, url = http://www.ethnologue.com/language/phr, editor-last1 = Simons, editor-first1 = Gary F., editor-last2 = Fennig, editor-first2 = Charles D., edition = 20, ref = {{harvid, Ethnologue, 2017 (access limited). *{{Cite thesis, last = Singh, first = Kuljit, date = 2014, title = Identity Formation and Assertion: A Study of Pahari Speaking Community of Jammu and Kashmir, type = PhD, institution = University of Jammu, hdl=10603/78359, url =https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/78359

External links

Pahari Language Textbook for Class2

Pahari Language Textbook for Class3

Pahari Language Textbook for Class4

Pahari Language Textbook for Class5

Pahari Language Textbook for Class6

Pahari Language Textbook for Class8 (Part A)

Pahari Language Textbook for Class8 (Part B)
{{Incubator, phr {{Punjabi varieties {{Indo-Aryan languages {{Languages of Pakistan {{Languages of India Punjabi dialects Punjabi language in Pakistan Languages of Azad Kashmir Languages of Jammu and Kashmir