"Polly Vaughn" is an Irish folk-song (

Roud The Roud Folk Song Index is a database of around 250,000 references to nearly 25,000 songs collected from oral tradition in the English language from all over the world. It is compiled by Steve Roud. Roud's Index is a combination of the Broadsid ...

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O36).

Synopsis

A man, sometimes called Johnny Randle, goes out hunting for birds. During the hunt, he sees something white in the bushes. Thinking this is a swan, he shoots. To his horror, he discovers he has killed his true love, Polly Vaughn, sheltering from the rain. Returning home, he reports his mistake to his uncle and is advised not to run away. He should stay and tell the court that it was an honest mistake. The night before Polly's funeral, her ghost appears to confirm his version of the events. The narrator imagines all the women of the county standing in a line, with Polly shining out among them as a "fountain of snow". Since the fairest girl in the county died, the girls are said to be glad of her death. In some versions, there is no scene of a guilty confession and no ghost.

Commentary

Polly wears a white apron, and has a name which usually sounds like "Mailí Bhán". In Irish Gaelic, this translates as "Fair Mary". Baring-Gould commented that there is some similarity to Celtic legends about "The Swan Maidens". Anne Gilchrist in the Journal of the Folksong Society (number 26) points to many tales about women turning into swans. There is a fairy tale called "An Cailin" (The Fair Girl). A version of this story was recorded as "Cailín na Gruaige Báine" on the album '' Aoife'' by

Moya Brennan Moya Brennan (born Máire Philomena Ní Bhraonáin on 4 August 1952), also known as Máire Brennan, is an Irish folk singer, songwriter, harpist, and philanthropist. She is the sister of the musical artist known as Enya. She began performing pr ...

. In Ovid's ''

Metamorphoses The ''Metamorphoses'' (, , ) is a Latin Narrative poetry, narrative poem from 8 Common Era, CE by the Ancient Rome, Roman poet Ovid. It is considered his ''Masterpiece, magnum opus''. The poem chronicles the history of the world from its Cre ...

'', the Aeolian prince Cephalus accidentally kills his wife

Procris In Greek mythology, Procris (, ''gen''.: Πρόκριδος) was an Athenian princess, the third daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens and his wife, Praxithea. Homer mentions her in the ''Odyssey'' as one of the many dead spirits Odysseus sa ...

with a javelin while hunting. Roy Palmer compares this story to that of Polly Vaughn. This interpretation might be called the "Romantic Celtic" version, and has been embraced by Shirley Collins. There are no versions known before 1806 (there are a number of versions from 1765 to 1806). Hugh Shields suggested that the story might be based on a real event in Kilwarlin, co. Down. The song is discussed in "EDS" (English Dance and Song) Autumn 2006 edition.

Historical background

There are versions of this song called "This Shooting of his Dear", in which the protagonist similarly mistakes Polly for a swan, but "never shall be hung for the shooting of his dear."

Cultural relationships

There is a slight tendency for the name "Molly" to be used more frequently in the Irish versions of the song, and for "Polly" to be used in the English versions.

Standard references

Most traditional songs involving death are included among the

Child ballad The Child Ballads are List of the Child Ballads, 305 traditional ballads from England and Scotland, and their American variants, anthologized by Francis James Child during the second half of the 19th century. Their lyrics and Child's studies ...

s. The absence of this song from that list has puzzled several commentators, since Francis Child should have known about the song. It was published in Robert Jamieson's 'Popular Ballads and Songs from tradition, manuscripts and scarce editions', 1806. Jamieson writes about this song, "This is indeed a silly ditty, one of the very lowest description of vulgar English ballads which are sung about the streets in country towns and sold four or five for a halfpenny". Jamieson says that it also goes by the name "Lord Kenneth and Fair Ellinour". This seems like a misinterpretation, since there is a Child Ballad (number 73) called "Lord Thomas and Fair Elleanor" which involves a man killing a woman. * Roud 166 * Laws O36 * The website "irishtune" categorises this as tune number 590 "Molly Bán
Irishtune
* In Francis O'Neill and James O'Neill's "O'Neill's Music of Ireland" it is tune number 1474 * In Francis O'Neill and James O'Neill's "The Dance Music of Ireland. 1001 Gems" it is number 703.

Broadsides

Broadside printings of this song are known from: * Pitts (London) (between 1802 and 1819) * Disley (London) * Kendrew (York) * Kenedy (New York) 1884 * Pearson (Manchester) * Haly (Cork) * J. F. Nugent & Co (Dublin) (between 1850 and 1899)

Textual variants

The song exists under the titles: * "Polly Vaughan" * "Polly Vaughn" * "Molly Bawn" * "Molly Ban" * "Molly Bender" * "Molly Bond" * "Molly Vaughan" * "Molly Van" * "Polly Von" * "The Shooting of His Dear" * "As Jimmie Went A-Hunting" * "The Fowler" * "An Cailin Bán" (instrumental version) * "Fair Haired Molly" (instrumental version)

Non-English variants

The Irish tune "An Cailín Bán" appears to have evolved separately from the English tune, and appears to be earlier.

Songs that refer to "Polly Vaughn"

*"Polly Von" by

Peter, Paul and Mary Peter, Paul and Mary were an American Contemporary folk music, folk group formed in New York City in 1961 during the American folk music revival. The trio consisted of Peter Yarrow (guitar, tenor vocals), Paul Stookey (guitar, baritone vocals), ...

*"One Starry Night" by Black 47 *A cover version of "Polly Von" by Peter, Paul and Mary is included on

Chris de Burgh Christopher John Davison (born 15 October 1948), known professionally as Chris de Burgh ( ), is a British-Irish singer-songwriter and musician. He started out as an art rock performer but subsequently started writing more pop-oriented material ...

's 2008 album '' Footsteps'', a collection of covers of some of his favourite songs. And Polly Vaughn arranged by Rodney Dillard and recorded by The Dillards on Elektra Records 1962.

Motifs

According to "The Fiddlers companion" website, the title "Molly Bawn" is an Anglicised corruption of the Gaelic "Mailí Bhán," or Fair Mary (Fairhaired Mary, White Haired Mary). The symbol of a bird to represent a departing spirit from a dead body is common in art, particularly in scenes of the death of Christ. The idea that a woman might transform herself into a swan is widely known from

Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( ; 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer during the Romantic period. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally. Tchaikovsky wrote some of the most popular ...

's ballet "

Swan Lake ''Swan Lake'' ( rus, Лебеди́ное о́зеро, r=Lebedínoje ózero, p=lʲɪbʲɪˈdʲinəjə ˈozʲɪrə, links=no ), Op. 20, is a ballet composed by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1875–76. Despite its initial failu ...

". The word ''bán'' in Irish means "white", "pale", or "fair"; ''bawn'' is an Anglicized version.

Literature

The Colleen Bawn ''The Colleen Bawn, or The Brides of Garryowen'' is a melodramatic Play (theatre), play written by Irish people, Irish playwright Dion Boucicault. It was first performed at Laura Keene's Theatre, New York City, New York, on 27 March 1860 with ...

'' is a melodramatic play by

Dion Boucicault Dionysius Lardner "Dion" Boucicault (né Boursiquot; 26 December 1820 – 18 September 1890) was an Irish actor and playwright famed for his melodramas. By the later part of the 19th century, Boucicault had become known on both sides of the ...

. ''Molly Bawn: A comedy drama in four acts'' (1920) is by Marie Doran. There is also a song by Samuel Lover in the one-act opera ''Il Paddy Whack in Italia'' (1841) called "Molly Bawm". Margaret Wolfe Hungerford wrote a novel called ''Molly Bawn'' (1878). These stories are unrelated. The story is adapted and illustrated by

Barry Moser Barry Moser (born 1940) is an American visual artist and educator, known as a printmaker specializing in wood engravings, and an illustrator of numerous works of literature. He is also the owner and operator of the Pennyroyal Press, an engraving a ...

in 1992 as the children's book, '' Polly Vaughn: A Traditional British Ballad'', which is set in the

Southern United States The Southern United States (sometimes Dixie, also referred to as the Southern States, the American South, the Southland, Dixieland, or simply the South) is List of regions of the United States, census regions defined by the United States Cens ...

, and again as part of the 1998 children's book, '' Great Ghost Stories'', complete with an afterword by Peter Glassman. Samuel Lover wrote tunes as well as novels and dramas. Ciaran Tourish recorded "Molly Bawn's Reel" but it is not connected with the song. The websit
Reel
suggests that Samuel Lover composed the tune. In Canada, there is a company doing Whale and Puffin tours, called "Molly Bawn". There is a poem called "Polly Vaughn" in Les Barker's book ''Alexander Greyhound Bell''. It is presumably a parody of the song.

Music

The earliest known version of the tune for the Irish version of the song, is earlier than the earliest printing of the words. Edward Bunting's "General Collection of the Ancient Music of Ireland" appeared in 1796. He printed the Irish tune three times in his manuscripts, each time noting it was traditionally the first to by learned by beginning harpers. Under the Irish title "An Cailín Bán" it was first mentioned in 1839 (The fair girl) as a tune rather than a song. The tune appears in "The Concertina and How to Play It" (1905) by Paul de Ville (as "Molly Bawn"), implying it is for beginners. This would suggest that the words were not with the Irish tune until sometime between 1840 and 1905. The English tune is known from around 1890. In Atlantic Canada, particularly Newfoundland, a variation of the original song, titled "Molly Bawn", depicts a man, reminiscing in despair, over the loss of his young bride many years ago. However, nowhere in the song is the manner of the girl's death mentioned. (The Leach song, not Molly Bawn, is a version of Boating on Lough Ree by John Keegan Casey (1816–1849), from "Amatory Poems", ref. Mudcat Discussion Forum)

Recordings

Section 1 – Performed as a folk song Section 2 – Performed as a classical music arrangement

Benjamin Britten Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten of Aldeburgh (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976) was an English composer, conductor, and pianist. He was a central figure of 20th-century British music, with a range of works including opera, o ...

wrote many arrangements of folksongs. "Folksong Arrangements – volume 6" contains "The Shooting of His Dear".

Ernest John Moeran Ernest John Smeed Moeran (; 31 December 1894 – 1 December 1950) was an English composer whose work was strongly influenced by English and Irish folk music of which he was an assiduous collector. His output includes orchestral pieces, concerto ...

composed "Six Folk Songs from Norfolk" in 1923. The 5th song is "The Shooting of his Dear". According to Barry Marsh, the song became a basis for Moeran's Symphony in G minor. Section 3 – Performed as an instrumental

Musical variants

Edward Madden wrote the words, and M. J. Fred Helf wrote the music to a song called "Colleen Bawn" in 1906. The second verse is as follows: :Colleen Bawn when I am gone I wonder will you miss me, :Don't be afraid some other maid Will fall in love and kiss me, :For if they do I'll think of you A waiting here and sighing, :I'll drop my gun and start to run, And home a flying. The song is about a soldier who longs to return to his Irish sweetheart. In Canada a song called "Molly Bawn" has been captured by song-collector MacEdward Leach. It has the line: :Oh, Molly Bawn, why leave me pining, All lonely, waiting here for you?

Other songs with the same tune

The air "Molly ban so Fair" (1905, Stanford/Petrie collection), is probably unrelated. According to "The Fiddlers companion" website, there is a variant similar to O’Carolan's composition "Fairhaired Mary".