The Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) is a constellation of polar orbiting

weather satellite A weather satellite or meteorological satellite is a type of Earth observation satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. Satellites are mainly of two types: polar orbiting (covering the entire Earth asyn ...

s funded by the

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA ) is an American scientific and regulatory agency charged with Weather forecasting, forecasting weather, monitoring oceanic and atmospheric conditions, Hydrography, charting the seas, ...

(NOAA) and the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) with the intent of improving the accuracy and detail of weather analysis and forecasting. The spacecraft were provided by

NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agencies of the United States government, independent agency of the federal government of the United States, US federal government responsible for the United States ...

and the

European Space Agency The European Space Agency (ESA) is a 23-member International organization, international organization devoted to space exploration. With its headquarters in Paris and a staff of around 2,547 people globally as of 2023, ESA was founded in 1975 ...

(ESA), and NASA's

Goddard Space Flight Center The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is a major NASA space research laboratory located approximately northeast of Washington, D.C., in Greenbelt, Maryland, United States. Established on May 1, 1959, as NASA's first space flight center, GSFC ...

oversaw the manufacture, integration and test of the NASA-provided TIROS satellites. The first polar-orbiting weather satellite launched as part of the POES constellation was the Television Infrared Observation Satellite-N ( TIROS-N), which was launched on 13 October 1978. The final spacecraft, NOAA-19 (NOAA-N Prime), was launched on 6 February 2009. The ESA-provided MetOp satellite operated by EUMETSAT utilize POES-heritage instruments for the purpose of data continuity. The

Joint Polar Satellite System The Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) is the latest generation of U.S. polar-orbiting, non-geosynchronous, environmental satellites. JPSS will provide the global environmental data used in numerical weather prediction models for forecasts, and ...

(JPSS-1, now

NOAA-20 NOAA-20, designated JPSS-1 prior to launch, is the first of the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's latest generation of U.S. polar-orbiting, non-geosynchronous, environmental satellites called the Joint Polar Sate ...

), which was launched on 18 November 2017, is the successor to the POES Program. On-orbit satellite operations of POES is performed by NOAA's Office of Satellite and Product Operations (OSPO).

Daily global coverage

Each POES satellite completes roughly 14.1 orbits per day. Since the number of orbits per day is not an

integer An integer is the number zero (0), a positive natural number (1, 2, 3, ...), or the negation of a positive natural number (−1, −2, −3, ...). The negations or additive inverses of the positive natural numbers are referred to as negative in ...

, the

ground track A satellite ground track or satellite ground trace is the path on the surface of a planet directly below a satellite's trajectory. It is also known as a suborbital track or subsatellite track, and is the vertical projection of the satellite's ...

s do not repeat on a daily basis. The systems includes both morning and afternoon satellites which provide global coverage four times daily.

Applications

Data from the POES support a broad range of environmental monitoring applications including weather analysis and forecasting, climate research and prediction, global

sea surface temperature Sea surface temperature (or ocean surface temperature) is the ocean temperature, temperature of ocean water close to the surface. The exact meaning of ''surface'' varies in the literature and in practice. It is usually between and below the sea ...

measurements, atmospheric soundings of temperature and humidity, ocean dynamics research, volcanic eruption monitoring, forest fire detection, global vegetation analysis, search and rescue, and many other applications. One of the key instruments of the current POES system is the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS/4). HIRS/4 senses within 20 channels ranging from visible bands to long wave infrared (0.69-14.96 micron wavelengths), to sense variation of temperature, humidity, and pressures within the atmosphere. The data collected from HIRS/4 is collaboratively used with the

Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit The advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU) is a multi-channel microwave radiometer installed on meteorological satellites. The instrument examines several bands of microwave radiation from the atmosphere to perform atmospheric sounding of tempe ...

(AMSU) to advance research in sea surface temperatures, cloud coverage analysis, ozone concentrations throughout the atmosphere and earth's radiance.

SARSAT

POES has been used by the Search and Rescue community since 1982. COSPAS- SARSAT is the international humanitarian Search and Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking System that is responsible for alerting and locating information to search and rescue authorities. COSPAS-SARSAT satellites detect 406 MHz distress signals at all times from nearly any place on the globe. Each 406 MHz beacon has a unique fifteen digit identification (ID) code embedded within its signal which allows rescuers to have an identification of the party in distress before they head out on the rescue. There is no charge for this service provided in conjunction with

(NOAA) and SARSAT.

Mission

* TIROS-N - Launched on 13 October 1978. Deactivated on 27 February 1981. * NOAA-6 - Launched on 27 June 1979. Deactivated on 31 March 1987. * NOAA-B - Launched on 29 May 1980. Deorbited on 31 May 1981. * NOAA-7 - Launched on 23 June 1981. Deactivated in June 1986. * NOAA-8 - Launched on 28 March 1983. Deactivated on 9 January 1986. * NOAA-9 - Launched on 12 December 1984. Deactivated on 13 February 1998. * NOAA-10 - Launched on 17 September 1986. Deactivated on 30 August 2001. * NOAA-11 - Launched on 24 September 1988. Deactivated on 16 June 2004. * NOAA-12 - Launched on 14 May 1991. Deactivated on 10 August 2007. * NOAA-13 - Launched on 9 August 1993. Failure after 12 days (21 August 1993). * NOAA-14 - Launched on 30 December 1994. Deactivated on 23 May 2007. * NOAA-15 - Launched on 13 May 1998. Still in Use. *

NOAA-16 NOAA-16, also known as NOAA-L before launch, was an operational, polar orbiting, weather satellite series (NOAA K-N) operated by the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). N ...

- Launched on 21 September 2000. Deactivated on 9 June 2014. *

NOAA-17 NOAA-17, also known as NOAA-M before launch, was an operational, polar orbiting, weather satellite series (NOAA K-N) operated by the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). N ...

- Launched on 24 June 2002. Deactivated on 10 April 2013. * NOAA-18 - Launched on 20 May 2005. Deactivated on 6 June 2025. ** MetOp-A - Launched on 19 October 2006 from

Baikonur Cosmodrome The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian Human spaceflight, crewed spaceflights are l ...

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country primarily in Central Asia, with a European Kazakhstan, small portion in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the Kazakhstan–Russia border, north and west, China to th ...

. Decommissioned by EUMETSAT in Nov 2021. * NOAA-19 - Launched on 6 February 2009, the fifth and last in the current series of polar-orbiting satellites Still in use. ** MetOp-B - Launched on 17 September 2012 from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan."MetOp-B Launches with NASA Goddard-Developed Instruments".
''NASA'' Retrieved: 21 June 2012 Still in use. ** MetOp-C - Launched on 7 November 2018 from Kourou,

Centre Spatial Guyanais The Guiana Space Centre (; CSG), also called Europe's Spaceport, is a spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana, an Overseas departments and regions of France, overseas region of France in South America. Kourou is located approxim ...

. Still in use. The MetOp missions are not part of POES, but use POES heritage instruments.

References

{{Reflist, 2 Weather satellites of the United States

Daily global coverage

Applications

SARSAT

Mission

See also

References