''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe

Cichorieae The Cichorieae (also called Lactuceae) are a tribe in the plant family Asteraceae that includes 93 genera, more than 1,600 sexually reproductive species and more than 7,000 apomictic species. They are found primarily in temperate regions of the E ...

within the family

Asteraceae Asteraceae () is a large family (biology), family of flowering plants that consists of over 32,000 known species in over 1,900 genera within the Order (biology), order Asterales. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchi ...

.''Scorzonera''.
Flora of North America. Species of the genus are found in Europe, Asia, and Africa.Duran, A. and E. Hamzaoglu. (2004)
A new species of ''Scorzonera'' (Asteraceae) from South Anatolia, Turkey.
''Biologia-Bratislava'' 59(1), 47-50. Its

center of diversity A Vavilov center or center of origin is a geographical area where a group of organisms, either domesticated or wild, first developed its distinctive properties. Centers of origin were first identified in 1924 by Nikolai Vavilov. Vavilov posite ...

is in the

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern ...

. ''Scorzonera'' is recorded as a food plant for the

larva A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase ...

of the

nutmeg Nutmeg is the seed, or the ground spice derived from the seed, of several tree species of the genus '' Myristica''; fragrant nutmeg or true nutmeg ('' M. fragrans'') is a dark-leaved evergreen tree cultivated for two spices derived from its fru ...

, a species of

moth Moths are a group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not Butterfly, butterflies. They were previously classified as suborder Heterocera, but the group is Paraphyly, paraphyletic with respect to butterflies (s ...

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus ''Scorzonera'': *''

Scorzonera adilii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera alaica'' *'' Scorzonera alba'' *''

Scorzonera albertoregelia ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera albicaulis'' *''

Scorzonera alborzensis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera alpigena ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera angustifolia ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera aniana ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera argyrea ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera aristata ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera armeniaca ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera bicolor ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera boissieri ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera bracteosa ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera bungei ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera bupleurifolia ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera calcitrapifolia ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera cana ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera charadzae ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera coriacea ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera crassicaulis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera curvata ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera deliciosa ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera dianthoides ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera drarii ''Scorzonera drarii'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, endemic to the Sinai Peninsula The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai ( ; ; ; ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is b ...

'' *''

Scorzonera ekimii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera ferganica ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera fistulosa ''Scorzonera fistulosa'' is a species of flowering plants in the dandelion family Asteraceae, native to Spain and Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring ...

'' *''

Scorzonera flaccida ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera franchetii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera gageoides ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera glabra ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera gokcheoglui ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera gorovanica'' *''

Scorzonera grigoraschvilii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera grossheimii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera grubovii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera helodes ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera hondae ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera humilis ''Scorzonera humilis'', the viper's-grass, is a species of perennial plant. In Britain it is a rare plant, restricted to moist meadows, in Dorset and Warwick in England, and in South Wales. One unique class of stilbenoid derivative was first iso ...

'' *''

Scorzonera idae ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera iliensis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera isophylla ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera ispahanica ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera joharchii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera karabelensis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera karkasensis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera kirpicznikovii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera kozlowskyi ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera kurtii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera lacera ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera lachnostegia ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera laciniata'' *''

Scorzonera limnophila ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera lindbergii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera luntaiensis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera mariovoensis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera meshhedensis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera meyeri ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera microcalathia ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera nivalis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera pacis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera pamirica ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera paradoxa ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera parviflora ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera persepolitana ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera persica ''Scorzonera judaica'', commonly called Jordanian viper's grass, Judean viper's grass, or what was earlier known as salsify, is a species of geophyte of the family Asteraceae with yellow flowers. It is native to the eastern Mediterranean Basin, M ...

'' *''

Scorzonera petrovii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera pratorum ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera pulchra ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera purpurea ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera racemosa'' *''

Scorzonera radiata ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera radicosa ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera renzii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera rosea ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera rupicola ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera safievii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera schischkinii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera schweinfurthii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera scopariiformis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera scyria ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera sericeolanata ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera serpentinica ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera sinensis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera songorica ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera subaphylla ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera sublanata ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera tadshikorum ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera taiwanensis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera tragopogonoides ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera transiliensis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera tuberculata ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera tunicata ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera turkestanica ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera tuzgoluensis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera vavilovii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera veratrifolia ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera verrucosa ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera virgata ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera wendelboi ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera xylobasis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera yemensis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera yildirimlii ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.Scorzonera zorkunensis ''Scorzonera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae.French French may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France ** French people, a nation and ethnic group ** French cuisine, cooking traditions and practices Arts and media * The French (band), ...

''scorzonère'' ("viper's grass").

Secondary metabolites

Some ''Scorzonera'' species contain

lactone Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters. They are derived from the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids by esterification. They can be saturated or unsaturated. Lactones are formed by lactonization, the intramolecular esterification of the corresp ...

s, including members of the

guaianolide In organic chemistry, a guaianolide is a type of sesquiterpene lactone consisting of a gamma-lactone and either a cyclopentane or cyclopentene, both fused to a central cycloheptane or cycloheptene structure. There are two subclasses, structural i ...

class of

sesquiterpene lactone Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are a class of sesquiterpenoids that contain a lactone ring. They are most often found in plants of the family Asteraceae (daisies, asters). Other plant families with SLs are Umbelliferae (celery, parsley, carrots) ...

Flavonoid Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word ''flavus'', meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans. Chemically, flavonoids ...

s found in ''Scorzonera'' include

apigenin Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), found in many plants, is a flavone compound that is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides. It is a yellow crystalline solid that has been used to dye wool. Apigenin is abundant in parsl ...

kaempferol Kaempferol (3,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonol, a type of flavonoid, found in a variety of plants and plant-derived foods including kale, beans, tea, spinach, and broccoli. It is also found in propolis extracts. Kaempferol i ...

luteolin Luteolin is a flavone, a type of flavonoid, with a yellow crystalline appearance. Luteolin is the main yellow dye from the '' Reseda luteola'' plant, used for dyeing since at least the first millennium B.C. Luteolin was first isolated in pure f ...

, and

quercetin Quercetin is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; capers, red onions, and kale are common foods containing appreciable amounts of it. It has a bitter flavor ...

. Other

secondary metabolite Secondary metabolites, also called ''specialised metabolites'', ''secondary products'', or ''natural products'', are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, archaea, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved ...

s reported from the genus include caffeoylquinic acids,

coumarin Coumarin () or 2''H''-chromen-2-one is an aromatic organic chemical compound with formula . Its molecule can be described as a benzene molecule with two adjacent hydrogen atoms replaced by an unsaturated lactone ring , forming a second six-me ...

lignan The lignans are a large group of low molecular weight polyphenols found in plants, particularly seeds, whole grains, and vegetables. The name derives from the Latin word for "wood". Lignans are precursors to phytoestrogens. They may play a rol ...

stilbenoid Stilbenoids are hydroxylated derivatives of stilbene. They have a C6–C2–C6 structure. In biochemical terms, they belong to the family of phenylpropanoids and share most of their biosynthesis pathway with Chalconoid, chalcones. Most stilbenoids ...

s, and

triterpenoid Triterpenes are a class of terpenes composed of six isoprene units with the molecular formula C30H48; they may also be thought of as consisting of three terpene units. Animals, plants and fungi all produce triterpenes, including squalene, the pre ...

s. One unique class of stilbenoid derivative was first isolated from ''

Scorzonera humilis ''Scorzonera humilis'', the viper's-grass, is a species of perennial plant. In Britain it is a rare plant, restricted to moist meadows, in Dorset and Warwick in England, and in South Wales. One unique class of stilbenoid derivative was first iso ...

''. They were named the tyrolobibenzyls after

Tyrol Tyrol ( ; historically the Tyrole; ; ) is a historical region in the Alps of Northern Italy and western Austria. The area was historically the core of the County of Tyrol, part of the Holy Roman Empire, Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, f ...

in the eastern

Alps The Alps () are some of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia. ...

, where the plant was collected.

References

{{Authority control Asteraceae genera Cichorieae