Plecia Rufangularis
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''Plecia'' is a genus of March flies (
Bibionidae Bibionidae (March flies) is a Family (biology), family of Fly, flies (Fly, Diptera) containing approximately 650–700 species worldwide. Adults are nectar feeders and emerge in numbers in spring. Because of the likelihood of adult flies being f ...
) comprising many species, both
extant Extant or Least-concern species, least concern is the opposite of the word extinct. It may refer to: * Extant hereditary titles * Extant literature, surviving literature, such as ''Beowulf'', the oldest extant manuscript written in English * Exta ...
and fossilised.


Species


Extant species

*'' P. acutirostris'' *'' P. adiastola'' *'' P. affinidecora'' *'' P. americana'' *'' P. amplipennis'' *'' P. aruensis'' *'' P. angularis'' *'' P. avicephaliforma'' *'' P. bicuspidata'' *'' P. bifida'' *'' P. bifoliolata'' *'' P. bisulca'' *'' P. boliviana'' *'' P. chinensis'' *'' P. crenula'' *'' P. curtispina'' *'' P. cuspidata'' *'' P. digitiformis'' *'' P. dileracabilis'' *'' P. dimidiata'' *'' P. duplicis'' *'' P. edwardsi'' *'' P. emeiensis'' *'' P. erebea'' *'' P. erebeoidea'' *'' P. forcipiformis'' *'' P. fulvicollis'' *'' P. hadrosoma'' *'' P. hamata'' *'' P. impilosa'' *'' P. intricata'' *'' P. javensis'' *'' P. lateralis'' *'' P. lieftincki'' *'' P. longifolia'' *'' P. longiforceps'' *'' P. lopesi'' *'' P. mandibuliformis'' *'' P. membranifera'' *'' P. multilobata'' *'' P. nagatomii'' *'' P. nearctica'' – Lovebug *'' P. obtusicornis'' *'' P. obtusilobata'' *'' P. oculastra'' *'' P. okadai'' *'' P. ornaticornis'' *'' P. patula'' *'' P. pellucida'' *'' P. persimilis'' *'' P. plagiata'' *'' P. propeforcipata'' *'' P. propria'' *'' P. protea'' *'' P. pruinosa'' *'' P. pudica'' *'' P. punctulata'' *'' P. ramosa'' *'' P. rhinigera'' *'' P. rostellata'' *'' P. rufangularis'' *'' P. ruficollis'' – Harlequin fly *'' P. rufimarginata'' *'' P. rufiscutella'' *'' P. rugosa'' *'' P. serrifera'' *'' P. spilota'' *'' P. stricta'' *'' P. tephra'' *'' P. tetrascolata'' *'' P. thulinigra'' *'' P. trifida'' *'' P. triquetra'' *'' P. trunca'' *'' P. xyele''


Fossil species

Many fossil species have been assigned to ''Plecia'' with ages dating from the
Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...
(
Campanian The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous Series. Campa ...
) through the early
Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( ; referred to colloquially as the ''ice age, Ice Age'') is the geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was fin ...
(
Gelasian The Gelasian is an age in the international geologic timescale or a stage in chronostratigraphy, being the earliest or lowest subdivision of the Quaternary Period/System and Pleistocene Epoch/Series. It spans the time between 2.58 Ma (million y ...
):Fossilworks ''Plecia'' 12 July 2021
/ref>


Cretaceous

*†'' P. myersi'' (Campanian,
Canadian Amber Canadians () are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being ''C ...
, MB)


Paleocene The Paleocene ( ), or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 mya (unit), million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), ...

*†'' P. undans'' (
Thanetian The Thanetian is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy, ICS Geologic timescale, the latest age (geology), age or uppermost stage (stratigraphy), stratigraphic stage of the Paleocene epoch (geology), Epoch or series (stratigraphy), Serie ...
, ArdTun head, UK)


Eocene The Eocene ( ) is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes ...

;Ypresian,
Allenby Formation The Allenby formation is a sedimentary rock formation in British Columbia which was deposited during the Ypresian stage of the Early Eocene. It consists of conglomerates, sandstones with interbedded shales and coal. The shales contain an ...
, Canada *†'' P. angustipennis'' *†'' P. canadensis'' *†'' P. elatior'' *†'' P. minutula'' (Allenby Formation) *†'' P. nana'' (Allenby Formation) *†'' P. pictipennis'' (Allenby Formation) *†'' P. pulchra'' (Allenby Formation) *†'' P. pulla'' (Allenby Formation) *†'' P. similkameena'' (Allenby Formation) *†'' P. transitoria'' (Allenby Formation) *†'' P. tulameenensis'' (Allenby Formation) ;Ypresian, Driftwood shales, Canada *†'' P. cairnesi'' ;Ypresian,
Horsefly Shales Horse flies and deer flies are true flies in the family Tabanidae in the insect order Diptera. The adults are often large and agile in flight. Only females bite land vertebrates, including humans, to obtain blood. They prefer to fly in sunli ...
, Canada *†'' P. avus'' *†'' P. curtula'' *†'' P. dilatata'' *†'' P. platyptera'' (Horsefly Shales) *†'' P. reducta'' (Horsefly Shales) ;Ypresian, "Mission Creek site", Canada *†'' P. kelownaensis'' ;Ypresian,
Oise amber Oise amber () is a type of amber found near the Oise river near Creil in northern France. Oise amber is around 53 million years old, dating to the Early Eocene (Ypresian). Oise amber is softer than Baltic amber, although Oise amber is older ...
, France *†'' P. parisiensis'' ;Ypresian,
Green River Formation The Green River Formation is an Eocene geologic formation that records the sedimentation in a group of intermountain lakes in three basins along the present-day Green River (Colorado River), Green River in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. The sedimen ...
, USA *†'' P. akerionana'' *†'' P. dejecta'' *†'' P. pealei'' *†'' P. rhodopterina'' *†'' P. winchesteri'' *†'' P. woodruffi'' ;Priabonian,
Baltic Amber Baltic amber or succinite is amber from the Baltic region, home of its largest known deposits. It was produced sometime during the Eocene epoch, but exactly when is controversial. It has been estimated that this forested region provided the re ...
*†'' P. borussica'' *†'' P. brunniptera'' *†'' P. clavifemur'' *†'' P. hoffeinsorum'' *†'' P. prisca'' *†'' P. tenuicornis'' ;Priabonian, France *†'' P. angustiventris'' ( Célas site, France) *†'' P. chapuisii'' *†'' P. dumasi'' *†'' P. foersteri'' ;Pribonian, United Kingdom *†'' P. acourti'' (
Bembridge Marls The Bouldnor Formation is a geological formation in the Hampshire Basin of southern England. It is the youngest formation of the Solent Group and was deposited during the uppermost Eocene and lower Oligocene. Stratotype and occurrence The Bou ...
, UK) ;Priabonian,
Florissant Formation The Florissant Formation is a sedimentary geologic formation outcropping around Florissant, Teller County, Colorado. The formation is noted for the abundant and exceptionally preserved insect and plant fossils that are found in the mudstones an ...
, USA *†'' P. axeliana'' *†'' P. decapitata'' *†'' P. explanata'' *†'' P. gradata'' *†'' P. melanderi'' *†'' P. orycta'' *†'' P. tessella''


Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch (geology), epoch of the Paleogene Geologic time scale, Period that extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that defin ...

;
Rupelian The Rupelian is, in the geologic timescale, the older of two age (geology), ages or the lower of two stage (stratigraphy), stages of the Oligocene epoch (geology), Epoch/series (stratigraphy), Series. It spans the time between . It is preceded b ...
, Brunstatt, France *†'' P. gracillima'' ;Rupelian,
Corent Corent () is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France. It sits approximately 2 miles north of Les Martres-de-Veyre on the side of the old volcanic Puy de Corent. In 2001 excavation began on a Gallic ...
, France *†'' P. joannis'' *†'' P. larteti'' *†'' P. longipennis'' *†'' P. pallida'' *†'' P. rubescens'' *†'' P. sauvagei'' ;Rupelian, Calcaires de Vacheres Formation, France *†'' P. assonensis'' *†'' P. larguensis'' *†'' P. maimensis'' ;Rupelian, Chadrat, France *†'' P. oustaleti'' ;
Chattian The Chattian is, in the geologic timescale, the younger of two ages or upper of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/Series. It spans the time between . The Chattian is preceded by the Rupelian and is followed by the Aquitanian (the lowest stage ...
, Niveau du gypse d'Aix, France *†'' P. livida'' *†'' P. painvini'' *†'' P. retracta'' *†'' P. rhenana'' ;
Chattian The Chattian is, in the geologic timescale, the younger of two ages or upper of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/Series. It spans the time between . The Chattian is preceded by the Rupelian and is followed by the Aquitanian (the lowest stage ...
, Camoins-les-Bains, France *†'' P. theobaldi'' ;
Chattian The Chattian is, in the geologic timescale, the younger of two ages or upper of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/Series. It spans the time between . The Chattian is preceded by the Rupelian and is followed by the Aquitanian (the lowest stage ...
,
Rott Formation The Rott Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Oligocene. See also * List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany See also * Lists of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Europe * ...
, Germany *†'' P. collossea'' *†'' P. conica'' *†'' P. dubia'' *†'' P. exigua'' *†'' P. gracilenta'' *†'' P. grossa'' *†'' P. hypogaea'' *†'' P. inflata'' *†'' P. luctuosa'' *†'' P. luteola'' *†'' P. lygaeoides'' *†'' P. macrocephala'' *†'' P. morio'' *†'' P. pennata'' *†'' P. pinguis'' *†'' P. proserpina'' *†'' P. rhenana'' *†'' P. sturmi'' *†'' P. stygia'' *†'' P. winnertzi''


Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

;
Aquitanian Aquitanian may refer to: *Aquitanian (stage), a geological age, the first stage of the Miocene Epoch *Aquitanian language, an ancient language spoken in the region later known as Gascony *Aquitani (or Aquitanians), were a people living in what is n ...
,
Mexican amber Mexican amber, also known as Chiapas Amber is amber found in Mexico, created during the Early Miocene and middle Miocene epochs of the Cenozoic Era in southwestern North America. As with other ambers, a wide variety of taxa have been found as in ...
, Mexico *†'' P. pristina'' ;
Burdigalian The Burdigalian is, in the geologic timescale, an age (geology), age or stage (stratigraphy), stage in the early Miocene. It spans the time between 20.43 ± 0.05 annum, Ma and 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago). Preceded by the Aquitanian (sta ...
,
Shanwang Formation The Shanwang National Geology Park () is located in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China, about from Linqu County. It has an area of about . The Park is well known for the fossil bearing Shanwang Formation diatomitic deposits, on ...
. China *†'' P. aculeolata'' *†'' P. bivalvula'' *†'' P. capitata'' *†'' P. diatoma'' *†'' P. fumosa'' *†'' P. gracilentula'' *†'' P. ludongensis'' *†'' P. platoptera'' *†'' P. rectivenia'' *†'' P. solaris'' *†'' P. spinula'' *†'' P. villosa'' *†'' P. vulcania'' ;Burdigalian, Kudia River site, Russia *†'' P. amagua'' *†'' P. obsitula'' *†'' P. kuznetzovi'' *†'' P. kudiella'' *†'' P. redempta'' *†'' P. refracta'' ;Burdigalian -
Langhian The Langhian is, in the ICS geologic timescale, an age or stage in the middle Miocene Epoch/Series. It spans the time between 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma and 13.65 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago) during the Middle Miocene.GeoWhen (2007) The Langhian was ...
, Cypris Formation, Czech Republic *†'' P. quaesita'' ;Langhian, Chojabaru Formation, Japan *†'' P. kanetakii'' ;
Serravallian The Serravallian is, in the geologic timescale, an List of time periods, age or a stage (stratigraphy), stage in the middle Miocene epoch (geology), Epoch/series (stratigraphy), Series, which spans the time between 13.82 annum, Ma and 11.63 Ma (m ...
, Radoboj Formation, Croatia *†'' P. bucklandi'' ;
Serravallian The Serravallian is, in the geologic timescale, an List of time periods, age or a stage (stratigraphy), stage in the middle Miocene epoch (geology), Epoch/series (stratigraphy), Series, which spans the time between 13.82 annum, Ma and 11.63 Ma (m ...
, Oehningen beds Member ( Upper Freshwater-Molasse), Germany *†'' P. hilaris'' *†'' P. jucunda'' *†'' P. macilenta'' ;
Messinian The Messinian is in the geologic timescale the last age or uppermost stage of the Miocene. It spans the time between 7.246 ± 0.005 Ma and 5.333 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago). It follows the Tortonian and is followed by the Zanclean, the fir ...
,
Monte Castellaro Monte may refer to: Places Argentina * Argentine Monte, an ecoregion * Monte Desert * Monte Partido, a ''partido'' in Buenos Aires Province Italy * Monte Bregagno * Monte Cassino * Montecorvino (disambiguation) * Montefalcione Portugal * Monte ...
, Italy *†'' P. baglii'' *†'' P. castellaroi'' *†'' P. pisaurensis''


Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch (geology), epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.33 to 2.58Piacenzian The Piacenzian is in the international geologic time scale the upper stage (stratigraphy), stage or latest age (geology), age of the Pliocene. It spans the time between 3.6 ± 0.005 year#SI prefix multipliers, Ma and 2.58 Ma (million years ago). T ...
,
Togo Formation Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It is one of the least developed countries and extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, whe ...
, Japan *†'' P. intima''


Pleistocene

;Gelasian, Lac Chambon, France *†'' P. brunneipennis'' *†'' P. vergnei'' Revision of the Bibionidae fossil record from the Oligocene of Germany by Skartveit and Wedmann (2021) included the redescription of a number of ''Plecia'' species. *''
Hesperinus heeri ''Hesperinus'' is a genus of flies and the sole genus in the relict family Hesperinidae belonging to the nematoceran infraorder Bibionomorpha. There are about 8 known species, nearly all from the Palaearctic region with one each from the Nearctic ...
'' (formerly ''Plecia heeri'' and syn ''P. elegantula'' )


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q11995850 Bibionidae Nematocera genera Taxa named by Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann