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Western Pennsylvania English, known more narrowly as Pittsburgh English or popularly as Pittsburghese, is a dialect of
American English American English, sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of variety (linguistics), varieties of the English language native to the United States. English is the Languages of the United States, most widely spoken lang ...
native primarily to the western half of Pennsylvania, centered on the city of
Pittsburgh Pittsburgh ( ) is a city in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. It is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania#Municipalities, second-most populous city in Pennsylvania (after Philadelphia) and the List of Un ...
, but potentially appearing in some speakers as far north as Erie County, as far east as
Harrisburg Harrisburg ( ; ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the Commonwealth (U.S. state), U.S. commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat, seat of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, Dauphin County. With a population of 50, ...
, as far south as
Clarksburg, West Virginia Clarksburg is a city in Harrison County, West Virginia, United States, and its county seat. The population was 16,039 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, making it the List of municipalities in West Virginia, tenth-most populous city ...
, and as far west as
Youngstown, Ohio Youngstown is a city in Mahoning County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. It is the List of municipalities in Ohio, 11th-most populous city in Ohio with a population of 60,068 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. The Mahoning ...
. Commonly associated with the
working class The working class is a subset of employees who are compensated with wage or salary-based contracts, whose exact membership varies from definition to definition. Members of the working class rely primarily upon earnings from wage labour. Most c ...
of Pittsburgh, users of the dialect are colloquially known as "Yinzers".


Overview

Scots-Irish,
Pennsylvania Dutch The Pennsylvania Dutch (), also referred to as Pennsylvania Germans, are an ethnic group in Pennsylvania in the United States, Ontario in Canada, and other regions of both nations. They largely originate from the Palatinate (region), Palatina ...
, Polish, Ukrainian and Croatian immigrants to the area all provided certain
loanword A loanword (also a loan word, loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing. Borrowing is a metaphorical term t ...
s to the dialect (see "Vocabulary" below). Many of the sounds and words found in the dialect are popularly thought to be unique to Pittsburgh, but that is a misconception since the dialect resides throughout the greater part of western Pennsylvania and the surrounding areas. Central Pennsylvania, currently an intersection of several dialect regions, was identified in 1949 by
Hans Kurath Hans Kurath (13 December 1891 – 2 January 1992) was an American linguistics, linguist of Austrian origin. He was full professor for English and Linguistics at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. The many varieties of regional English language, ...
as a subregion between western and eastern Pennsylvania, but some scholars in the 20th century onwards have identified it within the western Pennsylvania dialect region. Since Kurath's study, one of western Pennsylvania's defining features, the
cot–caught merger The ''cot''–''caught'' merger, also known as the merger or low back merger, is a sound change present in some dialects of English where speakers do not distinguish the vowel phonemes in words like ''cot'' versus ''caught''. ''Cot'' and ''cau ...
, has expanded into central Pennsylvania, moving eastward until being blocked at
Harrisburg Harrisburg ( ; ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the Commonwealth (U.S. state), U.S. commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat, seat of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, Dauphin County. With a population of 50, ...
. Perhaps the only feature whose distribution is restricted almost exclusively to the immediate vicinity of Pittsburgh is
monophthongization Monophthongization is a sound change by which a diphthong becomes a monophthong, a type of vowel shift. It is also known as ungliding, as diphthongs are also known as gliding vowels. In languages that have undergone monophthongization, digrap ...
in which words such as ''house'', ''down'', ''found'', and ''sauerkraut'' are sometimes pronounced with an "ah" sound, instead of the more standard pronunciation of "ow", rendering eye spellings such as ''hahs'', ''dahn'', ''fahnd'', and ''sahrkraht''. Speakers of Pittsburgh English are sometimes called "Yinzers" in reference to their use of the second-person plural
pronoun In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (Interlinear gloss, glossed ) is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns have traditionally been regarded as one of the part of speech, parts of speech, but so ...
"
yinz ''Yinz'' (see below for other spellings) is a Grammatical person, second-person plural pronoun used mainly in Western Pennsylvania English. It is most prominent in Pittsburgh, but it is also found throughout the cultural region known as Appalachia ...
." The word "yinzer" is sometimes heard as pejorative, indicating a lack of sophistication, but the term is now used in a variety of ways. Older men are more likely to use the accent than women "possibly because of a stronger interest in displaying local identity...."


Phonology

A defining feature of Western Pennsylvania English is the
cot–caught merger The ''cot''–''caught'' merger, also known as the merger or low back merger, is a sound change present in some dialects of English where speakers do not distinguish the vowel phonemes in words like ''cot'' versus ''caught''. ''Cot'' and ''cau ...
, in which (as in ''ah'') and (as in ''aw'') merge to a rounded (phonetically ). As in most other American dialects, the
father–bother merger The phonology of the open back vowels of the English language has undergone changes both overall and with regional variations, through Old and Middle English to the present. The sounds heard in modern English were significantly influenced by th ...
also occurs. Therefore, ''cot'' and ''caught'' are both pronounced ; ''Don'' and ''dawn'' are both . While the merger of the low back vowels is also widespread elsewhere in the United States, the rounded realizations of the merged vowel around is less common, except in
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...
,
California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...
and Northeastern New England. has a stylistic variant, which is open central unrounded , as in the sarcastic pronunciation of ''I apologize'' as . It may also occur before , as in ''start'' or ''car'' , but a more common pronunciation is back and rounded: etc. The vowel in ''hoarse'' is the same as the one in ''horse'', phonetically : but phonemically due to the cot-caught merger: . is backer and more open than found in
Midland American English Midland American English is a regional dialect or super-dialect of American English, geographically lying between the traditionally-defined Northern United States, Northern and Southern United States. The boundaries of Midland American English a ...
, being closer to . This makes an unrounded counterpart of , with pairs such as ''nut'' vs. ''not'' or ''cut'' vs. ''cot'' contrasting mainly by
roundedness In phonetics, vowel roundedness is the amount of rounding in the lips during the articulation of a vowel. It is labialization of a vowel. When a ''rounded'' vowel is pronounced, the lips form a circular opening, and ''unrounded'' vowels are pro ...
. This is also found in contemporary Standard Southern British English, where ''nut'' also differs from ''not'' by rounding (though ''nought'' has a contrastive vowel instead: , which falls together with in Pittsburgh). Earlier reports give as the norm for in Pittsburgh. The remaining checked vowels , , and are all within the General American norm. The vowel often has an unrounded central or fronted starting point in Pittsburgh: . Outside of the city itself, is more common. is sometimes also fronted, to (more usual value: ). As in other American dialects, and are narrow diphthongs . is also within GenAm norm: . The vowel alone undergoes Canadian raising to before voiceless consonants, as in ''ice'' . In 1971, the Journal of the International Phonetic Association published a description of the dialect, whose author Bruce Lee Johnson notes that the auxiliary verb ''might'' is typically pronounced with nasalization, as . Elsewhere in the article, this allophone is transcribed , following its usual transcription on Wikipedia. The vowel typically begins front in the mouth . A less common variant has a central starting point, , matching the starting point of (). It is
monophthong A monophthong ( ) is a pure vowel sound, or one whose articulation at beginning and end is relatively fixed, with the tongue moving neither up nor down and neither forward nor backward towards a new position of articulation. A monophthong can be ...
ized to in some environments (sounding instead like ''ah''), namely: before nasal consonants (''downtown'' and ''found'' ),
liquid consonant In linguistics, a liquid consonant or simply liquid is any of a class of consonants that consists of rhotics and voiced lateral approximants, which are also sometimes described as "R-like sounds" and "L-like sounds". The word ''liquid'' seems ...
s (''fowl'', ''hour'') and
obstruent An obstruent ( ) is a speech sound such as , , or that is formed by ''obstructing'' airflow. Obstruents contrast with sonorants, which have no such obstruction and so resonate. All obstruents are consonants, but sonorants include vowels as well ...
s (''house'' , ''out'', ''cloudy''). The monophthongization does not occur, however, in word-final positions (''how'', ''now''), and the diphthong then remains . That is one of the few features, if not the only one, restricted almost exclusively to western Pennsylvania in North America, but it can sometimes be found in other accents of the English-speaking world, such as
Cockney Cockney is a dialect of the English language, mainly spoken in London and its environs, particularly by Londoners with working-class and lower middle class roots. The term ''Cockney'' is also used as a demonym for a person from the East End, ...
and
South African English South African English (SAfE, SAfEn, SAE, en-ZA) is the List of dialects of English, set of English language dialects native to South Africans. History British Empire, British settlers first arrived in the South African region in 1795, ...
. Monophthongization also occurs for the sound , as in ''eye'', before liquid consonants, so that ''tile'' is pronounced ; ''pile'' is pronounced ; and ''iron'' is pronounced . That phenomenon allows ''tire'' to merge with the sound of ''tar'': . The vowel (phonemically an sequence) is phonetically close-mid . Johnson notes a tendency to diphthongize to not only before nasals (as in GenAm) but also before all voiced consonants (as in ''bad'' ) and voiceless fricatives (as in ''grass'' ). This has since been reversed and now is confined to the environment of a following nasal, matching the GenAm allophony. An epenthetic (intruding) sound may occur after vowels in a few words, such as ''water'' pronounced as , and ''wash'' as . A number of vowel mergers occur uniquely in Western Pennsylvania English before the consonant . The pair of vowels and may merge before the consonant, cause both ''steel'' and ''still'' to be pronounced as something like . Similarly, , , and may merge before , so that ''pool'', ''pull'', and ''pole'' may merge to something like . On the merger, Labov, Ash and Boberg (2006) note "the stereotype of merger of is based only on a close approximation of some forms, and does not represent the underlying norms of the dialect." The merger is found in western Pennsylvania, as well as parts of the southern United States, including Alabama, Texas and the west (McElhinny 1999). On the other hand, the merger is consistently found only in western Pennsylvania. The merger towards may also appear before : ''eagle'' then sounds to outsiders like ''iggle''. ''L''-vocalization is also common in the Western Pennsylvania dialect; an then sounds like a or a cross between a vowel and a "dark" at the end of a syllable. For example, ''well'' is pronounced as ; ''milk'' as or ; ''role'' as ; and ''cold'' as . The phenomenon is also common in African-American English. The word ''mirror'' can be pronounced as the single-syllable ''mere''. Western Pennsylvania English speakers may use falling intonation at the end of questions, for example, in "Are you painting your garage?" (with pitch rising in intonation up to just before the last syllable and then falling precipitously). Such speakers typically use falling pitch for yes–no questions for which they already are quite sure of the answer. A speaker uttering the above example is simply confirming what is already thought: yes, the person spoken to is painting their garage. It is most common in areas of heavy German settlement, especially southeastern Pennsylvania, hence its nickname, the "Pennsylvania Dutch question", but it is also found elsewhere in Pennsylvania, including Pittsburgh. It is of German origin.


Vocabulary

*'' babushka'' - (''n.'') headscarf *'' buggy'' - (''n.'') shopping cart **''baby buggy'' - (''n.'') baby carriage *''the 'Burgh'' - (''n.'') Pittsburgh *''beal'' - (''v.'') to fester or suppurate *''bealed'' - (''adj.'') usually of an ear: infected or abscessed *''belling'' - (''n.'') noisy celebration or mock serenade for newlyweds; a shivaree *''
berm A berm is a level space, shelf, or raised barrier (usually made of Soil compaction, compacted soil) separating areas in a vertical way, especially partway up a long slope. It can serve as a terrace road, track, path, a fortification line, a b ...
'' - (''n.'') edge of the road, curb: an accepted alternative to "shoulder of the road" *''carbon oil'' - (''n.'') kerosene *''chipped ham'' - (''n.'') very thinly sliced chopped ham loaf for sandwiches (from a local brand name) (see chipped chopped ham) *'' city chicken'' - (''n.'') cubes of
pork Pork is the culinary name for the meat of the pig (''Sus domesticus''). It is the most commonly consumed meat worldwide, with evidence of pig animal husbandry, husbandry dating back to 8000–9000 BCE. Pork is eaten both freshly cooke ...
loin and/or
veal Veal is the meat of Calf (animal), calves, in contrast to the beef from older cattle. Veal can be produced from a calf of either sex and any List of cattle breeds, breed; however, most veal comes from young male calves of Dairy cattle, dairy b ...
on a short wooden
skewer A skewer is a thin metal or wood stick used to hold pieces of food together. The word may sometimes be used as a metonym, to refer to the entire food item served on a skewer, as in "chicken skewers". Skewers are used while grilling or roasting ...
, breaded, then fried or baked *''cubberd'' - (''n.'') closet *''craw'' - (''n.'') crawfish *''crick'' - (''n.'') Creek *''cruds'', ''crudded milk'', or ''cruddled milk'' - (''n.'') cottage cheese *''diamond'' - (''n.'') town square *''dippy'' - (''adj.'') appropriate for dipping into, such as gravy, coffee, egg yolks, etc. *''doll baby'' - (''n.'') complimentary term for an attractively childlike girl or woman (reversal of "baby doll") *''drooth'' - (''n.'') drought *''Dubbya'' - (''n.'') Letter "W", Often used when saying "www." Or a local station *''dupa'' - (''n.'') parental term (of Polish origin) for a child's backside *''feature'' - (''v.'') to think about, understand, or imagine *''grinnie'' - (''n.'')
chipmunk Chipmunks are small, striped rodents of subtribe Tamiina. Chipmunks are found in North America, with the exception of the Siberian chipmunk which is found primarily in Asia. Taxonomy and systematics Chipmunks are classified as four genera: '' ...
*''gumband'' - (''n.'')
rubber band A rubber band (also known as an elastic, gum band or lacky band) is a loop of rubber, usually ring or oval shaped, and commonly used to hold multiple objects together. The rubber band was patented in England on March 17, 1845, by Stephen Perry ...
; elastic fastener *''gutchies; or undergutchies'' (''n.'') term used to describe undergarments of any variety. *''hap'' - (''n.'') comfort; or, comforter or quilt: *''
hoagie A submarine sandwich, commonly known as a sub, is a type of American cold or hot sandwich made from a submarine roll (an elongated bread roll) that is split lengthwise and filled with meats, cheeses, vegetables, and condiments. Although "subma ...
'' - (''n.'') a sub (i.e., submarine sandwich; used throughout Pennsylvania) *''hoopy'' - (''n.'') a person perceived as unsophisticated or having rural sensibilities (i.e., redneck or hillbilly; used especially in Ohio Valley and northern West Virginia) *''jag'' - (''v.'') to prick, stab, or jab; to tease (often, ''jag off'' or ''jag around'') **''jagger'' - (''n.''/''adj.'') any small, sharp-pointed object or implement, usually
thorns, spines, and prickles In plant morphology, thorns, spines, and prickles, and in general spinose structures (sometimes called ''spinose teeth'' or ''spinose apical processes''), are hard, rigid extensions or modifications of leaf, leaves, roots, plant stem, stems, or pl ...
(as in a ''jagger bush'' or "I got a jagger in my finger"). **''jaggerbush'' - (''n.'') briar **'' jagoff'' - (''n.'') an idiot, fool, or unlikeable person *''jimmies'' - (''n.'')
sprinkles Sprinkles are small pieces of confectionery used as an often colorful cake decorating, decoration or to add Texture (food), texture to desserts such as chocolate brownie, brownies, cupcakes, doughnuts or ice cream. The tiny candies are produced ...
*''jumbo'' - (''n.'') bologna lunch meat *''"Kennywood's open"'' - idiom used to inform someone that their fly is open ("Kennywood" referring to the Kennywood amusement park in
West Mifflin, Pennsylvania West Mifflin is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States, located southeast of downtown Pittsburgh. The population was 19,589 at the 2020 census. It is named after Thomas Mifflin, 1st Governor of Pennsylvania, signer of the U ...
) *''Klondike'' - (''n.'') any ice cream bar, even if not specifically a Klondike bar (first marketed in nearby
Youngstown, Ohio Youngstown is a city in Mahoning County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. It is the List of municipalities in Ohio, 11th-most populous city in Ohio with a population of 60,068 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. The Mahoning ...
). * or - (''n.'') variant pronunciation of
kielbasa Kielbasa (, ; from Polish ) is any type of meat sausage from Poland and a staple of Polish cuisine. In American English, it is typically a coarse, U-shaped smoked sausage of any kind of meat, which closely resembles the ''Wiejska'' ''sausage'' ...
() *''monkey ball'' - (''n.'') fruit of the '' Maclura pomifera'' or ''monkey ball tree'' *''n'at'' () - et cetera; and so on; a "general extender"; literally, a contraction of "and (all) that"McElhinny 1999; Wisnosky 2003; Johnstone, Andrus and Danielson 2006 *''neb'' - (''v.'') to pry into a conversation or argument intrusively or impertinently (this term and its derivatives are common to Pennsylvania, but especially southwestern Pennsylvania, from Scots-Irish English) **''neb out'' - to mind one's own business **''neb-nose'' or ''nebby-nose'' (also ''nebshit'') - (''n.'') the kind of person who is always poking into people's affairs; inquisitive person **''nebby'' - (''adj.'') given to prying into the affairs of others; nosey; inquisitive *''onion snow'' - (''n.'') early spring snow *''redd up'' (also ''ret, rid, ridd,'' or ''redd out'') - (''v.'') to tidy up, clean up, or clean out (a room, house, cupboard, etc.); to clean house, tidy up (hence v bl. ''redding up'' house-cleaning; tidying up) *''reverend'' - (''adj.'') extreme; extraordinary, powerful *''slippy'' - (''adj.'') slippery (from Scots-Irish English) *''spicket'' - (''n.'') alternate pronunciation of spigot, specifically an outdoor faucet used to connect to a garden hose *''Squill'' - (''n.'') shortening of
Squirrel Hill Squirrel Hill is a residential neighborhood in the East End of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The city officially divides it into two neighborhoods, Squirrel Hill North and Squirrel Hill South, but it is almost universally treated ...
. *''Stillers'' - (''n.'') alternate pronunciation of the
Pittsburgh Steelers The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh. The Steelers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the American Football Conference (AFC) AFC North, North division. Founded in 1933 P ...
*''sweep'' - (''v.'') to vacuum *''sweeper'' - (''n.'')
vacuum cleaner A vacuum cleaner, also known simply as a vacuum, is a device that uses suction, and often agitation, in order to remove dirt and other debris from carpets, hard floors, and other surfaces. The dirt is collected into a dust bag or a plastic bin. ...
(also used in Ohio and Indiana; from carpet sweeper) *''tossle cap'' - (''n.'') knit hat designed to provide warmth in cold weather *''trick'' - (''n.'') a job shift (as used in West-Central Pennsylvania) *''yins'', ''
yinz ''Yinz'' (see below for other spellings) is a Grammatical person, second-person plural pronoun used mainly in Western Pennsylvania English. It is most prominent in Pittsburgh, but it is also found throughout the cultural region known as Appalachia ...
'', ''yunz'', ''you'uns'', or ''youns'' - (''pronoun'') plural of ''you'' (second-person personal plural pronoun from Scots-Irish English)


Grammar

*''All'' to mean ''all gone'': When referring to consumable products, the word ''all'' has a secondary meaning: ''all gone''. For example, the phrase ''the butter's all'' would be understood as "the butter is all gone." This likely derives from German. *" Positive ''anymore''": In addition to the normal negative use of ''anymore'' it can also, as in the greater Midland U.S. dialect, be used in a positive sense to mean "these days" or "nowadays". An example is "I wear these shoes a lot anymore". While in Standard English ''anymore'' must be used as a negative polarity item (NPI), some speakers in Pittsburgh and throughout the Midland area do not have this restriction. This is somewhat common in both the Midland regions (Montgomery 1989) and in northern Maryland (Frederick, Hagerstown, and Westminster), likely of Scots-Irish origin. *Reversed usage of ''leave'' and ''let'': Examples of this include "Leave him go outside" and "Let the book on the table". ''Leave'' is used in some contexts in which, in standard English, ''let'' would be used; and vice versa. Used in Southwestern Pennsylvania and elsewhere, this is either Pennsylvania Dutch or Scots-Irish. *"''Need'', ''want'', or ''like'' + past participle": Examples of this include "The car needs washed", "The cat wants petted", and "Babies like cuddled". More common constructions are "The grass needs cutting" or "The grass needs to be cut" or "Babies like cuddling" or "Babies like to be cuddled"; "The car needs washing" or "The car needs to be washed"; and "The cat wants petting" or "The cat wants to be petted." Found predominantly in the North Midland region, this is especially common in southwestern Pennsylvania. ''Need'' + past participle is the most common construction, followed by ''want'' + past participle, and then ''like'' + past participle. The forms are "implicationally related" to one another (Murray and Simon 2002). This means the existence of a less common construction from the list in a given location entails the existence of the more common ones there, but not vice versa. The constructions "''like'' + past participle" and "''need'' + past participle" are Scots-Irish. While Adams argues that "''want'' + past participle" could be from Scots-Irish or German, it seems likely that this construction is Scots-Irish, as Murray and Simon claim. ''like'' and ''need'' + past participle are Scots-Irish, the distributions of all three constructions are implicationally related, the area where they are predominantly found is most heavily influenced by Scots-Irish, and a related construction, "''want'' + directional adverb", as in "The cat wants out", is Scots-Irish. *"Punctual ''whenever''": "Whenever" is often used to mean "at the time that." An example is "My mother, whenever she passed away, she had pneumonia." A ''punctual'' descriptor refers to the use of the word for "a onetime momentary event rather than in its two common uses for a recurrent event or a conditional one". This Scots-Irish usage is found in the Midlands and the South.


Notable lifelong speakers

*
Kurt Angle Kurt Steven Angle (born December 9, 1968) is an American retired professional wrestler and amateur wrestling, amateur wrestler. He first earned recognition for winning a Wrestling at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 100 kg, gold me ...
* Myron Cope – Cope's colorful vocabulary added dozens of words to the dialect, including his most famous, "Yoi!" * Bill Cowher * Rich Fitzgerald * Billy Gardell – Although he grew up some of the time away from the city, Gardell sports a heavy Pittsburgh accent. *
John Kasich John Richard Kasich Jr. ( ; born May 13, 1952) is an American politician and author who was the 69th governor of Ohio from 2011 to 2019, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1983 to 2001, and a Republican candidate for the pre ...
* Michael Keaton * Sophie Masloff * Billy Mays * Pat McAfee *
Arnold Palmer Arnold Daniel Palmer (September 10, 1929 – September 25, 2016) was an American professional golfer who is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most charismatic players in the sport's history. Since embarking on a professional career in ...
* Trent Reznor * Fred Rogers – Rogers' accent is an example of the softer variation of the accent that was spoken by the middle class of the era that he grew up in. *
Art Rooney Arthur Joseph Rooney Sr. (January 27, 1901 – August 25, 1988), often referred to as "the Chief", was an American professional American football, football executive. He was the founding owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, an American football fr ...
* Dan M. Rooney


See also

* Jagoff *
Midland American English Midland American English is a regional dialect or super-dialect of American English, geographically lying between the traditionally-defined Northern United States, Northern and Southern United States. The boundaries of Midland American English a ...
* Pennsylvania Dutch English * Philadelphia accent * '' Pittsburgh Dad'' * Regional vocabularies of American English * Yinztagram


Notes


References


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


Further reading

* * * * * * * * * * * * *


External links


Pittsburgh Speech & Society
University of Pittsburgh

''New York Times'' article, March 17, 2006 /9"Pittsburgh is the Galapagos Islands of American dialect")
"American Varieties: Steel Town Speak"
part of PBS's ''Do You Speak American?''
Pittsburghese: Welcome!
Duquesne University
Pittsburghese.com
{{English dialects by continent American English American slang City colloquials Culture of Pittsburgh Scotch-Irish American culture in Pennsylvania Working-class culture in Pennsylvania Languages of Pennsylvania