HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Giuseppina Pasqualino di Marineo (December 9, 1974 – March 31, 2008), known as Pippa Bacca, was an
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance languag ...
performance and
feminist Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideology, ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social gender equality, equality of the sexes. Feminism holds the position that modern soci ...
artist. On March 31, 2008, Pippa Bacca disappeared in
Gebze Gebze (), formerly known as Libyssa, is a municipality and district of Kocaeli Province, Turkey. Its area is 418 km2, and its population is 407,019 (2022). It is situated 65 km (30 mi) southeast of Istanbul, on the Gulf of Izmit, ...
in Turkey during an international
hitchhiking Hitchhiking (also known as thumbing, autostop or hitching) is a means of transportation that is gained by asking individuals, usually strangers, for a ride in their car or other vehicle. The ride is usually, but not always, free. Signaling ...
trip to promote world peace under the motto, "marriage between different peoples and nations". Bacca and fellow artist Silvia Moro were symbolically wearing wedding dresses during their trek. On April 11, 2008, the police arrested a man who later confessed to her murder and led the authorities to the discovery of her body.


Biography


Early life

Pippa Bacca was born in
Milan Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nea ...
on December 9, 1974, as Giuseppina Valeria Laura Maria Pasqualino di Marineo. Her father, Guido Pasqualino di Marineo, was originally from
Naples Naples ( ; ; ) is the Regions of Italy, regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 908,082 within the city's administrative limits as of 2025, while its Metropolitan City of N ...
and descended from Neapolitan nobility. Her mother, Elena Manzoni dei Conti di Chiosca e Poggiolo, likewise came from an affluent noble family of Sicilian origin. Baccas' mother was the older sister of the artist
Piero Manzoni Piero Manzoni di Chiosca e Poggiolo (July 13, 1933 – February 6, 1963) was an Italian artist best known for his ironic approach to avant-garde art. Often compared to the work of Yves Klein, his own work anticipated, and directly influenced ...
. Bacca was the third of five sisters and she also had a half-brother from her father's remarriage. As children, their mother dressed Bacca and her sisters all in green to make them recognizable and to not lose them. As an adult, Bacca would decide to always wear the color green, and she would also write all her letters and postcards in green ink. Furthermore, Bacca would become a
vegetarian Vegetarianism is the practice of abstaining from the Eating, consumption of meat (red meat, poultry, seafood, insects as food, insects, and the flesh of any other animal). It may also include abstaining from eating all by-products of animal slau ...
, but once a year, she would indulge herself and eat fish. As her uncle Piero Manzoni died before the birth of Bacca she never met him; but as her mother Elena safeguarded her brother's artistic legacy and preserved his art. Bacca grew up well aware of her uncle's artistic work, and she and her siblings were raised "breathing the same creative air" as their uncle. Despite the family considering themselves as nonconformist, Bacca and her family were, in many ways conservative, with devoutly Catholic and pro-monarchist values. Both of Bacca's parents were politically active; her father was the leader of the political party the
Italian Monarchist Union The Italian Monarchist Union (, UMI) is an Italian political movement, which has not contested any election since 1946. Its chief aim is to restore monarchy in Italy. The UMI supports Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta as King of Italy King is ...
in the 1970s, and her mother was involved in the
Italian Democratic Socialist Party The Italian Democratic Socialist Party (, PSDI), also known as Italian Social Democratic Party, was a social-democratic political party in Italy. The longest serving partner in government for Christian Democracy, the PSDI was an important for ...
and considered a right wing liberal. They were also engaged in the Silenzia Maggiore movement (Silent Majority which was formed as a reaction to the
1968 student protests The protests of 1968 comprised a worldwide escalation of social conflicts, which were predominantly characterized by the rise of left-wing politics, Anti-war movement, anti-war sentiment, Civil and political rights, civil rights urgency, youth C ...
in Italy. As an adult, Bacca would lean towards the left politically, but continued to be a believer and practitioner of the Catholic faith. She often wore a chain around her neck with the image of Saint Joseph of Cupertino. Bacca's parents separated when she was five years old, and then divorced in 1987. Afterwards, her family lived in the Azienda Lombarda Edilizia Residenziale public housing units located in Corso Garibaldi. Sharing a strong family bond, the sisters would call themselves "Il Neurone" (The neuron), as they felt they were part of one neuron. At a young age, her mother instilled a love of traveling in Bacca, and the family would explore Italy and Europe in an old van. In 1987, Bacca, her mother, and her sisters traveled the pilgrim road to
Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, simply Santiago, or Compostela, in the province of Province of A Coruña, A Coruña, is the capital of the autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Galicia (Spain), Galicia, in northwestern Spain. The city ...
. They made their way through walking, biking, and hitchhiking.


Education

Bacca attended a classical high school (liceo classico) geared toward Italian and foreign literature, history, philosophy and art history. She had thoughts about pursuing a degree in mathematics, but after her graduation instead of continuing her studies she decided to travel to
Ireland Ireland (, ; ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe. Geopolitically, the island is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially Names of the Irish state, named Irelan ...
where she spent a year before returning to Italy to find work. On her return, Bacca lived with her mother and sister Maria and found part time work in an interbank call center. Bacca also worked for Archivo Opere Piero Manzoni between 1998 and 2003 and assisted the art historian
Germano Celant Germano Celant (11 September 1940 – 29 April 2020) was an Italian art historian, critic, and curator who coined the term "Arte Povera" (poor art) in the 1967 ''Flash Art'' piece "Appunti Per Una Guerriglia" ("Notes on a guerrilla war"), which w ...
compile a
catalogue raisonné A (or critical catalogue) is an annotated listing of the works of an artist or group of artists and can contain all works or a selection of works categorised by different parameters such as medium or period. A ''catalogue raisonné'' is normal ...
of her uncles art.


Artistic work

Sometime around 1995, Bacca started seriously pursuing being an artist. Baccas first solo exhibition took place in 1999 and was called ''Angeli: vita, morte e miracoli'' (Angels: life,death and miracle) at the Slobs Gallery in Milan. Bacca had cut out
silhouette A silhouette (, ) is the image of a person, animal, object or scene represented as a solid shape of a single colour, usually black, with its edges matching the outline of the subject. The interior of a silhouette is featureless, and the silhouett ...
s in colored paper and cardboard. Baccas second exhibit Matres Matutae was held in 2001. These like her first exhibit was also silhouettes but this time inspired by votive offerings to the goddess Mater Matuta representing different aspects of motherhood. This was followed in 2002 with ''La luna nel pozzo'' (The Moon in the Well) at Galleria Fondo Perduto where Bacca explored theme of femininity by retracing the phases of the moon in fourteen works, from new moon to full moon. Bacca was also drawn to performance art, an expression that seemed to align with her own personality. For example, on an occasion Bacca went to meet a boyfriend at the Bergamo railway station where she dressed up as a mermaid and bathed in the fountain in front of the station. While dating another boyfriend, he broke up with her and told her that he was not in love with her. Bacca in response had 1,500 badges printed with the words "I am in love with Pippa Bacca, Ask me why!" and distributed them all over Milan to make sure her ex-boyfriend would see them and how many people were in love with Bacca that he would reconsider his decision. But according to some sources, her artistic projects and her eccentric lifestyle were not one and the same, though it could appear as such to outsiders. It has also been expressed that Bacca's aim was not to make a career as an artist but for the pursuit of art for its own sake. Hitchhiking was a great interest of Bacca, and she would travel both with her family and on her own in countries such as North America, Ireland, Spain, Russia and Turkey. During the sometimes long waits for a lift, Bacca would recite the Rosary. Bacca was also very familiar with the lives of saints and would talk at length about them when in company. Incorporating her hitchhiking in her artistic work, Bacca would photograph the people who gave her a lift and also later record their conversations. These photographs would later be used in the 2004 exhibition ''Più oltre'' which was held in
Perugia Perugia ( , ; ; ) is the capital city of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the River Tiber. The city is located about north of Rome and southeast of Florence. It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area. It has 162,467 ...
. Bacca worked with different media, including photography, collage and embroidery. Her 2004 piece, ''Surgical Mutations,'' consisted of a series of leaves collected in a wood and cut-out as to resemble different floral species. In 2006, she had her first institutional solo exhibition, ''The Broken Image'' at Fabbrica del Vapore in Milan. Around this time Bacca was also a member of the art collective Coniglio Viola where she helped to curate some exhibitions. Another project of Baccas was photographing people on the streets of Milan in 2007. These photos would then be put in glass jar with
grappa Grappa is an alcoholic beverage: a fragrant, grape-based pomace brandy of Italian origin that contains 35 to 60 percent alcohol by volume (70 to 120 Alcohol proof, US proof). Grappa is a protected name in the European Union. Grappa is made by ...
and flour and then shaken with the dispersion of the grains of flour in the liquid; the effect would be that of mist (''scighera in the Milanese dialect'') around the photos. Bacca was also a singer and joined Coro di Micene, an historically anarchist choir in Milan. She would then go on to start her own choir, Bubble Gum, in the summer of 2005. Their finale number was always Besame Mucho, but after the death of Bacca, the choir always end it with the song
Moon River "Moon River" is a song composed by Henry Mancini with lyrics by Johnny Mercer. It was originally performed by Audrey Hepburn in the 1961 film '' Breakfast at Tiffany's'', winning an Academy Award for Best Original Song. The song also won the 19 ...
which was a favourite of Baccas. For the choir's performances, she would take on the persona of Eva Adamovich whose outfit included a black wig and a green ostrich boa. This was something Bacca had stated in 1997, that she had five different aspects to herself or rather had five alter egos:


Baccas alter egos

* The aforementioned Eva Adamovich, who wore only high heels and very heavy makeup, tight dresses and a wig. She called everyone "love" and "sweetheart", but she didn't trust anyone. She stated that she was a virgin because she was forever linked to her first love who died in tragic circumstances. To further emphasize that they were two different people Pippa Bacca and Eva Adamovich had different telephone numbers. * Pippa Pasqualino di Marineo, the hardworking employee of the call center where Bacca worked. * Pippa Bacca, her artist persona who was very social and had many friends. Bacca had been known by this name since her school days. It was originally the name of a doll Bacca had owned as a child and diminutive of "Giuseppina". It has also been claimed that her half-brother as a child was unable to say the name "Giuseppina" which instead came out as Pippa. Pippa would then go on to add Bacca to the name since it means "cuddle" in the Milanese dialect and because it reminded her of the god
Bacchus In ancient Greek religion and myth, Dionysus (; ) is the god of wine-making, orchards and fruit, vegetation, fertility, festivity, insanity, ritual madness, religious ecstasy, and theatre. He was also known as Bacchus ( or ; ) by the Gre ...
. * "The Green Rabbit" (Il coniglio verde) whose naked body was covered by a green cloak. It didn't appear very often. * Furthermore, Bacca herself would also be the subject of other artists. Camilla Micheli photographed Bacca's two personalities "Pippa Bacca" and "Eva Adamovich" posing as of Gabrielle d'Estrées and one of her sisters. The title of the paraphrase being :''Ritratto presunto di Pippa ed Eva" (Portrait presumed to be Pippa and Eva).''


"Brides on Tour"

Sometime before 2004 Bacca attended a wedding of a friend. The friend was concerned about getting her white gown dirty which made Bacca think about how strange it was that a piece of clothing that was used for just one special day could hold such importance. This was the inspiration for "Brides on tour project." In 2006, Bacca started working on the performative piece to promote world peace called "Brides on Tour," with fellow artist Silvia Moro. In the two years preceding the project, Bacca learned Arabic as to be able to communicate with the people she would meet between Turkey and Jerusalem. The artists, wearing white wedding dresses, departed from Milan on 8 March 2008, travelled through the Balkans and arrived in Turkey twelve days later. They had planned to hitchhike through the Middle East, their final destination being
Jerusalem Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest cities in the world, and ...
. Concerning their attire, they reported on their website that "That's the only dress we'll carry along – with all stains accumulated during the journey."


Disappearance

After travelling together across Europe, Bacca and Moro split up just prior to arriving in
Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
, planning to meet up again in
Beirut Beirut ( ; ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Lebanon. , Greater Beirut has a population of 2.5 million, just under half of Lebanon's population, which makes it the List of largest cities in the Levant region by populatio ...
. Bacca was last seen on 31 March. Her credit card was reportedly used at noon of that day. Bacca's naked, strangled, and decomposing body was found in bushes near
Gebze Gebze (), formerly known as Libyssa, is a municipality and district of Kocaeli Province, Turkey. Its area is 418 km2, and its population is 407,019 (2022). It is situated 65 km (30 mi) southeast of Istanbul, on the Gulf of Izmit, ...
, about southeast of Istanbul. The man who led the police to her body, Murat Karataş, was detained and arrested after reportedly confessing to raping and strangling Bacca on 31 March after taking her in his Jeep from a gas station. DNA testing suggested that Bacca was raped by multiple people, and not just Karataş. The suspect said he was "under the influence of drugs and alcohol" and could not remember what happened. Karataş had been traced after he inserted his own
SIM card A typical SIM card (mini-SIM with micro-SIM cutout)A SIM card or SIM (subscriber identity module) is an integrated circuit (IC) intended to securely store an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number and its related key, which are u ...
into the victim's cellphone – which alerted police, since he had a previous conviction for theft. Bacca's own information was wiped from the mobile device, implicating, according to the lawyer for Bacca's family, at least one other accomplice since Karataş could not speak English and left school after the third grade.


Funeral

Bacca's funeral took place on 19 April 2008, in front of the San Simpliciano church of Milan. Over 1,000 people gathered. Politicians
Letizia Moratti Letizia Maria Moratti (née Brichetto Arnaboldi; born 26 November 1949) is an Italian businesswoman and politician. She was president of RAI (1994–1996), Minister of Education, University and Research (2001–2006), mayor of Milan (2006–201 ...
and Barbara Pollastrini attended as well as representatives of the Turkish authorities. Sidewalks and houses in the vicinity of the church were decorated with green balloons and banners. Bacca's coffin was also covered in a cloth in her favorite color green and the choir she had started performed during the ceremony. Bacca's alter ego Eva Adamovich got an obituary in the newspaper
Corriere della Sera (; ) is an Italian daily newspaper published in Milan with an average circulation of 246,278 copies in May 2023. First published on 5 March 1876, is one of Italy's oldest newspapers and is Italy's most read newspaper. Its masthead has remain ...
, where it was stated that she had "departed for a never-ending tour of the
Bahamas The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an archipelagic and island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the Atlantic Ocean. It contains 97 per cent of the archipelago's land area and 88 per cent of its population. ...
". Bacca was buried in the family tomb in Casirate d'Adda with the dress she wore on her tour, as it was the dress she wore at the time of her death. According to her mother, she was also buried with a pair of favorite green patchwork dungarees, the ostrich boa she had worn as Eva Adamovich, and a gold chain with the medal of Saint Joseph of Copertino, patron saint of undisciplined students.


Aftermath

In the aftermath, Bacca's sister Maria gave a statement to the Italian news agency ANSA. " acca'stravels were for an artistic performance and to give a message of peace and trust, but not everyone deserves trust... We weren't particularly worried because she had been hitchhiking for a long time, and thus was capable of avoiding risky situations... She was a determined person when it came to her art". The Turkish president
Abdullah Gül Abdullah Gül (; ; born 29 October 1950) is a Turkish politician who served as the 11th president of Turkey from 2007 to 2014. He previously served for four months as Prime Minister of Turkey, Prime Minister from 2002 to 2003, and concurrently s ...
called the Italian president
Giorgio Napolitano Giorgio Napolitano (; 29 June 1925 – 22 September 2023) was an Italian politician who served as President of Italy from 2006 to 2015, the first to be re-elected to the office. In office for 8 years and 244 days, he was the longest-serving pre ...
to express his grief. A commentary in ''
Today's Zaman ''Today's Zaman'' (Zaman is Turkish for 'time' or 'age') was an English-language daily newspaper based in Turkey. Established on 17 January 2007, it was the English-language edition of the Turkish daily '' Zaman.'' ''Today's Zaman'' included dom ...
'', while expressing sadness for the woman's death, criticized the supposed obsequiousness of Turkish politicians to "foreigners" in the Bacca case, writing: "Let's face it, if Pippa were a Turk, some people would feel free to say that a hitchhiking woman deserves to be raped." The columnist argued that local problems such as
violence against women Violence against women (VAW), also known as gender-based violence (GBV) or sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), violent, violence primarily committed by Man, men or boys against woman, women or girls. Such violence is often considered hat ...
should be addressed regardless of Turkey's concern for being shamed before foreigners. ''
Hürriyet ''Hürriyet'' (, ''Liberty'') is a major List of newspapers in Turkey, Turkish newspaper, founded in 1948. it had the highest circulation of any newspaper in Turkey at around 319,000. ''Hürriyet'' combines entertainment with news coverage and ...
'', a top selling Turkish newspaper, printed an article on the murder entitled "We are ashamed". On the occasion of the 2009 Art Festival in Faenza,
Istanbul Biennial The Istanbul Biennial is a contemporary art exhibition that has been held biennially in Istanbul, Turkey, since 1987. The Biennial has been organised by the Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts (IKSV) since its inception. Istanbul Biennial p ...
director Fulya Erdemci made a public apology on behalf of her country. Bacca's fellow traveler Silvia Moro returned to Milan and stopped making art after the incident.


Legacy

Bacca was an artist not well known outside Milan before her death, but the circumstances of her death has made her become a symbol for the vulnerability of women, and she has come to represent resistance and resilience. But critics has also pointed at the risk artists will go to in pursuit of artistic endeavours. Even so, Baccas last project has continued inspiring others in many different expressions and mediums. The performance artist Carolina Bianchi processes her own sexual assault in her piece "Cadela Força" (Bitch Strength) by taking a knockout drug, and while still conscious, she talks about the femicide of Bacca. For her 2010 project "My Letter to Pippa", Turkish documentary filmmaker Bingöl Elmas, dressed in black as a symbol of grief and traveled the same road as Bacca while documenting her own journey. Tooth for tooth by Nezeket Ekici (2016). The painter Franco Biagioni who depict events in his l’Archivio Dipinto della Memoria (''Painted Archive of Memory)'' in a style reminiscent of votive paintings has depicted the death of Bacca in one of his paintings. In 2011, Italian artist Nadia Impala recorded the song Correndo con le forbici in mano (Ode a Pippa Bacca) (Running with scissors in the hand Ode to Pippa Bacca). In 2013, the band Radiodervish released the album ''Human'', the first song, 'Velo di sposa', in memory of Pippa Bacca. Elina Chauvet a Mexican artist was inspired by Baccas story for her Corazón Abierto (''Open Heart'') piece in 2012 and dedicated her project "La Confianza" to Bacca. It consisted of white gowns that were embroidered with red thread showing messages and images. The work was exhibited at the Dior Gallery in Paris. Bacca's photography project in 2007 inspired the book of short stories, "Il ponte della Ghisolfa" (The bridge over the Ghisolfa) by the Milanese author,
Giovanni Testori Giovanni Testori (Novate Milanese, 12 May 1923 – Milan, 16 March 1993) was an Italian writer, journalist, poet, art and literary critic, dramatist, screenplay writer, theatrical director and painter. Biography Childhood and youth “It i ...
. In 2024, it was announced that a film was going to be made about the life of Bacca. The movie will be produced by the Palermo-based production company Tramp Limited and directed by Levi Riso. Ti sei vestita di bianco (You dressed in white) an exhibition at the MURATS (Museo unico regionale dell'arte tessile sarda) in
Samugheo Samugheo is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about north of Cagliari Cagliari (, , ; ; ; Latin: ''Caralis'') is an Comune, Italian municipality and the capital and largest city ...
is a tribute to Bacca and "all women who undertake journeys of discovery and personal growth, inviting us to reflect on the universal values of love, hope and solidarity."


Tributes

A documentary about the story of Bacca, ''La Mariée'' (''The Bride''), was directed by Joël Curtz in 2012. The film features video archives from Bacca's camera that the film team had been able to recover. The White Dress (2020) is a semi-fictional account of the last days of Bacca by Nathalie Léger. Bermdans in bruidsjurk (2020) (Roadside dance in wedding dress) by Sarah Venema is a non-fiction book exploring the events leading up to Baccas death. In 2008, The women's compassion movement in Konya named one of its women's shelters after Bacca. In 2020, the city of Milan dedicated a public garden in the Brera district to Bacca.


See also

* Frank Lenz, American adventurer who disappeared in
Ottoman Turkey The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Euro ...
while cycling *
Kayla Mueller Kayla Jean Mueller (August 14, 1988 – February 6, 2015) was an American human rights activist and humanitarian aid worker from Prescott, Arizona, United States. She was taken captive in August 2013 in Aleppo, Syria, after leaving a Doctors Wi ...
, American activist and aid worker abducted by
ISIS Isis was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world. Isis was first mentioned in the Old Kingdom () as one of the main characters of the Osiris myth, in which she resurrects her sla ...
and later killed *
List of solved missing person cases Lists of solved missing person cases include: * List of solved missing person cases: pre-1950 * List of solved missing person cases: 1950–1999 * List of solved missing person cases: post-2000 See also

* List of kidnappings * List of murder ...
*
Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland On 17 December 2018, the bodies of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen, a 24-year-old Danish woman, and Maren Ueland, a 28-year-old Norwegian woman, were found decapitated in the foothills of Mount Toubkal near to the village of Imlil in the Atlas Mount ...


Bibliography

* Giorgio Bonomi, Martina Corgnati, ''Brides on Tour'', Fondazione Mudima, Milan, and Byblos Art Gallery, Verona, 2009. * Pippa Bacca, ''Eva e le altre'', Cambi Editore,
Poggibonsi Poggibonsi is a town in the province of Siena, Tuscany, Central Italy. It is located on the River Elsa (river), Elsa and is the main centre of the Valdelsa, Valdelsa Valley. History The area around Poggibonsi was already settled in the Neolithic ...
, Italy, 2016.


References


External links


Official website
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bacca, Pippa 1974 births 2000s missing person cases 2008 deaths Female murder victims Feminist artists Formerly missing Italian people Incidents of violence against women Italian anti-war activists Italian contemporary artists Italian people murdered abroad 21st-century Italian women artists Italian women activists Missing person cases in Turkey Pacifist feminists People murdered in Turkey Rape in Turkey Violence against women in Turkey Deaths by strangulation 20th-century Italian nobility Artists from Milan Pseudonymous artists Gang rape in Asia 2008 murders in Turkey Italy–Turkey relations 20th-century Italian women artists 20th-century Italian artists Italian Roman Catholics 21st-century nobility 21st-century Italian artists Italian collage artists Italian women collage artists