Pimplinae are a worldwide

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...

of the parasitic wasp

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Ichneumonidae The Ichneumonidae, also known as ichneumon wasps, ichneumonid wasps, ichneumonids, or Darwin wasps, are a family of parasitoid wasps of the insect order Hymenoptera. They are one of the most diverse groups within the Hymenoptera with roughly 25 ...

. Pimplinae are

parasitoid In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host (biology), host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionarily stable str ...

s of

Holometabola Holometabola (from Ancient Greek "complete" + "change"), also known as Endopterygota (from "inner" + "wing" + Neo-Latin "-having"), is a supra-order (biology), ordinal clade of insects within the infraclass Neoptera that go through distincti ...

, often the

pupa A pupa (; : pupae) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their life cycle, the stages th ...

e of

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organ ...

. Various species parasitize the egg sacs and adults of spiders. Those species that parasitize eggs are ectoparasitic idiobionts. Females perforate the silk of the egg sacs and lay their egg(s) directly onto the surface of the eggs within them. After hatching, the parasitoid larvae feed externally on the eggs and kill most of the eggs in the process. Pimplinae are generally sturdy black insects with orange markings. The first tergite is box-like with the spiracle anterior to the middle.

List of genera

There are 72 genera of Pimplinae listed below.

Tribe Delomeristini Hellén, 1915

* '' Atractogaster'' Kriechbaumer, 1872 * '' Delomerista'' Förster, 1868 * '' Perithous'' Holmgren, 1859 * '' Pseudorhyssa'' Merrill, 1915

Tribe Ephialtini Hellén, 1915

''Pseudopimpla'' genus-group

* '' Pseudopimpla'' Habermehl, 1917

''Alophosternum'' genus-group

* '' Alophosternum'' Cushman, 1933 * '' Pachymelos'' Baltazar, 1961

''Camptotypus'' genus-group

* '' Camptotypus'' Kriechbaumer, 1889 * '' Clydonium'' Townes, 1966 * '' Hemipimpla'' Saussure, 1892 * '' Odontopimpla'' Cameron, 1886 * '' Parvipimpla'' Gauld, 1984 * '' Zonopimpla'' Ashmead, 1900

''Ephialtes'' genus-group

* '' Afrephialtes'' Benoit, 1963 * '' Anastelgis'' Townes, 1960 * '' Calliephialtes'' Ashmead, 1900 * '' Dolichomitus'' Smith, 1877 * '' Endromopoda'' Hellén, 1939 * '' Ephialtes'' Gravenhorst, 1829 * '' Exeristes'' Förster, 1869 * '' Exestuberis'' Wang & Yue, 1995 * '' Flavopimpla'' Betrem, 1932 * '' Fredegunda'' Fitton, Shaw & Gauld, 1988 * '' Leptopimpla'' Townes, 1961 * '' Liotryphon'' Ashmead, 1900 * '' Paraperithous'' Haupt, 1954 * '' Pimplaetus'' Seyrig, 1932 * '' Scambus'' Hartig, 1838 * '' Townesia'' Ozols, 1962 * '' Umanella'' Gauld, 1991 * '' Xanthephialtes'' Cameron, 1906 * '' Xanthophenax'' Saussure, 1892

''Polysphincta'' genus-group

* '' Acrodactyla'' Haliday, 1838 * '' Acropimpla'' Townes, 1960 * '' Acrotaphus'' Townes, 1960 * '' Afrosphincta'' Benoit, 1953 * '' Aravenator'' Momoi, 1973 * '' Dreisbachia'' Townes, 1962 * '' Eriostethus'' Morley, 1914 * '' Eruga'' Townes & Townes, 1960 * '' Flacopimpla'' Gauld, 1991 * '' Hymenoepimecis'' Viereck, 1912 * '' Oxyrrhexis'' Förster, 1868 * '' Piogaster'' Perkins, 1958 * '' Polysphincta'' Gravenhorst, 1829 * '' Pterinopus'' Townes, 1969 * '' Reclinervellus'' He & Ye, 1998 * '' Schizopyga'' Gravenhorst, 1829 * '' Sericopimpla'' Kriechbaumer, 1895 * '' Sinarachna'' Townes, 1960 * '' Ticapimpla'' Gauld, 1991 * '' Zabrachypus'' Cushman, 1920 * '' Zatypota'' Förster, 1869

''Tromatobia'' genus-group

* '' Clistopyga'' Gravenhorst, 1829 * '' Gregopimpla'' Momoi, 1965 * '' Iseropus'' Förster, 1868 * '' Tromatobia'' Förster, 1869 * '' Zaglyptus'' Förster, 1869

Tribe Pimplini Wesmael, 1845

* '' Alophopimpla'' Momoi, 1966 * '' Apechthis'' Förster, 1868 * '' Echthromorpha'' Holmgren, 1868 * '' Itoplectis'' Förster, 1869 * '' Lissopimpla'' Kriechbaumer, 1889 * '' Parapimpla'' Théobald, 1937 * '' Pimpla'' Fabricius, 1804 * '' Strongylopsis'' Brauns, 1896 * '' Xanthopimpla'' Saussure, 1892

Tribe Theroniini Cushman & Rohwer, 1920

* '' Augerella'' Gupta, 1962 * '' Epitheronia'' Gupta, 1962 * '' Neotheronia'' Krieger, 1899 * '' Nomosphecia'' Gupta, 1962 * '' Parema'' Gupta, 1962 * '' Theronia'' Holmgren, 1859

Gallery

File:Parasite170127-fig 2A (unlabelled) ovipositor Pimplinae Brachyzapus nikkoensis.jpg, ''Brachyzapus nikkoensis'' depositing egg on a spider File:Parasite170127-fig 2B (unlabelled) ovipositor Pimplinae Zatypota albicoxa.jpg, ''Zatypota albicoxa'' depositing egg on a spider File:Ichneumonidae - Pimpla cf. rufipes.jpg, ''Pimpla rufipes'' File:Dolichomitus Eiablage-02-R Bartz.jpg, ''Dolichomitus'' sp. Scambus buolianae CNCHYM 09787.jpg, ''Scambus buolianae'' 2018 08 20 Schlupfwespe.jpg, ''Exeristes roborator''

References

External links

Diagnostic characters
Images (in easy Spanish)
Hymenoptera Online (HOL)
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Taxonomicon
Apocrita subfamilies {{Ichneumonidae-stub