''Phanerochaete'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

crust fungi The corticioid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota typically having effused, smooth basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are formed on the undersides of dead tree trunks or branches. They are sometimes colloquially called crust fungi or pa ...

in the family

Phanerochaetaceae The Phanerochaetaceae are a family of mostly crust fungi in the order Polyporales. Taxonomy Phanerochaetaceae was first conceived by Swedish mycologist John Eriksson in 1958 as the subfamily Phanerochaetoideae of the Corticiaceae. It was later ...

Taxonomy

The genus was

circumscribed In geometry, a circumscribed circle for a set of points is a circle passing through each of them. Such a circle is said to ''circumscribe'' the points or a polygon formed from them; such a polygon is said to be ''inscribed'' in the circle. * Circum ...

by Finnish mycologist

Petter Karsten Petter Adolf Karsten (16 February 1834 – 22 March 1917) was a Finnish mycologist, the foremost expert on the fungi of Finland in his day, and known in consequence as the "father of Finnish mycology". Karsten was born in Merimasku near Turku ...

in 1889.

Marinus Anton Donk Marinus Anton Donk (14 August 1908 – 2 September 1972) was a Dutch mycology, mycologist. He specialized in the Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy and nomenclature of mushrooms. Rolf Singer wrote in his obituary that he was "one of the most outstandin ...

redefined the limits of the genus in two publications in 1957 and 1962. ''Phanerochaete'' has traditionally been delimited based on the overall

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines *Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts *Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies, ...

of the

fruit body The sporocarp (also known as fruiting body, fruit body or fruitbody) of fungi is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruitbody is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cyc ...

, as well as microscopic characteristics including the nature of the

hypha A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one o ...

l structure,

cystidia A cystidium (: cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the sporocarp of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. Since cystidia have highly varied and distinct shapes that are o ...

, and

spores In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plant ...

Molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions that satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, ...

analyses demonstrate that the genus is

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

, containing members placed throughout the phlebioid

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

of the

Polyporales The Polyporales are an order (biology), order of about 1,800 species of fungi in the division (mycology), division Basidiomycota. The order includes some (but not all) polypores as well as many corticioid fungi and a few agarics (mainly in the ge ...

. The genus name is derived from the

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

words φανεφός ("distinct") and χαίτη ("hair").

Description

''Phanerochaete'' species have membranaceous, crust-like

fruit bodies The sporocarp (also known as fruiting body, fruit body or fruitbody) of fungi is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruitbody is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cyc ...

. The

l system is monomitic, with simple-septate generative hyphae; single or multiple

clamps Clamp may refer to: Tools and devices *Brick clamp, an early method of baking bricks *Clamp (tool), a device or tool used to hold objects in a fixed relative position (many types listed) **C-clamp **C-clamp (stagecraft) **Riser clamp, a device u ...

may be present in the subiculum. The

basidia A basidium (: basidia) is a microscopic spore-producing structure found on the hymenophore of reproductive bodies of basidiomycete fungi. The presence of basidia is one of the main characteristic features of the group. These bodies are also ...

(spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped and smooth.

Spores In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plant ...

of the genus are thin-walled,

inamyloid In mycology a tissue or feature is said to be amyloid if it has a positive amyloid reaction when subjected to a crude chemical test using iodine as an ingredient of either Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, producing a blue to blue-black staini ...

hyaline A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from , and . Histopathology Hyaline cartilage is named after its glassy appearance on fresh gross pathology. On light microscopy of H&E stained slides, the extracellula ...

, and have a cylindrical to

ellipsoid An ellipsoid is a surface that can be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional Scaling (geometry), scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation. An ellipsoid is a quadric surface; that is, a Surface (mathemat ...

al shape. ''Phanerochaete'' species cause

white rot A wood-decay or xylophagous fungus is any species of fungus that digests moist wood, causing it to rot. Some species of wood-decay fungi attack dead wood, such as ''Serpula lacrymans'', and some, such as '' Armillaria'' (honey fungus), are par ...

on both

conifer Conifers () are a group of conifer cone, cone-bearing Spermatophyte, seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the phylum, division Pinophyta (), also known as Coniferophyta () or Coniferae. The division contains a sin ...

s and

hardwood Hardwood is wood from Flowering plant, angiosperm trees. These are usually found in broad-leaved temperate and tropical forests. In temperate and boreal ecosystem, boreal latitudes they are mostly deciduous, but in tropics and subtropics mostl ...

Chemistry

''Phanerochaete'' includes

fungi that are able to degrade the woody polymer

lignin Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidit ...

carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalent bond, covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at norma ...

. This is achieved, in part, by

lignin peroxidase In enzymology, a lignin peroxidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :1,2-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-diol + H2O2 \rightleftharpoons 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde + 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-diol + H2O Thus, the tw ...

s and

manganese peroxidase In enzymology, a manganese peroxidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :2 Mn(II) + 2 H+ + H2O2 \rightleftharpoons 2 Mn(III) + 2 H2O The 3 substrates of this enzyme are Mn(II), H+, and H2O2, whereas its two products are M ...

s. These peroxidases are also able to mediate oxidation of a wide variety of organic

pollutant A pollutant or novel entity is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effect, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. These can be both naturally forming (i.e. minerals or extracted compounds like oi ...

s. The genome of ''Phanerochaete chrysosporium'' was sequenced and shows the genetic potential to make over 100 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. White rot fungi have been used in

bioremediation Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system (typically bacteria, microalgae, fungi in mycoremediation, and plants in phytoremediation), living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, wate ...

efforts to break down potentially harmful chemicals in soil and in water. For example, phenol-formaldehyde is degraded by ''P. chrysosporium'', while '' P. sordida'' breaks down the

neonicotinoid Neonicotinoids (sometimes shortened to neonics ) are a class of neuro-active insecticides chemically similar to nicotine, developed by scientists at Royal Dutch Shell, Shell and Bayer in the 1980s. Neonicotinoids are among the widest-used insecti ...

pesticide

clothianidin Clothianidin is an insecticide developed by Takeda Chemical Industries and Bayer AG. Similar to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, it is a neonicotinoid. Neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides that are chemically similar to nicotine, which has be ...

Species

Index Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partners along with Landcare Research and th ...

accepts 101 species of ''Phanerochaete'': *'' Phanerochaete aculeata'' Hallenb. (1978) *'' Phanerochaete affinis'' (Burt) Parmasto (1968) *'' Phanerochaete alba'' Sang H.Lin & Z.C.Chen (1990) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete albida'' Sheng H.Wu (1990) *'' Phanerochaete allantospora'' Burds. & Gilb. (1974) *'' Phanerochaete alnea'' (Fr.) P.Karst. (1889) *'' Phanerochaete aluticolor'' (Bres. & Torrend) Melo, J.Cardoso, M.Dueñas, Salcedo & Tellería (2012) *'' Phanerochaete andreae'' Burds., Beltrán-Tej. & Rodr.-Armas (1995) *'' Phanerochaete angustocystidiata'' Sheng H.Wu (2000) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete arenata'' (P.H.B.Talbot) Jülich (1979) *'' Phanerochaete areolata'' (G.Cunn.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (1990) *'' Phanerochaete argillacea'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete arizonica'' Burds. & Gilb. (1974) *'' Phanerochaete aurantiobadia'' Ghobad-Nejhad, S.L.Liu & E.Langer (2015) *'' Phanerochaete australis'' Jülich (1980) *'' Phanerochaete avellanea'' (Bres.) J.Erikss. & Hjortstam (1981) *'' Phanerochaete bambucicola'' Sheng H.Wu (2018) *'' Phanerochaete binucleospordida'' Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles (1993) *'' Phanerochaete brunnea'' Sheng H.Wu (1990) *'' Phanerochaete bubalina'' Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete burtii'' (Romell ex Burt) Parmasto (1967) *'' Phanerochaete cacaina'' (Bourdot & Galzin) Burds. & Gilb. (1974) *'' Phanerochaete cana'' (Burt) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete capitata'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete carnosa'' (Burt) Parmasto (1967) *'' Phanerochaete caucasica'' (Parmasto) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete citri'' A.B.De (1991) – India *'' Phanerochaete citrinosanguinea'' D.Floudas & Hibbett (2015) *'' Phanerochaete commixtoides'' Sang H.Lin & Z.C.Chen (1990) *'' Phanerochaete conifericola'' D.Floudas & D.S.Hibbett (2015) *'' Phanerochaete cordylines'' (G.Cunn.) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete cremeo-ochracea'' (Bourdot & Galzin) Hjortstam (1987) *'' Phanerochaete crescentispora'' Gilb. & Hemmes (2001) *'' Phanerochaete cryptocystidiata'' Nakasone (2008) *'' Phanerochaete deflectens'' (P.Karst.) Hjortstam (1987) *'' Phanerochaete eburnea'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete eichleriana'' Bres. (1903) *'' Phanerochaete emplastra'' (Berk. & Broome) Hjortstam (1989) *'' Phanerochaete exigua'' (Burt) Nakasone, Burds. & Lodge (1998) *'' Phanerochaete exilis'' (Burt) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete flava'' (Burt) Nakasone, Burds. & Lodge (1998) *'' Phanerochaete flavidogrisea'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete flavocarnea'' (Petch) Hjortstam (1995) *'' Phanerochaete fulva'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete furfuraceovelutinus'' (Rick) Rajchenb. (1987) *'' Phanerochaete globosa'' Sang H.Lin & Z.C.Chen (1990) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete granulata'' Sheng H.Wu (2007) *'' Phanerochaete hiulca'' (Burt) A.L.Welden (1980) *'' Phanerochaete hyphocystidiata'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete incarnata'' Sheng H.Wu (2017) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete incrustans'' (Speg.) Rajchenb. & J.E.Wright (1987) *'' Phanerochaete infuscata'' Hjortstam & Ryvarden (2004) *'' Phanerochaete intertexta'' Sheng H.Wu (1990) *'' Phanerochaete investiens'' (Berk.) P.Roberts (2009) *'' Phanerochaete jose-ferreirae'' (D.A.Reid) D.A.Reid (1975) *'' Phanerochaete laevis'' (Fr.) J.Erikss. & Ryvarden (1978) *'' Phanerochaete leptoderma'' Sheng H.Wu (1990) *'' Phanerochaete lutea'' (Sheng H.Wu) Hjortstam (1995) *'' Phanerochaete luteoaurantiaca'' (Wakef.) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete macrocystidiata'' Hallenb. (1978) *'' Phanerochaete martelliana'' (Bres.) J.Erikss. & Ryvarden (1978) *'' Phanerochaete mauiensis'' Gilb. & Adask. (1993) *'' Phanerochaete odontoidea'' Sheng H.Wu (2000) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete oreophila'' Gilb. & Hemmes (2004) *'' Phanerochaete pallida'' Parmasto (1967) *'' Phanerochaete parmastoi'' Sheng H.Wu (1990) *'' Phanerochaete parvispora'' Sheng H.Wu & Losi (1995) – Europe *'' Phanerochaete percitrina'' P.Roberts & Hjortstam (2000) – Africa *'' Phanerochaete phosphorescens'' (Burt) A.L.Welden (1980) *'' Phanerochaete porostereoides'' S.L.Liu & S.H.He (2016) – China *'' Phanerochaete pseudosanguinea'' D.Floudas & D.S.Hibbett (2015) *'' Phanerochaete queletii'' (Bres.) Nakasone (2008) *'' Phanerochaete radulans'' Hallenb. (1978) *'' Phanerochaete reflexa'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete rhodella'' (Peck) D.Floudas & D.S.Hibbett (2015) *'' Phanerochaete robusta'' Parmasto (1968) *'' Phanerochaete rubescens'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete sacchari'' (Burt) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete salmoneolutea'' Burds. & Gilb. (1974) *'' Phanerochaete sanguineocarnosa'' D.Floudas & Hibbett (2015) *'' Phanerochaete sanwicensis'' Gilb. & Hemmes (2004) *'' Phanerochaete sordida'' (P.Karst.) J.Erikss. & Ryvarden (1978) *'' Phanerochaete stereoides'' Sheng H.Wu (1995) *'' Phanerochaete suballantoidea'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete subceracea'' (Burt) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete subcrassispora'' P.Roberts & Hjortstam (2009) *'' Phanerochaete subglobosa'' Sheng H.Wu (1990) *'' Phanerochaete subiculosa'' (Burt) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete taiwaniana'' Sheng H.Wu (1990) *'' Phanerochaete tamariciphila'' Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles (1993) *'' Phanerochaete thailandica'' Kout & Sádlíková (2017) – Thailand *'' Phanerochaete tropica'' (Sheng H.Wu) Hjortstam (1995) *'' Phanerochaete tuberculascens'' Hjortstam (2000) *'' Phanerochaete tuberculata'' (P.Karst.) Parmasto (1968) *'' Phanerochaete velutina'' (DC.) P.Karst. (1898) *'' Phanerochaete vesiculosa'' S.Martínez & Nakasone (2005) – Uruguay *'' Phanerochaete xerophila'' Burds. (1985)

Taxonomy

Description

Chemistry

Species

References

Further reading