Phaeton Incident

HMS ''Phaeton'' was a 38-gun, fifth rate of Britain's Royal Navy. This frigate was most noted for her intrusion into Nagasaki harbour in 1808. John Smallshaw (Smallshaw & Company) built ''Phaeton'' in Liverpool between 1780 and 1782. She participated in numerous engagements during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars during which service she captured many prizes. Francis Beaufort, inventor of the Beaufort Wind-Scale, was a lieutenant on ''Phaeton'' when he distinguished himself during a successful cutting out expedition. ''Phaeton'' sailed to the Pacific in 1805, and returned in 1812. She was finally sold on 26 March 1828.

Early years

''Phaeton'' was commissioned in March 1782. Within a year she had been paid off.

Service in the Channel

In December 1792 ''Phaeton'' was commissioned under Sir Andrew Snape Douglas. In March 1793 ''Phaeton'' captured the 4-gun privateer lugger ''Aimable Liberté''.

Then on 14 April ''Phaeton'' sighted the French privateer ''Général Dumourier'' (or'' Général Du Mourier''), of twenty-two 6-pounder guns and 196 men, and her Spanish prize, the ''St Jago'', 140 leagues to the west of Cape Finisterre. ''Phaeton'' was part of Admiral John Gell's squadron and the entire squadron set off in pursuit, but it was ''Phaeton'' that made the actual capture.

''St Jago'' had been sailing from Lima to Spain when ''General Dumourier'' captured her on 11 April. In trying to fend off ''General Dumourier'', ''St Jago'' fought for five hours, losing 10 men killed and 37 wounded, before she struck. She also suffered extensive damage to her upper works. ''St Jago''s cargo, which had taken two years to collect, was the richest ever trusted on board a single ship. Early estimates put the value of the cargo as some £1.2 and £1.3 million. The most valuable portion of the cargo was a large number of gold bars that had a thin covering of pewter and that were listed on the manifest as "fine pewter".''Naval Chronicle'', Vol. 1, pp,217-8. ''General Dumourier'' had taken on board 680 cases, each containing 3000 dollars, plus several packages worth two to three thousand pounds.

The ships that conveyed ''St Jago'' to Portsmouth were , , , and ''Phaeton''.Annual Register
Retrieved 6 October 2008 The money came over London Bridge in 21 wagons, escorted by a party of light dragoons, and lodged in the Tower of London.

On 11 December the High Court of Admiralty decided that the ship should be restored to Spain, less one eighth of the value after expenses for salvage, provided the Spanish released British ships held at Corunna. The agents for the captors appealed and on 4 February 1795 the Lords of the council (the Privy council) put the value of the cargo at £935,000 and awarded it to the captors. At the time, all the crew, captains, officers and admirals could expect to share in the prize. Admiral Hood's share was £50,000.

On 28 May ''Phaeton'' took the 20-gun off the Spanish Coast. The Royal Navy took ''Prompte'' into service under her existing name.

Together with , ''Phaeton'' took two privateers in the Channel in June - ''Poisson Volante'', of ten guns, and ''Général Washington''. On 27 November ''Phaeton'' and were among the six vessels of a squadron that captured the 28-gun off Ushant.

In February 1794 ''Phaeton'' was paid off, but the next month Captain William Bentinck recommissioned her.

During the battle of the Glorious First of June, ''Phaeton'' came to the aid of the dismasted . While doing so, ''Phaeton'' exchanged broadsides with the French ship-of-the-line .James (1837), Vol 1, 158. ''Phaeton'' suffered three men killed and five wounded. She was the only one of the support vessels there to suffer casualties. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the survivors to that date of all the vessels at the battle, including ''Phaeton'', the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "1 June 1794".

Captain Robert Stopford

In September, ''Phaeton'' came under the command of Captain Stopford. In May 1795 ''Phaeton'' escorted Princess Caroline of Brunswick to England. Then began what would become a spectacular string of prize-taking. During Stopford's service in the Channel, ''Phaeton'' captured some 13 privateers and three vessels of war, and also recovered numerous vessels that the French had taken.

On 10 March 1796, ''Phaeton'' engaged and captured the French corvette ''Bonne Citoyenne'' off Cape Finisterre. She was armed with twenty 9-pounder guns and had a crew of 145 men. She had left Rochefort on 4 March in company with the French frigates , , and , and the brig , all sailing for the Île de France with troops and military supplies. Stopford took her back to England as his prize. The Royal Navy then bought her in as , a sixth-rate sloop-of-war.

While cruising in the Channel, on 6 March 1797, ''Phaeton'' took the French privateer ''Actif''. She was armed with 18 guns and had a crew of 120 men. She had sailed from Nantes on 17 February and ten days later had captured the packet ship ''Princess Elizabeth'', which was her only prize.

On 28 May, ''Phaeton'', , and the hired armed lugger detained ''Frederickstadt''.

On 16 September ''Phaeton'' took the 6-gun ''Chasseur''. Then two days later she took the privateer ''Brunette''. Then with ''Unite'' she took 16-gun ''Indien'' on 24 September off the Roches Bonnes. On 9 October ''Unite'' captured ''Découverte'', with the 32-gun frigate and ''Phaeton'' in company.

''Phaeton'' also recaptured three British vessels. These were ''Adamant'' (24 September), ''Arcade'' (3 October), and ''Recovery'' (20 October).

Then on 28 December ''Phaeton'' took the 12-gun ''Hazard'' in the Bay of Biscay. The next day, the 44-gun ''Anson'', Captain Philip Charles Durham, with ''Phaeton'', retook the 20-gun , which the French had captured almost exactly three years earlier. Out of a crew of 276, including 30 passengers of various descriptions, ''Daphne'', lost five men killed and several wounded before she surrendered. ''Anson'' had no casualties.

On New Year's Day, 1798, ''Phaeton'' took ''Aventure''. On 19 February she took the 18-gun ''Légère'' in the Channel. On 21 February, 1798 she, , and recaptured American armed mechantman "Eliza" () that had been captured by French privateer "Don Guicote" on 13 February (seems to be some conflicting info on which ship actually made the capture). On 22 March she participated in damaging the 36-gun frigate ''Charente'' near the Cordouan lighthouse. ''Phaeton'' fired on ''Charente'', chasing her first into range of the guns of the 74-gun third rate , under the command of Captain Sir John Borlase Warren, with whom she exchanged broadsides. ''Charente'' grounded, but then so did ''Canada''. ''Phaeton'' and ''Anson'' had to abandon the chase to pull ''Canada'' free. In the meantime, ''Charente'' threw her guns overboard, floated free, and reached the river of Bordeaux, much the worse for wear.

With ''Anson'', ''Phaeton'' took the 18-gun privateer ''Mercure'' on 31 August. ''Mercure'' was pierced for 20 guns and had a crew of 132 men. She was one day out of Bordeaux and had captured nothing.

A week later, ''Anson'' and ''Phaeton'' captured the 32-gun privateer ''Flore'' after a 24-hour-long chase. Stopford, in his letter, described ''Flore'' as a frigate of 36 guns and 255 men. She was eight days out of Boulogne on a cruise. ''Flore'' had also served the Royal Navy in the American Revolutionary War.

Then on 8 October ''Phaeton'' took the 16-gun privateer ''Lévrier''. Together with and , on 20 November she took ''Hirondelle''.

On 24 November 1798, ''Phaeton'' captured the French privateer brig ''Resolue'' (or ''Resolu''). ''Resolue'' was armed with 18 guns and carried a crew of 70 men. She had previously captured the English merchant ship ''General Wolfe'', sailing from Poole to Newfoundland and an American sloop sailing from Boston to Hamburg. ''Stag'' later recaptured the American.

On 6 December, ''Phaeton'' and ''Stag'' captured the French privateer brig ''Resource''. She was armed with 10 guns and carried a crew of 66 men. She had sailed from La Rochelle two days previously and was sailing for the African coast. shared in the prize money for both ''Resolu'' and ''Resource''.

On 11 April, 1799 she recaptured American brig "Nymph" captured by a privateer on 13 March. She was sent in to Plymouth.

Mediterranean

In July 1799 Captain Sir James Nicoll Morris took command of ''Phaeton'' and sailed with Lord Elgin, of the eponymous Elgin Marbles, for Constantinople. She arrived at the Dardanelles on 2 November. Elgin would be Britain's ambassador to the Ottoman Empire until 1803. In May 1800 she participated in the blockade of Genoa as part of Lord Keith's squadron. The Austrian general besieging the city, Baron d'Ott, particularly appreciated her fire in support of the Austrian army.

On 14 April 1800 ''Phaeton'' and captured the ''St. Rosalia''. ''Phaeton'' had to share her share of the proceeds with five vessels due to a prior agreement.

On 3 May, , ''Phaeton'' and captured eight vessels in Anguilla Bay:
*''Stella de Nort'';
*''Santa Maria'';
*''Nostra Senora del Carmine'';
*''Fiat Volantes Deus'';
*''Nostra Signora del Assunta'';
*''Nostra Signora de Sonsove'';
*''San Nicolas''; and
*''San Joseph'' (''San Giuseppe'').

Five days later they captured eleven Genoese vessels. They captured the first eight at St Remo:
* Polacre ship ''St. Giovanni'', which was sailing in ballast from St Remo;
*Polacre brig ''Achille'', which was sailing from Marseilles to Genoa with a cargo of corn and wine;
*Polacre barque ''St. Antonio'', which was sailing from Cette to Genoa with a cargo of wine;
*Polacre brig ''Santa'' (''Assunta''), which was sailing from Ard to Port Maurice with a cargo of wine;
*Polacre ship ''Conception'', sailing in ballast to Port Maurice;
*Polacre ship ''Madona del Carmine'', sailing from Cette to Genoa with a cargo of wine;
* Settee ''Signora del Carmine'', which was sailing from Marseilles to Genoa with a cargo of corn;
*Settee ''St. Giuseppe'', which was sailing from Marseilles to Port Maurice with a cargo of corn;
*Settee ''Immaculate Conception'', which was sailing from Cette to Genoa with a cargo of wine;
*Settee ''Amina Purgatorio'', which sailing from Cette to Genoa with a cargo of wine; and
*Settee ''Virgine Rosaria'', which was sailing from Cette to Genoa with a cargo of wine.

On 25 October ''Phaeton'' chased a Spanish polacca to an anchorage under a battery of five heavy guns at Fuengirola, where she joined a French privateer brig. The following night the brig escaped while the polacca tried twice, unsuccessfully, to escape to Málaga. On the night of 27 October, Francis Beaufort led ''Phaeton's'' boats on a cutting out expedition. Unfortunately the launch, with a carronade, was unable to keep up and was still out of range when a French privateer schooner, which had come into the anchorage unseen, fired on the other boats. The barge and two cutters immediately made straight for the polacca and succeeded in securing her by 5 am. The captured ship was ''San Josef'', alias ''Aglies'', of two 24-pounder iron guns, two brass 18-pounder guns as stern chasers, four brass 12-pounder guns and six 6-pounder guns. She was a packet, carrying provisions between Málaga and Velilla. She had a crew of 49 seamen, though 15 were away, and there were also 22 soldiers on board to act as marines.

The boarding party suffered one man killed and three wounded, including Beaufort who received, but survived, 19 wounds. The Spanish sustained at least 13 wounded.

Once Morris was sure that his men had secured the prize he sailed ''Phaeton'' in pursuit of a second polacca that had passed earlier, sailing from Ceuta to Málaga. ''Phaeton'' was able to catch her under a battery at Cape Molleno. While ''Phaeton'' was returning to pick up Beaufort, his men and their prize, the French privateer schooner sailed past, too far away for ''Phaeton'' to intercept.

The British immediately commissioned ''San Josef'' as a British sloop-of-war under the name , the ancient name for Gibraltar. Although it would have been usual to promote Beaufort, the successful and heroic leader of the expedition, to command ''Calpe'', Lord Keith chose instead George Dundas who not only was not present at the battle, but was junior to Beaufort. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the survivors to that date of the boarding party the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "27 Oct. Boat Service 1800".

On 16 May 1801, boats from ''Phaeton'' and under the direction of ''Naiad''s first lieutenant, entered the port of Marín, Pontevedra, in Galicia in north west Spain. There they captured the Spanish corvette ''Alcudia'' and destroyed the armed packet ''Raposo'', both under the protection of a battery of five 24-pounders. ''Alcudia'', commanded by Don Jean Antonio Barbuto, was moored stem and stern close to the fort. Her sails had previously been taken ashore so the boats had to tow her out but soon after a strong south-west wind set in and it was necessary to set her on fire. Only four men from the two British ships were wounded.

''Phaeton'' then returned to Britain and was paid off in March 1802.

East Indies

In July 1803 Captain George Cockburn recommissioned ''Phaeton'' for service in the Far East. Later in 1804 she and chased the French privateer back to Port Louis. Also, ''Phaeton'' recaptured the , which the French privateer Nicholas Surcouf in had captured on 14 August 1804; Captain Fallonard of the brig ''Île de France'' recaptured ''Mornington''. The British recaptured ''Mornington'' again as she continued to sail under the British Ensign until she was burnt in the Bay of Bengal in 1816.

On 2 August 1805, under Captain John Wood, ''Phaeton'' fought the 40-gun , Captain Léonard-Bernard Motard, in the San Bernardino Strait off San Jacinto, Philippines, together with the 18-gun , Captain Edward Ratsey. After exchanges of fire first with ''Harrier'' and then with ''Phaeton'', ''Sémillante'' took refuge under the guns of a shore battery. Unable to dislodge her, the two British vessels eventually sailed off, each having suffered two men wounded. ''Sémillante'' was reported to have suffered 13 killed and 36 wounded. After resupplying at San Jacinto, ''Sémillante'' intended to sail for Mexico in March 1805 to fetch specie for the Philippines; the encounter with ''Phaeton'' and ''Harrier'' foiled the plan. Motard returned to the Indian Ocean, operating for the next three years against British shipping from Île de France.James, Vol. 4, p. 153

On 18 November 1805 ''Phaeton'' was at Saint Helena. There she took on board 32 officers and crew from the East Indiaman , which the French had captured. The French had released them at the Cape of Good Hope and a cartel had delivered them to St Helena. ''Phaeton'' was already carrying the Marquis of Wellesley and his suite, who was returning to England after having served as Governor General of India. They arrived at Spithead on 13 January 1806.

In October 1806 Captain John Wood took command of ''Phaeton''. Then in July 1808, Captain Fleetwood Pellew succeeded him.

Nagasaki Harbour Incident

After the French had annexed the Dutch Republic and Napoleon began to use its resources against Britain, Royal Navy ships started to attack Dutch shipping. In 1808, ''Phaeton'', by now under the command of Pellew, entered Nagasaki's harbour to ambush some Dutch trading ships that were expected to arrive shortly.

''Phaeton'' entered the harbour on 4 October surreptitiously under a Dutch flag. Despite the arrival of the "Dutch" ship being later in the season than normal, the Japanese and Dutch representatives did not suspect anything. So, Dutch representatives from their Nagasaki trading enclave of Dejima rowed out to welcome the visiting ship. But, as they approached, ''Phaeton'' lowered a tender and captured the Dutch representatives, while their Japanese escorts jumped into the sea and fled. Pellew held the Dutch representatives hostage and demanded supplies (water, food, fuel) to be delivered to ''Phaeton'' in exchange for their return. The cannons in the Japanese harbour defenses were old and most could not even fire. Consequently, the meager Japanese forces in Nagasaki were seriously out-gunned and unable to intervene.

At the time, it was the Saga clan's turn to uphold the policy of Sakoku and to protect Nagasaki, but they had economized by stationing only 100 troops there, instead of the 1,000 officially required for the station. The Nagasaki Magistrate, , immediately ordered troops from the neighbouring areas of Kyūshū island. The Japanese mobilized a force of 8,000 samurai and 40 ships to confront the ''Phaeton'', but they could not arrive for a few days. In the meantime, the Nagasaki Magistrate decided to respond to the ship's demands, and provided supplies.

''Phaeton'' left two days later on 7 October, before the arrival of Japanese reinforcements, and after Pellew had learned that the Dutch trading ships would not be coming that year. He left behind a letter for the Dutch director Hendrik Doeff. The Nagasaki Magistrate, Matsudaira, took responsibility by performing seppuku.

Following the attack of the ''Phaeton'', the Bakufu reinforced coastal defenses, and promulgated a law prohibiting foreigners coming ashore, on pain of death (1825–1842, '' Muninen-uchikowashi-rei''). The Bakufu also requested that official interpreters learn English and Russian, departing from their prior focus on Dutch studies. In 1814, the Dutch interpreter Motoki Shozaemon wrote the first English-Japanese dictionary (6,000 words). Although the incident revealed the vulnerability of the Tokugawa system to foreign interference, the Bakufu did not enter into more fundamental reform of its defenses because of its priority on maintaining the internal balance of power with the country's daimyo.

After Nagasaki

Pellew was confirmed in his rank of post captain on 14 October 1808, and went on to see action in the Invasion of Île de France in 1810 and the reduction of Java in 1811.

In May, ''Phaeton'' escorted the second division of British troops, commanded by Major-General Frederick Augustus Wetherall, from Madras to Prince of Wales Island, and then on to Malacca.James (1837) Vol 6, 26. Once the expedition reached Batavia, ''Phaeton'' and three of the other frigates patrolled for French frigates known to be in the area.

On 31 August a landing party from ''Phaeton'' and , together with marines from , captured a fort from the French at Sumenep on the island of Madura, off Java. The British lost three men killed and 28 wounded.

Pellew sailed ''Phaeton'' home in August 1812, escorting a convoy of East Indiamen. For his services he received a present of 500 guineas and the thanks of the East India Company.

Post-war

In 1816, Capt. Frances Stanfell sailed ''Phaeton'' from Sheerness, bound for Saint Helena and the Cape of Good Hope. She arrived at St Helena on 14 April 1816, where she delivered its newly appointed military governor, Lieutenant-General Sir Hudson Lowe, his wife, Susan de Lancey Lowe, and her two daughters by a former marriage. Lowe had been expressly sent to the island to serve as the gaolor of Napoleon Bonaparte, who would die there in exile in 1821.

In April 1818, Capt. W. H. Dillon commissioned ''Phaeton''. In the autumn of 1818 Lieutenant John Geary, who had joined ''Phaeton'' at her re-commissioning, faced a court martial. The charges were that he had concealed two deserters from the band of the 18th Regiment of Foot. More formally, the charges were: "Inveigling musicians from one of the Regiments in garrison and with practicing deception towards the officers who were sent on board to search for them." The board found him guilty. He was severely reprimanded and dismissed from ''Phaeton''. Robert Cavendish Spencer, late of , a captain on the board, thought enough of Geary to shake his hand and offer him a job in the future. Several years later Spencer made good on his offer.

''Phaeton'' went on to the East Indies. In October 1819 she was paid off and then recommissioned within the month under Captain William Augustus Montagu, for Halifax. She was paid off in September 1822. She was immediately recommissioned under Captain Henry Evelyn Pitfield Sturt. She sailed for Gibraltar and Algeciras and was paid off some three years later.

Fate

''Phaeton'' was sold on 11 July 1827 to a Mr. Freake for £3,430, but the Navy Office cancelled the sale, "Mr. Freake having been declared insane." She was finally sold on 26 March 1828 for £2,500 to Joshua Cristall for breaking up.

In popular media

The Nagasaki Harbour Incident plays a role in the novel ''The Thousand Autumns of Jacob de Zoet'' by David Mitchell. However, this depiction is highly fictionalised; the ship in the novel is HMS ''Phoebus'', the incident occurs in 1800 and finding no Dutch ships the ''Phoebus'' of the novel bombards Dejima.

The Nagasaki Harbour Incident plays a role in the novel '' Blood of Tyrants'' by Naomi Novik. This depiction is historical fantasy; the Japanese sink HMS ''Phaeton'' with dragons stationed at Nagasaki at the time.

See also

* Anglo-Japanese relations

Notes

Citations

References

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External links

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General Information - The Perry Expedition


* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20070315051723/http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/Ket/C16/E1604.htm ''Korea in the Eye of the Tiger'', Chapter 16 - The End of Asian Isolation
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