Phaeographis Fulgurata
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''Phaeographis'' is a
genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
lichen A lichen ( , ) is a hybrid colony (biology), colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among hypha, filaments of multiple fungus species, along with yeasts and bacteria embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualism (biology), m ...
-forming
fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...
in the family
Graphidaceae The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropic ...
. It has an estimated 180 species.


Taxonomy

The genus ''Phaeographis'' was
circumscribed In geometry, a circumscribed circle for a set of points is a circle passing through each of them. Such a circle is said to ''circumscribe'' the points or a polygon formed from them; such a polygon is said to be ''inscribed'' in the circle. * Circum ...
by the Swiss lichenologist
Johannes Müller Argoviensis Johann Müller (9 May 1828 – 28 January 1896) was a Swiss botanist who was a specialist in lichens. He published under the name Johannes Müller Argoviensis to distinguish himself from other naturalists with similar names. Biography Müller ...
in 1882. However, its taxonomic status was uncertain for many years due to the existence of several earlier generic names that potentially had priority. In 2007,
Robert Lücking Robert Lücking (born 1964) is a German lichenologist, known for his extensive research on foliicolous lichens (lichens that live on leaves) and his significant contributions to the taxonomy, ecology, and biodiversity of fungi and lichens. He e ...
and colleagues proposed to conserve the name ''Phaeographis'' against six earlier names: ''Creographa'', ''Ectographis'', ''Flegographa'', ''Hymenodecton'', ''Platygramma'', and ''Pyrographa''. They also proposed to conserve ''Phaeographis dendritica'' as the
type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...
. This proposal was made to maintain nomenclatural stability, as ''Phaeographis'' had become a widely used name representing about 150 species. The proposal was based on a revised generic concept of
Graphidaceae The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropic ...
presented by the German lichenologist
Bettina Staiger Bettina Staiger (born 1968) is a German lichenologist known for her systematic studies of tropical lichen families, particularly the Graphidaceae. Born in Stuttgart, she completed her doctoral research at the University of Regensburg under Kl ...
, which for the first time provided a detailed analysis of the taxonomic relationships between genera in the family, using both morphological and molecular data. In 2010, the
Nomenclature Committee for Fungi International Botanical Congress (IBC) is an international meeting of botanists in all scientific fields, authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (IABMS) and held every six years, with the location rotati ...
reviewed the proposal and recommended its acceptance with a strong majority (85.7% in favour). This recommendation effectively conserved the name ''Phaeographis'' with ''P. dendritica'' as its type species, securing its taxonomic status and preventing the need to transfer numerous species to other genera. This conservation was particularly important because ''Phaeographis'' represents the second largest genus in the family Graphidaceae, containing approximately 150 species. The conservation of the name is expected to maintain stability in the taxonomy of this significant group of lichens.


Description

The genus ''Phaeographis'' consists of crustose lichens, characterised by their thin, often inconspicuous
thallus Thallus (: thalli), from Latinized Greek (), meaning "a green shoot" or "twig", is the vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria. A thallus usually names the entir ...
, which adheres closely to the . In European species, the
hypha A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one o ...
e within the thallus react to iodine
staining Staining is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the Microscope, microscopic level. Stains and dyes are frequently used in histology (microscopic study of biological tissue (biology), tissues), in cytology (microscopic ...
(I+) by turning blue, indicating the presence of specific starch-like compounds. The , or
photosynthetic Photosynthesis ( ) is a Biological system, system of biological processes by which Photoautotrophism, photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical ener ...
partner, is a
green alga The green algae (: green alga) are a group of chlorophyll-containing autotrophic eukaryotes consisting of the phylum Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister group that contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/ Streptophyta. The land plants ( ...
of the genus '' Trentepohlia'', which is common in many lichens. The reproductive structures of ''Phaeographis'' are
apothecia An ascocarp, or ascoma (: ascomata), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. As ...
, which are fruiting bodies that vary in form from unbranched to branched or star-like (). These structures are , meaning they are elongated and slit-like in appearance. They are typically within the thallus but may protrude slightly. The margin of the thallus surrounding the apothecia is generally inconspicuous, blending into the rest of the lichen surface. The , a layer of tissue surrounding the
hymenium The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in oth ...
(the spore-producing region), is thin and black, and may or may not extend beneath the hymenium. The of the apothecia is expanded and ranges in colour from brown to black. It is often in texture and may be coated with a white powdery substance (). The internal structure of the apothecia includes a colourless hymenium that does not react with iodine (I–) and contains crystalline inclusions. The , the network of sterile filaments between the spore-producing asci, is composed of unbranched
paraphyses Paraphyses are erect sterile filament-like support structures occurring among the reproductive apparatuses of fungi, ferns, bryophytes and some thallophytes. The singular form of the word is paraphysis. In certain fungi, they are part of the f ...
. These filaments have (club-shaped) apical cells that are brownish in colour. The asci are of the '' Graphis''-type, containing eight
spore In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual reproduction, sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for biological dispersal, dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores fo ...
s each, and do not react with iodine (K/I–). are initially colourless but soon develop a pale to reddish-brown colouration within the ascus. They are I+ (purple) and are transversely divided into many segments, forming lens-shaped cells. ''Aphaeographis'' also reproduces asexually through structures called
pycnidia A pycnidium (plural pycnidia) is an asexual fruiting body produced by mitosporic fungi, for instance in the order Sphaeropsidales ( Deuteromycota, Coelomycetes) or order Pleosporales (Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes). It is often spherical or inve ...
, which produce
ellipsoid An ellipsoid is a surface that can be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional Scaling (geometry), scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation. An ellipsoid is a quadric surface;  that is, a Surface (mathemat ...
al conidia. These
conidia A conidium ( ; : conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (: chlamydoconidia), is an asexual, non- motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also ...
are typically straight or slightly curved.


Species

*'' Phaeographis amazonica'' *'' Phaeographis asteroides'' *'' Phaeographis atromaculata'' *'' Phaeographis australiensis'' *'' Phaeographis boquetensis'' *'' Phaeographis caesiodisca'' *'' Phaeographis caesiodiscoides'' *'' Phaeographis caesiohians'' *'' Phaeographis caesioradians'' *'' Phaeographis ceratoides'' *'' Phaeographis ceylonensis'' *'' Phaeographis colligata'' *'' Phaeographis decolorascens'' *'' Phaeographis delicatula'' *'' Phaeographis dendritica'' *'' Phaeographis dividens'' *'' Phaeographis elaeina'' *'' Phaeographis epruinosa'' *'' Phaeographis faurieana'' *'' Phaeographis firmula'' *'' Phaeographis flavescens'' *'' Phaeographis fragilissima'' *'' Phaeographis fujianensis'' *'' Phaeographis fulgurata'' *'' Phaeographis fumarprotocetrarica'' *'' Phaeographis fusca'' *'' Phaeographis girringunensis'' *'' Phaeographis glaucoleucoides'' *'' Phaeographis haloniata'' *'' Phaeographis inusta'' *'' Phaeographis kalbii'' *'' Phaeographis laevigata'' *'' Phaeographis lecanographa'' *'' Phaeographis leiogrammodes'' *'' Phaeographis lindigiana'' *'' Phaeographis litoralis'' *'' Phaeographis lobata'' *'' Phaeographis loeiensis'' *'' Phaeographis lyellii'' *'' Phaeographis major'' *'' Phaeographis multicolor'' *'' Phaeographis nardiensis'' *'' Phaeographis necopinata'' *'' Phaeographis neotriconica'' *'' Phaeographis neotricosa'' *'' Phaeographis neotricosoides'' *'' Phaeographis oricola'' *'' Phaeographis oscitans'' *'' Phaeographis phurueaensis'' *'' Phaeographis platycarpa'' *'' Phaeographis pleiospora'' *'' Phaeographis pseudomelana'' *''
Phaeographis pseudostromatica ''Phaeographis'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has an estimated 180 species. Taxonomy The genus ''Phaeographis'' was circumscribed by the Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1882. However, its ...
'' *'' Phaeographis quadrifera'' *'' Phaeographis radiata'' *'' Phaeographis rhodoplaca'' *'' Phaeographis rubrostroma'' *'' Phaeographis salazinica'' *'' Phaeographis sarcographoides'' *'' Phaeographis scalpturata'' *'' Phaeographis schizolomoides'' *'' Phaeographis siamensis'' *'' Phaeographis smithii'' *'' Phaeographis spondaica'' *'' Phaeographis striata'' *'' Phaeographis subdividens'' *'' Phaeographis subintricata'' *'' Phaeographis subinusta'' *'' Phaeographis subtigrina'' *'' Phaeographis tuberculifera'' *'' Phaeographis xanthonica''


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q7180069 Graphidaceae Lichen genera Graphidales genera Taxa named by Johannes Müller Argoviensis Taxa described in 1882