parsley

Parsley, or garden parsley ('' Petroselinum crispum''), is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae that is native to Greece, Morocco and the former Yugoslavia. It has been introduced and naturalized in Europe and elsewhere in the world with suitable climates, and is widely cultivated as an herb and a vegetable.

It is believed to have been originally grown in Sardinia, and was cultivated in around the 3rd century BC. Linnaeus stated its wild habitat to be Sardinia, whence it was brought to England and apparently first cultivated in Britain in 1548, though literary evidence suggests parsley was used in England in the Middle Ages as early as the Anglo-Saxon period.

Parsley is widely used in European, Middle Eastern, and American cuisine. Curly-leaf parsley is often used as a garnish. In central Europe, eastern Europe, and southern Europe, as well as in western Asia, many dishes are served with fresh green chopped parsley sprinkled on top. Flat-leaf parsley is similar, but is often preferred by chefs because it has a stronger flavor. Root parsley is very common in central, eastern, and southern European cuisines, where it is eaten as a snack, or as a vegetable in many soups, stews, and casseroles.

Etymology

The word "parsley" is a merger of Old English'' '' (which is identical to the contemporary German word for parsley: ) and the Old French '. Both of these names are derived from Medieval Latin , from Latin , which is the Latinisation of names, latinization of the Greek language, Greek , from and .The Euro+Med Plantbase Project
''Petroselinum crispum''
Interactive Flora of NW Europe

/ref> Mycenaean Greek se-ri-no, in Linear B, is the earliest attested form of the word ''selinon''.

Description

Garden parsley is a bright green, biennial plant in temperate climates, or an annual herb in subtropical and tropical areas.

Where it grows as a biennial, in the first year, it forms a rosette of tripinnate leaves 10–25 cm long with numerous 1–3 cm leaflets, and a taproot used as a food store over the winter. In the second year, it grows a flowering stem to tall with sparser leaves and flat-topped 3–10 cm diameter umbels with numerous 2 mm diameter yellow to yellowish-green flowers.

The seeds are ovoid, 2–3 mm long, with prominent style remnants at the apex. One of the compounds of the essential oil is apiole. The plant normally dies after seed maturation.

Uses

Culinary

Parsley is widely used in Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, Brazilian, and American cuisine. Curly leaf parsley is used often as a garnish. Green parsley is used frequently as a garnish on potato dishes (boiled or mashed potatoes), on rice dishes ( risotto or pilaf), on fish, fried chicken, lamb, goose, and steaks, as well as in meat or vegetable stews (including shrimp creole, beef bourguignon, goulash, or chicken paprikash).

Parsley seeds are also used in cooking, imparting a stronger parsley flavor than leaves.

Parsley, when consumed, is credited with neutralising odours associated with garlic in cooking.

In central Europe, eastern Europe, and southern Europe, as well as in western Asia, many dishes are served with fresh green, chopped parsley sprinkled on top. In southern and central Europe, parsley is part of '' bouquet garni'', a bundle of fresh herbs used as an ingredient in stocks, soups, and sauces. Freshly chopped green parsley is used as a topping for soups such as chicken soup, green salads, or salads such as '' salade Olivier'', and on open sandwiches with cold cuts or ''pâtés''.

'' Persillade'' is a mixture of chopped garlic and chopped parsley in French cuisine.

Parsley is the main ingredient in Italian salsa verde, which is a mixed condiment of parsley, capers, anchovies, garlic, and sometimes bread, soaked in vinegar. It is an Italian custom to serve it with bollito misto or fish. '' Gremolata'', a mixture of parsley, garlic, and lemon zest, is a traditional accompaniment to the Italian veal stew, '' ossobuco alla milanese''.

Root parsley is very common in Central, Eastern, and Southern European cuisines, where it is used as a snack or a vegetable in many soups, stews, and casseroles, and as ingredient for broth.

In Brazil, freshly chopped parsley () and freshly chopped scallion () are the main ingredients in the herb seasoning called (literally "green aroma"), which is used as key seasoning for major Brazilian dishes, including meat, chicken, fish, rice, beans, stews, soups, vegetables, salads, condiments, sauces, and stocks. is sold in food markets as a bundle of both types of fresh herbs. In some Brazilian regions, chopped parsley may be replaced by chopped coriander (also called cilantro, in Portuguese) in the mixture.

Parsley is a key ingredient in several Middle Eastern salads such as Lebanese '' tabbouleh''; it is also often mixed in with the chickpeas and/or fava beans while making falafel (that gives the inside of the falafel its green color). It is also a main component of the Iranian stew '' ghormeh sabzi''.

Parsley is a component of a standard Seder plate arrangement, it is eaten to symbolize the flourishing of the Jews after first arriving in Egypt.

Military

The Parsley Massacre in October 1937 claimed the lives of an estimated 14,000 to 40,000 Haitian men, women, and children. Dominican Republic soldiers would hold up a sprig of parsley to someone and ask what it was. How the person pronounced the Spanish word for parsley (perejil) determined their fate. If they could pronounce it the Spanish way the soldiers considered them Dominican and let them live, but if they pronounced it the French or Creole way they considered them Haitian and murdered them. Haitian speakers can have difficulty pronouncing the alveolar tap or the alveolar trill of Spanish. However, most scholars think this story an exaggeration.

Composition

Nutritional content

Parsley is a source of flavonoids and antioxidants, especially luteolin, apigenin, folate, vitamin K, vitamin C, and vitamin A. Half a tablespoon (a gram) of dried parsley contains about 6.0 Î¼g of lycopene and 10.7 Î¼g of alpha carotene as well as 82.9 Î¼g of lutein+ zeaxanthin and 80.7 Î¼g of beta carotene. Dried parsley can contain about 45  mg/gram apigenin. The apigenin content of fresh parsley is reportedly 215.5 mg/100 grams, which is much higher than the next highest food source, green celery hearts providing 19.1 mg/100 grams. Parsley essential oil is high in myristicin.

Precautions

Excessive consumption of parsley should be avoided by pregnant women. Normal food quantities are safe for pregnant women, but consuming excessively large amounts may have uterotonic effects.

Cultivation

Parsley grows best in moist, well-drained soil, with full sun. It grows best between , and usually is grown from seed. Germination is slow, taking four to six weeks, and it often is difficult because of furanocoumarins in its seed coat. Typically, plants grown for the leaf crop are spaced 10 cm apart, while those grown as a root crop are spaced 20 cm apart to allow for the root development.

Parsley attracts several species of wildlife. Some swallowtail butterflies use parsley as a host plant for their larvae; their caterpillars are black and green striped with yellow dots, and will feed on parsley for two weeks before turning into butterflies. Bees and other nectar-feeding insects also visit the flowers.

Cultivars

Parsley is subdivided into several cultivar groups. Often these are treated as botanical varieties, despite being cultivated selections, not of natural botanical origin.

Leaf parsley

The two main groups of parsley used as herbs are French, or curly leaf (''P. crispum'' Crispum Group; syn. ''P. crispum'' var. ''crispum''); and, Italian, or flat leaf (''P. crispum'' Neapolitanum Group; syn. ''P. crispum'' var. ''neapolitanum''). Flat-leaved parsley is preferred by some gardeners as it is easier to cultivate, being more tolerant of both rain and sunshine,Stobart, T. (1980). ''The Cook's Encyclopaedia''. Macmillan . and is said to have a stronger flavor—although this is disputed—while curly leaf parsley is preferred by others because of its more decorative appearance in garnishing. A third type, sometimes grown in southern Italy, has thick leaf stems resembling celery.

Root parsley

Another type of parsley is grown as a root vegetable, the Hamburg root parsley (''P. crispum'' Radicosum Group, syn. ''P. crispum'' var. ''tuberosum''). This type of parsley produces much thicker roots than types cultivated for their leaves. Although seldom used in Britain and the United States, root parsley is common in central and eastern European cuisine, where it is used in soups and stews, or simply eaten raw, as a snack (similar to carrots).

Although root parsley looks similar to the parsnip, which is among its closest relatives in the family Apiaceae, its taste is quite different.

Gallery

File:Petersilie ies.jpg, Freeze-dried parsley showing name in German, Spanish and Greek on the label
File:Parsley bush.jpg, Flat-leaved parsley
File:Petroselinum neapolitanum flower.jpg, Flat-leaved parsley flower
File:Parsley3.jpg, Immature seeds
File:Flor de perejil.JPG, Flat-leaved parsley flower-Flor de perejil
File:Parsley flower with pollinator.JPG, Bee pollinator on parsley ''Petroselinum crispum'' flower
File:CACIK (Basil, parsley, coriander).jpg, A yogurt-based soup garnished with parsley.

See also

* Apium virus Y
* List of culinary herbs and spices
* List of plants with edible leaves
* List of vegetables
*''Oenanthe javanica''
*'' Cryptotaenia japonica''

References

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External links

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{{Authority control

Apioideae
Edible Apiaceae
Herbs
Leaf vegetables
Medicinal plants
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Root vegetables