This is a list of ancient

Indo-Aryan peoples Indo-Aryan peoples are a diverse collection of Indo-European peoples speaking Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent. Historically, Aryan were the Indo-European pastoralists who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia an ...

and tribes that are mentioned in the literature of

Indic religions Indian religions, sometimes also termed Dharmic religions or Indic religions, are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent. These religions, which include Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism,Adams, C. J."Classification of ...

. From the second or first millennium BCE, ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes turned into most of the population in the northern part of the

Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia. It is situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Geopolitically, it includes the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India ...

–

Indus Valley The Indus ( ) is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia. The river rises in mountain springs northeast of Mount Kailash in Western Tibet, flows northwest through the disputed region of Kash ...

(roughly today's Punjab),

Western India Western India is a loosely defined region of India consisting of its western part. The Ministry of Home Affairs in its Western Zonal Council Administrative division includes the states of Goa, Gujarat, and Maharashtra along with the Uni ...

Northern India North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India. The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas, which demarcate the region from the Tibetan Plateau and Central ...

Central India Central India is a loosely defined geographical region of India. There is no clear official definition and various ones may be used. One common definition consists of the states of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, which are included in alm ...

, and also in areas of the southern part like

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

and the

Maldives The Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives,, ) and historically known as the Maldive Islands, is a country and archipelagic state in South Asia in the Indian Ocean. The Maldives is southwest of Sri Lanka and India, about from the A ...

through and after a complex process of migration, assimilation of other peoples and language shift.Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. .

Ancestors

Proto-Indo-Europeans The Proto-Indo-Europeans are a hypothetical prehistoric population of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the ancestor of the Indo-European languages according to linguistic reconstruction. Knowledge of them comes chiefly from t ...

(

Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo- ...

speakers) **

Proto-Indo-Iranians Indo-Iranian peoples, also known as Indo-Iranic peoples by scholars, and sometimes as Arya or Aryans from their self-designation, were a group of Indo-European peoples who brought the Indo-Iranian languages, a major branch of the Indo-European ...

(common ancestors of the

Iranian Iranian may refer to: * Iran, a sovereign state * Iranian peoples, the speakers of the Iranian languages. The term Iranic peoples is also used for this term to distinguish the pan ethnic term from Iranian, used for the people of Iran * Iranian lan ...

, Nuristani and Indo-Aryan peoples) (

Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Indo-Iranian, also Proto-Indo-Iranic is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Iranian/Indo-Iranic branch of Indo-European. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians, are assumed to have lived in the late 3rd millennium ...

speakers) ***

Proto-Indo-Aryans The Indo-Aryan migrations were the migrations into the Indian subcontinent of Indo-Aryan peoples, an ethnolinguistic group that spoke Indo-Aryan languages, the predominant languages of today's North India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lank ...

( Proto-Indo-Aryan speakers)

Vedic tribes

* Alina people (RV 7.18.7) * Andhras * Anu (RV 1.108.8, RV 8.10.5) * Āyu * Bhajeratha * Bhalanas *

Bharatas Bharatha People (, ) also known as Bharatakula and Paravar, is an ethnicity in the island of Sri Lanka. Earlier considered a caste of the Sri Lankan Tamils, they got classified as separate ethnic group in the 2001 census. They are descendant o ...

- The Bharatas are a major Aryan clan mentioned in the Rigveda, especially in Mandala 3 attributed to the Bharata sage Vishvamitra. The entire Bharata clan is described as crossing over, with their chariots and wagons, at the confluence of the Vipash (Beas) and Shutudri (Satlej). The Bharatas are mentioned as the protagonists in the

Battle of the Ten Kings The Battle of the Ten Kings ( sa, दाशराज्ञ युद्ध, translit=Dāśarājñá yuddhá) is a battle, first alluded to in the 7th Mandala of the Rigveda (RV), between a Bharata king and a confederation of tribes. It result ...

in Mandala 7 (7.18 etc.), where they are on the winning side. They appear to have been successful in the early power-struggles between the various Aryan and non-Aryan clans so that they continue to dominate in post-Rigvedic texts, and later in the (Epic) tradition. "Bhārata" today is the official name of the Republic of India (see also Etymology of India). * Chedi *

Dasa ''Dasa'' ( sa, दास, Dāsa) is a Sanskrit word found in ancient Indian texts such as the '' Rigveda'' and '' Arthasastra''. It usually means "enemy" or "servant" but ''dasa'', or ''das'', also means a "servant of God", "devotee," " votary" or ...

* Dasyu * Dṛbhīka * Druhyus (Rigveda, RV 1.108.8, RV 8.10.5) *

Gandhara Gandhāra is the name of an ancient region located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, more precisely in present-day north-west Pakistan and parts of south-east Afghanistan. The region centered around the Peshawar Val ...

* Guṅgu *

Ikshvaku dynasty The Solar dynasty (IAST: Suryavaṃśa or Ravivaṃśa in Sanskrit) or the Ikshvaku dynasty was founded by the legendary king Ikshvaku.Geography of Rigvedic India, M.L. Bhargava, Lucknow 1964, pp. 15-18, 46-49, 92-98, 100-/1, 136 The dynasty i ...

* Krivi * Kīkaṭa * Kuru * Mahīna * Malankhara * Maujavant *

Matsya Matsya ( sa, मत्स्य, lit. ''fish'') is the fish avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu. Often described as the first of Vishnu's ten primary avatars, Matsya is described to have rescued the first man, Manu, from a great deluge. Matsya ...

* Nahuṣa * Paktha * Panis * Pārāvata * Parsu (Parśu) * Puru (Pūru) * Ruśama (RV Mandala 8) *

Sārasvata The Saraswat Brahmins are Hindu Brahmins, who are spread over widely separated regions spanning from Kashmir in North India to Konkan in West India to Kanara (coastal region of Karnataka) and Kerala in South India. The word ''Saraswat'' ...

* Srñjaya * Tritsu(RV 7.18, 7.33, 7.83) *

Yadu This is a list of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes that are mentioned in the literature of Indic religions. From the second or first millennium BCE, ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes turned into most of the population in the northern p ...

: Of Indo-Aryan origin,Yadu is one of the five early

Rigvedic tribes This is a list of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes that are mentioned in the literature of Indic religions. From the second or first millennium BCE, ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes turned into most of the population in the northern ...

('' panchajana'', ''panchakrishtya'' or ''panchamanusha'') mentioned in the

Rigveda The ''Rigveda'' or ''Rig Veda'' ( ', from ' "praise" and ' "knowledge") is an ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns (''sūktas''). It is one of the four sacred canonical Hindu texts ('' śruti'') known as the Vedas. Only one ...

. The Yadus had a tribal union with the Turvasha tribe, and were frequently described together. The Yadus were a Aryan tribe. By the time of the arrival of the Puru and Bharata tribes, the Yadu-Turvashas were settled in

Punjab Punjab (; Punjabi: پنجاب ; ਪੰਜਾਬ ; ; also romanised as ''Panjāb'' or ''Panj-Āb'') is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising ...

, with the Yadus possibly residing along the

Yamuna River The Yamuna (Hindustani: ), also spelt Jumna, is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganges by discharge and the longest tributary in India. Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height of about on the southwestern slopes of Ba ...

.In Mandalas 4 and 5 of the Rigveda, the god Indra is stated to have saved the Yadu-Turvashas from drowning when they crossed rivers. In Mandala 6, the Yadu-Turvashas are stated to have been "brought from far away" by Indra. The Yadu-Turvashas are treated relatively positively in Mandalas 5, 6, and 8, and are stated to be the occasional allies and enemies of the Puru-Bharatas. In the

, the Yadus were defeated by Bharata chieftain Sudas.

Pancha Jana (Five tribes)

(पञ्च जना – '' Páñca Jánāḥ'' / '' Pancha-janah'') The pancha Jana are five tribes inexplicitly listed together during the (

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

of this time, c. 1700–1500 BCE, roughly corresponds with the

and closer regions) (see the map of Early

Vedic Period The Vedic period, or the Vedic age (), is the period in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age of the history of India when the Vedic literature, including the Vedas (ca. 1300–900 BCE), was composed in the northern Indian subcontinent, bet ...

) *

Anu , image=Detail, upper part, Kudurru of Ritti-Marduk, from Sippar, Iraq, 1125-1104 BCE. British Museum.jpg , caption=Symbols of various deities, including Anu (bottom right corner) on a kudurru of Ritti-Marduk, from Sippar, Iraq, 1125–1104 BCE , ...

(in the southwest part of early

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Druhyu (in the north part of early

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Puru (ancestors of the Paurava) (in the centre and east parts of early

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

, including

Sarasvati Saraswati ( sa, सरस्वती, ) is the Hindu goddess of knowledge, music, art, speech, wisdom, and learning. She is one of the Tridevi, along with the goddesses Lakshmi and Parvati. The earliest known mention of Saraswati as a ...

river region) * Turvaśa (Turvasha) (in the centre and south parts of early

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

): The Turvashas ( sa, तुर्वश, ) were one of the five major peoples (''panchajana'', ''panchakrishtya'' or ''panchamanusha'') mentioned in the

. The Turvashas had a tribal union with the

tribe, and were frequently described together. The Turvashas were a partly Indo-Aryan-acculturated Indus tribe. By the time of the arrival of the Puru and Bharata tribes, the Yadu-Turvashas were settled in

. By the time of the

Shatapatha Brahmana The Shatapatha Brahmana ( sa, शतपथब्राह्मणम् , Śatapatha Brāhmaṇam, meaning 'Brāhmaṇa of one hundred paths', abbreviated to 'SB') is a commentary on the Śukla (white) Yajurveda. It is attributed to the Vedic ...

(7th-6th centuries BCE), the Turvashas are linked to the Panchalas. Alfred Ludvig first conjectured that Turvīti and Vayya could have been connected with the Turvasha tribe, a notion that is still considered only speculation according to Witzel. In Mandalas 4 and 5 of the Rigveda, the god Indra is stated to have saved the Yadu-Turvashas from drowning when they crossed rivers. In Mandala 6, the Yadu-Turvashas are stated to have been "brought from far away" by Indra. The Yadu-Turvashas are treated relatively positively in Mandalas 5, 6, and 8, and are stated to be the occasional allies and enemies of the Puru-Bharatas. *

(in the southeast and south parts of early

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

)

Janapadas

Early Janapadas (peoples / tribes) (c. 1700–1100 BCE)

After roughly 1500 BCE

and tribes were swiftly expanding through ancient northern

India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ...

, therefore the number of peoples, tribes and clans was increasing (as well as the number of Indo-Aryan language speakers) and

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

was becoming a very large area (see the map on the right side). *

Aja Aja or AJA may refer to: Acronyms *AJ Auxerre, a French football club *Ajaccio Napoleon Bonaparte Airport's IATA airport code *Al Jazeera America, an American news channel *American Jewish Archives *''American Journal of Archaeology'' *, a Germa ...

– (Madhya-desha

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

– Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Ambaśṭha – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Aṅga – Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern Āryāvarta (Madhya-desha and Prachya Āryāvarta – Central and Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

in Vamana). *Anu – is a

Vedic Sanskrit Vedic Sanskrit was an ancient language of the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European language family. It is attested in the Vedas and related literature compiled over the period of the mid- 2nd to mid-1st millennium BCE. It was orally prese ...

term for one of the 5 major tribes in the

, RV 1.108.8, RV 8.10.5 (both times listed together with the Druhyu) and, much later also in the

Mahabharata The ''Mahābhārata'' ( ; sa, महाभारतम्, ', ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India in Hinduism, the other being the '' Rāmāyaṇa''. It narrates the struggle between two groups of cousins in the K ...

.Talageri, S. G. (2005). The Rigveda as a source of Indo-European history. The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History, 332. In the late Vedic period, one of the Anu kings, King Anga, is mentioned as a "

chakravartin A ''chakravarti'' ( sa, चक्रवर्तिन्, ''cakravartin''; pi, cakkavatti; zh, 轉輪王, ''Zhuǎnlúnwáng'', "Wheel-Turning King"; , ''Zhuǎnlún Shèngwáng'', "Wheel-Turning Sacred King"; ja, 転輪王, ''Tenrin'ō'' ...

" ( AB 8.22). ''Ānava'', the vrddhi derivation of ''Anu'', is the name of a ruler in the Rigvedic account of the

(7.18.13) and at 8.4.1 with the Turvaśa (tribe). The meaning ánu "living, human" (Naighantu) cannot be substantiated for the Rigveda and may have been derived from the tribal name. (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Āyu – * Bhajeratha * Bhalana – The Bhalanas were one of the tribes that fought against Sudas in the

Dasarajna The Battle of the Ten Kings ( sa, दाशराज्ञ युद्ध, translit=Dāśarājñá yuddhá) is a battle, first alluded to in the 7th Mandala of the Rigveda (RV), between a Bharata king and a confederation of tribes. It resulte ...

battle. Some scholars have argued that the Bhalanas lived in Eastern Afghanistan

Kabulistan Kabulistan (Pashto: کابلستان) is a historical regional name referring to the territory that is centered on present-day Kabul Province of Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت ا ...

, and that the

Bolan Pass Bolān Pass ( ur, ) is a valley and a natural gateway, through the Toba Kakar range in Balochistan province of Pakistan, south of the Afghanistan border. The pass is an stretch of the Bolan river valley from Rindli in the south to Darwāza n ...

derives its name from the Bhalanas. (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Bharadvāja – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Bhrigus * Bheda – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Bodha – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Druhyu – The Druhyu were a people of Vedic India. They are mentioned in the Rigveda, usually together with the

tribe. Some early scholars have placed them in the northwestern region. The later texts, the Epic and the Puranas, locate them in the "north", that is, in Gandhara, Aratta and Setu. (Vishnu Purana IV.17) The Druhyus were driven out of the land of the seven rivers, and their next king, Gandhara, settled in a north-western region which became known as Gandhāra. The sons of the later Druhyu king Pracetas too settle in the "northern" (udīcya) region (Bhagavata 9.23.15–16; Visnu 4.17.5; Vayu 99.11–12; Brahmanda 3.74.11–12 and Matsya 48.9.). Recently, some writersTalageri 2000 have ahistorically asserted that the Druhyu are the ancestors of the Iranian, Greek or European peoples, or of the Celtic Druid class.Sanskrit in English
/ref> The word Druid (Gallic Celtic druides), however, is derived from Proto-Indo-European ''vid'' "to see, to know' It has also been alleged that the Rg Veda and the Puranas describe this tribe as migrating North,. However, there is nothing of this in the Rigveda and the Puranas merely mention that the Druhyu are "adjacent (āśrita) to the North". (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Gandharis (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) # # (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Kārūṣa (Karusha) – later Cedi (Chedi) (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Keśin (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Kīkaṭa (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Kosala (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Krivi (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Kunti (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Madra Madra (Sanskrit: ) was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe of north-western South Asia whose existence is attested since the Vedic period. The members of the Madra tribe were called the Madrakas. Location The Madras were divided into -Madra ("northe ...

(Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) **Uttara Madra (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Magadha Magadha was a region and one of the sixteen sa, script=Latn, Mahajanapadas, label=none, lit=Great Kingdoms of the Second Urbanization (600–200 BCE) in what is now south Bihar (before expansion) at the eastern Ganges Plain. Magadha was ruled ...

(Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Mahāvṛṣa (Mahavrisha) (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Mahīna *MalankharaGriffith, R. T. (2009). The Rig-Veda. The Rig Veda. *

(Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Mūjavana / Maujavant (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Nahuṣa * Pāñcala ( Panchala) (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Pārāvata (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Pṛthu Prithu ( Sanskrit: पृथु, ''Pṛthu'', lit. "large, great, important, abundant") is a sovereign ( chakravarti), featured in the Puranas. According to Hinduism, he is an avatar (incarnation) of the preserver god— Vishnu. He is also ca ...

(

Prithu Prithu (Sanskrit: पृथु, ''Pṛthu'', lit. "large, great, important, abundant") is a sovereign ( chakravarti), featured in the Puranas. According to Hinduism, he is an avatar (incarnation) of the preserver god—Vishnu. He is also called ...

) (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Pūru (Puru) (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) **

– The Bharatas are an

Arya Aryan or Arya (, Indo-Iranian *''arya'') is a term originally used as an ethnocultural self-designation by Indo-Iranians in ancient times, in contrast to the nearby outsiders known as 'non-Aryan' (*''an-arya''). In Ancient India, the term ...

n tribe mentioned in the

, especially in

Mandala 3 The third Mandala of the Rigveda has 62 hymns, mainly to Agni and Indra. It is one of the "family books" (mandalas 2-7), the oldest core of the Rigveda, which were composed in early Vedic period (1500 - 1000 BCE). Most hymns in this book are attri ...

attributed to the Bharata sage

Vishvamitra Vishvamitra ( sa, विश्वामित्र, ) is one of the most venerated rishis or sages of ancient India. According to Hindu tradition, he is stated to have written most of the Mandala 3 of the Rigveda, including the Gayatri Ma ...

and in and

Mandala 7 The seventh Mandala of the Rigveda ("book 7", "RV 7") has 104 hymns. In the Rigveda Anukramani, all hymns in this book are attributed to '' Vashista''. Hymn 32 is additionally credited to Sakti Vashista, and hymns 101-102 (to Parjanya) are addi ...

.Frawley, D. (2001). The Rig Veda and the History of India: Rig Veda Bharata Itihasa. Aditya Prakashan. ''Bharatá'' is also used as a name of

Agni Agni (English: , sa, अग्नि, translit=Agni) is a Sanskrit word meaning fire and connotes the Vedic fire deity of Hinduism. He is also the guardian deity of the southeast direction and is typically found in southeast corners of Hindu ...

(literally, "to be maintained", viz. the fire having to be kept alive by the care of men), and as a name of

Rudra Rudra (; sa, रुद्र) is a Rigvedic deity associated with Shiva, the wind or storms, Vayu, medicine, and the hunt. One translation of the name is 'the roarer'. In the Rigveda, Rudra is praised as the 'mightiest of the mighty'. Ru ...

in RV 2.36.8. In one of the " river hymns" RV 3.33, the entire Bharata tribe is described as crossing over, with their chariots and wagons, at the confluence of the Vipash (Beas) and Shutudri (Satlej). Hymns by Vasistha in

(7.18 etc.) mention the Bharatas as the protagonists in the

, where they are on the winning side. They appear to have been successful in the early power-struggles between the various

n and non-Aryan tribes so that they continue to dominate in post-Rigvedic texts, and later in the ( Epic) tradition, the

Mahābhārata The ''Mahābhārata'' ( ; sa, महाभारतम्, ', ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India in Hinduism, the other being the ''Rāmāyaṇa''. It narrates the struggle between two groups of cousins in the Kuru ...

, the eponymous ancestor becomes

Emperor Bharata Bharata ( sa, भरत, Bharata) is a legendary king featured in Hindu literature. He is a member of the Chandravamsha dynasty, and becomes the Chakravarti (universal monarch). He is regarded to be the ancestor of the Pandavas, the Kaurava ...

, conqueror of 'all of India', and his tribe and kingdom is called Bhārata. "Bhārata" today is the official name of the

Republic of India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

(see also

Etymology of India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...

). (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *** Kuru – Ancestors of the

Kaurava ''Kaurava'' is a Sanskrit term which refers to descendants of Kuru, a legendary king of India who is the ancestor of many of the characters of the epic ''Mahabharata''. Usually, the term is used for the 100 sons of King Dhritarashtra and his w ...

(Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) **** Uttara Kuru (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) ***

Pandu In the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata'', Pandu ( sa, पाण्डु, Pāṇḍu, pale) was a king of the Kuru Kingdom. He was the foster-father of the five Pandava brothers, who were the boons bestowed upon his wife Kunti by a number of deiti ...

– Ancestors of the

Pandava The Pandavas ( Sanskrit: पाण्डव, IAST: Pāṇḍava) refers to the five legendary brothers— Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva—who are the central characters of the Hindu epic '' Mahabharata''. They are acknowle ...

(Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) ** Tṛtsu (Tritsu) The Tritsus are a sub-group of the Puru who are distinct from the

mentioned in

of the

(in hymns 18, 33 and 83). Under king Sudas they defeated the confederation of ten kings led by the Bharatas at the

. (Madhya-desha

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

– Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Ruśama (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Śālva (Shalva) (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

– people that dwelt the banks of the

river (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Satvanta (Dakshina Āryāvarta – Southern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Śigru (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Śiva (

Shiva Shiva (; sa, शिव, lit=The Auspicious One, Śiva ), also known as Mahadeva (; ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐ, or Hara, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions within Hin ...

, not to be confused with the God

Śiva Shiva (; sa, शिव, lit=The Auspicious One, Śiva ), also known as Mahadeva (; ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐ, or Hara, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions within Hindu ...

) (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Srñjaya ( Srinjaya) (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Śvikna (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Turvaśa (Turvasa) *Uśīnara (Ushinara) (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Vaikarṇa (Vaikarna) (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Vaṅga (Vanga) (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Varaśikha (Varashikha) (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Vaśa (Vasha) (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Vidarbha (

Vidarbha Vidarbha (Pronunciation: Help:IPA/Marathi, �id̪əɾbʱə is a geographical region in the east of the Indian state of Maharashtra and a Proposed states and union territories of India#Maharashtra, proposed state of central India, comprising th ...

, Dakshina Āryāvarta – Southern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Videha Videha ( Prākrit: ; Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ) was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe of north-eastern South Asia whose existence is attested during the Iron Age. The population of Videha, the Vaidehas, were initially organised into a monarchy but later ...

(

Mithila Mithila may refer to: Places * Mithilā, a synonym for the ancient Videha state ** Mithilā (ancient city), the ancient capital city of Videha * Mithila (region), a cultural region (historical and contemporary), now divided between India and Nepal ...

, Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Viśaṇin (Vishanin) (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Vṛcivanta (Vrichivanta) (Pratichya Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Yadu (Dakshina Āryāvarta – Southern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *Yakṣu (Yakshu) (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

)

Late Janapadas (peoples / tribes) (c. 1100–500 BCE)

From roughly 1100 to 500 BCE

and tribes expanded even further throughout ancient northern

(see the map 6). * Abhīṣaha ( Abhishaha) / Apanga (''

Vayu Vayu (, sa, वायु, ), also known as Vata and Pavana, is the Hindu god of the winds as well as the divine massenger of the gods. In the '' Vedic scriptures'', Vayu is an important deity and is closely associated with Indra, the king o ...

'') / Aupadha (''

Markandeya Bhargava Markandeya ( sa, मार्कण्‍डेय ) is an ancient rishi (sage) born in the clan of Bhrigu Rishi (Bhargava Brahmins Community). The Markandeya Purana especially, comprises a dialogue between Markandeya and a sage ca ...

'') / Alasa (''

Vamana Vamana (), also known as Trivikrama (), Urukrama (), Upendra (), Dadhivamana (), and Balibandhana () is an avatar of the Hindu deity Vishnu. He is the fifth avatar of Vishnu, and the first Dashavatara in the Treta Yuga, after Narasimha. ...

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Āhuka / Kuhaka (''

'') / Kuhuka (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Alimadra / Anibhadra (''

'') / Alibhadra (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Aṅga – (Madhya-desha and Prachya Āryāvarta – Central and Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

in ''

'') * Āntaranarmada / Uttaranarmada (''

''), Sunarmada (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Antargiri – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Anūpa / Arūpa (''

''), Annaja (''

'') – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Aparānta / Purandhra (''

''), Aparīta (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Arthapa / Atharva (''

'') – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Aśvakūṭa – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Ātreya / Atri (''

'', ''

Brahmanda The ''Brahmanda Purana'' ( sa, ब्रह्माण्ड पुराण, ) is a Sanskrit text and one of the eighteen major Puranas, a genre of Hindu texts. It is listed as the eighteenth Maha-Purana in almost all the anthologies. The tex ...

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Audumbara / Audambara / Audumvara – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Auṇḍra – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Bahirgiri – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Bhadra ''Bhadra''Feminine: sa, भद्रा, Bhadrā is a Sanskrit word meaning 'good', 'fortune' or 'auspicious'. It is also the name of many men, women and objects in Hindu mythology. Male Figures King of Chedi Bhadra was a king of Chedi Kingdo ...

– (Prachya and Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Eastern and Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Bhadrakāra – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Bharadvāja – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Bhārgava – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Bharukaccha Bharuch (), formerly known as Broach, is a city at the mouth of the river Narmada in Gujarat in western India. Bharuch is the administrative headquarters of Bharuch District. The city of Bharuch and surroundings have been settled since tim ...

/ Bhanukaccha (''

''), Bhīrukahcha (''

''), Dārukachchha (''

''), Sahakaccha (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Bhogavardhana / Bhokardan (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Bhūṣika ( Bhushika) – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Bodha / Bāhya (''

'') – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Brahmottara / Suhmottara (''

''), Samantara (''

'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Carmakhaṇḍika ( Charmakhandika) / Attakhaṇḍika (''

''), Sakheṭaka (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Darada – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern ''

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

'') * Darva – (Himalayan and Northern in ''

'' and ''

'', Parvata-shrayin and Udichya Āryāvarta – Himalayan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Daśeraka ( Dasheraka) / Karseruka (''

''), Kuśeruka (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Daśamālika ( Dashamalika) / Daśanāmaka (''

''), Daśamānika (''

''), Daṅśana (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Daśarṇa ( Dasharna) (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Druhyu / Hrada (''

''), Bhadra (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Durga Durga ( sa, दुर्गा, ) is a major Hindu goddess, worshipped as a principal aspect of the mother goddess Mahadevi. She is associated with protection, strength, motherhood, destruction, and wars. Durga's legend centres around comb ...

/ Durgala (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Ganaka Kaniyar is a caste from the Indian state of Kerala. There are regional variations in the name used to define them. They are listed under the Other Backward Communities (OBC) by the Kerala Government. Traditions of origin Kathleen Gough has r ...

– (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Gāndhāra Gandhar is the 3rd svara from the seven svaras of Hindustani music and Carnatic music. Gandhar is the long form of the syllable ग. For simplicity in pronouncing while singing the syllable, Gandhar is pronounced as Ga (notation - G). It is also ...

/ Gandharians ('' Vaēkərəta'' in

Avestan Avestan (), or historically Zend, is an umbrella term for two Old Iranian languages: Old Avestan (spoken in the 2nd millennium BCE) and Younger Avestan (spoken in the 1st millennium BCE). They are known only from their conjoined use as the scri ...

) – the people who lived in

and spoke Gandhari (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Gonarda / Govinda (''

''), Gomanta (''

''), Mananda (''

'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Haṃsamārga / Sarvaga (Himalayan) in ''

''; Haṃsamārga (Northern and Himalayan) in ''

'' and ''

''; Karnamārga (Northern) and Haṃsamārga (Himalayan) in ''

''; Haṃsamārga (Himalayan) Haṃsabhaṅga (Northern) in ''

'' – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

; Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Hāramuṣika ( Haramushika) / Hāramūrtika (''

''), Hārapūrika (''

''), Sāmuṣaka (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Huhuka / Samudgaka (''

''), Sahūdaka (''

''), Sakṛtraka (''

''), Śahuhūka (''

''), Sahuhūka (''

'') – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Ijika (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Jaguda / Jāṇgala (''

''), Juhuḍa (''

''), Jāguḍa (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Jāṇgala – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Jñeyamarthaka / Jñeyamallaka (''

''), Aṅgiyamarṣaka (''

''), Gopapārthiva (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kachchhika / Kāchchhīka (''

''), Kacchīya (''

''), Kāśmīra (''

''), Kacchipa (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kālatoyaka – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kaliṅga (central) / Arkalinga (''

'') – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kaliṅga (southern) – (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kalitaka / Kālītaka (''

''), Anīkaṭa (''

''), Tālīkaṭa (''

''), Kuntala (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kalivana / Kolavana (''

''), Kālivala (''

''), Vāridhana (''

''), Kalivana (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kantakara / Kanṭakāra (''

''), Raddhakaṭaka (''

''), Bahubhadra (''

''), Kādhara (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kāraskara / Paraṣkara (''

''), Kaṭhākṣara (''

''), Karandhara (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kārūṣa (

Karusha The Karusha Kingdom is one of the Yadava kingdoms of the Mahabharata epic. It is placed to the south of Chedi. Karusha king Dantavakra supported Chedi king Shishupala and was killed by Vasudeva Krishna. Karusha Kingdom is identified as modern Da ...

), later Cedi ( Chedi) – Southern and Vindhyan Āryāvarta (''

'') (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern ''

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

''; Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kāśi (

Kashi Kashi or Kaashi may refer to: Places * Varanasi (historically known as "Kashi"), a holy city in India ** Kingdom of Kashi, an ancient kingdom in the same place, one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas ** Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Varanasi * Kashgar, a ci ...

) (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kasmira (

Kashmira Kasmira was a kingdom identified as the Kashmir Valley along the Jhelum River of modern Jammu and Kashmir. During the epic ages this was one among the territories of the Naga race. The Kasmiras were allies of the Kuru king Duryodhana. Refer ...

/ Kāmīra) – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kathas – in the

River Chenab The Chenab River () is a major river that flows in India and Pakistan, and is one of the 5 major rivers of the Punjab region. It is formed by the union of two headwaters, Chandra and Bhaga, which rise in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul regi ...

Valley (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kauśika – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Kekeya Kekeya Kingdom (also known as Kekaya, Kaikaya, Kaikeya etc.) was a kingdom mentioned in the ancient Indian epic ''Mahabharata'' among the western kingdoms of then India. The epic ''Ramayana'' mentions one of the wives of Dasharatha, the king of Ko ...

/ Kaikeyya (''

''), Kaikeya (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Khaśa / Khasha – Khaśa (''

''), Śaka (''

'') – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kisaṇṇa – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Koṅkaṇa – (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kośala (Central) – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kośala (Vindhyan) – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kukkuṭa – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kulūta / Ulūta (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kulya – only Central in ''

''; only Southern in ''

'' and ''

'' – (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

; Madhya-desha – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kuninda / Pulinda (''

''), Kaliṅga (''

''), Kalinda (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kuśalya ( Kushalya) – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kuśūdra ( Kushudra) – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Kuthaprāvaraṇa / Kuśaprāvaraṇa (''

''), Kuntaprāvaraṇa (''

''), Apaprāvaraṇa (''

'') – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Lalhitta – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Lampāka / Lamaka (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Madguraka / Mudgara (''

''), Mudagaraka (''

'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Madras Chennai (, ), formerly known as Madras (List of renamed Indian cities and states#Tamil Nadu, the official name until 1996), is the capital city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost states and territories of India, Indian state. The largest city ...

– in the

Valley (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Mādreya – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

/ Central and Eastern in ''

'' and ''

'' –

(Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Maharāṣṭra ( Maharashtra) / Navarāṣṭra (''

'') – Maharashtra (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Māheya – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Mālada / Mālava (

), Manada (''

''), Mansāda (''

'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Malaka – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Malavartika – Mallavarṇaka (''

''), Mālavartin (''

''), Mānavartika (''

''), Baladantika (''

'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Mālava / Western Malla (known as Malloí by the

ancient Greeks Ancient Greece ( el, Ἑλλάς, Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity ( AD 600), that comprised a loose collection of cult ...

and Malli by

ancient Romans In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 B ...

) – they were a people from southern

, including today's

Multan Multan (; ) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan, on the bank of the Chenab River. Multan is Pakistan's seventh largest city as per the 2017 census, and the major cultural, religious and economic centre of southern Punjab. Multan is one of the olde ...

city ('' Mallorum Metropolis'') and region, south of the confluence of the

Jhelum Jhelum (Punjabi and ur, ) is a city on the east bank of the Jhelum River, which is located in the district of Jhelum in the north of Punjab province, Pakistan. It is the 44th largest city of Pakistan by population. Jhelum is known for pr ...

, Hydaspes for the Greeks, and

Ravi Ravi may refer to: People * Ravi (name), including a list of people and characters with the name * Ravi (composer) (1926–2012), Indian music director * Ravi (Ivar Johansen) (born 1976), Norwegian musical artist * Ravi (music director) (1926� ...

Hydraotes The Ravi River () is a transboundary river crossing northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. It is one of five rivers associated with the Punjab region. Under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, the waters of the Ravi and two other rivers were ...

for the Greeks, rivers (see map 8), they are mentioned by ancient Greek historiansIan Worthington 2014, p. 219.Peter Green 2013, p. 418. in the telling of

Alexander III of Macedon Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, wikt:Ἀλέξανδρος, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Maced ...

's or

Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to ...

(

Iskandar Iskandar, Iskander, Askander, Eskinder, or Scandar ( ar, إسكندر ( fa, اسکندر ''Eskandar'' or سکندر ''Skandar''), is a variant of the given name Alexander in cultures such as Iran (Persia), Arabia and others throughout the Middle Ea ...

) Mallian Campaign; Malada (''

''), Ekalavya (''

'') (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) (not the be confused with the Eastern Malla) * Malla / Eastern Malla / Śālva (''

''), Māla (''

''), Māia (''

'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) (not to be confused with the Mālava or

Malavas The Malavas (Brahmi script: 𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀭𑀯 ''Mmālava'') or Malwas were an ancient Indian tribe. Modern scholars identify them with the Mallian people (Malloi) who were settled in the Punjab region at the time of Alexander's invasion ...

of Western

Ancient India According to consensus in modern genetics, anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago. Quote: "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by ...

– Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Maṇḍala / Mālava (''

''), Mālava (''

'') – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Māṇḍavya – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Māṣa ( Masha) – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Mātaṅga – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

/ Yatstha (''

'') – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Mekala / Rokala (''

''), Kevala (''

'') – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Mūka – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Nāsikya / Vāsikya (''

''), Nāsikānta (''

''), Nāsika (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Nirāhāra / Nigarhara (''

''), Nihāra (''

'') – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Pāṇavīya – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Pāñcala ( Panchala) – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Pārada / Parita (''

''), Pāravata (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Paṭaccara ( Patachchara) / Śatapatheśvara (''

'') – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Pūru (Puru) – Ancestors of the Paurava (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) ** Paurava – Descendants of the Puru (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *** Kuru (''

'') – Ancestors of the

(Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) ****

(''

'') – Descendants of the Kuru (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) ***

– Ancestors of the

(Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) ****

– Descendants of

(Udichya Āryāvarta and Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

and Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) ***** Arjunayana – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) ******

Tomara Tomara may refer to: * Tomara dynasty of Delhi region in northern India * Tomaras of Gwalior The Tomaras of Gwalior (also called Tomar in modern vernaculars because of schwa deletion) were a Rajput dynasty who ruled the Gwalior Fort and its s ...

/ Tāmasa (''

'' and ''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Pluṣṭa ( Plushta) – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Prāgjyotiṣa (

Pragjyotisha Kamarupa (; also called Pragjyotisha or Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa), an early state during the Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, was (along with Davaka) the first historical kingdom of Assam. Though Kamarupa prevailed from 350 to 11 ...

) – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Pravaṅga / Plavaṅga (''

'' and ''

'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Prāvijaya / Prāviṣeya (''

'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Priyalaukika / Harṣavardhana (''

''), Aṅgalaukika (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Puleya / Kulīya (''

''), Pulinda (''

''), Pulīya (''

''), Pauleya (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Rūpasa / Kūpasa (''

''), Rūpapa (''

''), Rūpaka (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Sainika / Pidika (''

''), Śūlika (''

''), Jhillika (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Śālva ( Shalva) – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Saraja – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

– (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Sauśalya ( Saushalya) – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Sauvīra – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Śaśikhādrika ( Shashikhadraka) – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Śatadruja ( Shatadruja) / Śatadrava (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Ṣaṭpura / Padgama (''

''), Ṣaṭsura (''

''), Paṭava (''

''), Bahela (''

'') – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Sindhu The Indus ( ) is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia. The river rises in mountain springs northeast of Mount Kailash in Western Tibet, flows northwest through the disputed region of Kash ...

Saindhava The Saindhavas, also known as Jayadrathas, was a Medieval Indian dynasty that ruled western Saurashtra (now in Gujarat, India) from c. 735 CE to c. 920 CE, probably in alliance with Maitrakas in its early years. Their capital was at Bhutamabi ...

– (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Sirāla / Surāla (''

''), Sumīna (''

''), Sinīla (''

''), Kirāta (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Śudra Shudra or ''Shoodra'' (Sanskrit: ') is one of the four '' varnas'' of the Hindu caste system and social order in ancient India. Various sources translate it into English as a caste, or alternatively as a social class. Theoretically, class ser ...

(

Shudra Shudra or ''Shoodra'' (Sanskrit: ') is one of the four ''Varna (Hinduism), varnas'' of the Hindu caste system and social order in ancient India. Various sources translate it into English as a caste, or alternatively as a social class. Theoret ...

/ Sudra) / Suhya (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) (not to be confused with the

, a Varna) * Sujaraka – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Śulakara ( Shulakara) – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Surāṣṭra (

Surashtra Saurashtra, also known as Sorath or Kathiawar, is a peninsular region of Gujarat, India, located on the Arabian Sea coast. It covers about a third of Gujarat state, notably 11 districts of Gujarat, including Rajkot District. It was formerly a s ...

) / Saurāṣṭra (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Śūrpāraka / Sūrpāraka (''

''), Sūryāraka (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Śūrasena ( Shurasena) / Braj – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Taittrika / Taittirika (''

''), Turasita (''

''), Kurumini (''

''), Tubhamina (''

''), Karīti (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Taksas – in Taksasila or

Taxila Taxila or Takshashila (; sa, तक्षशिला; pi, ; , ; , ) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan. Located in the Taxila Tehsil of Rawalpindi District, it lies approximately northwest of the Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area ...

(Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Talagana / Talagāna (''

''), Stanapa (''

''), Tāvakarāma (''

''), Tālaśāla (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Tāmasa / Chamara (''

''), Tomara (''

''), Tāmara (''

'') – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Tāmas – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Tāmralipataka – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Taṅgaṇa / Apatha (''

''), Gurguṇa (''

'') – (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Taṅgaṇa / Tuṅgana (''

'') – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Tāpasa / Svāpada (''

''), Tāpaka (''

'') – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Tilaṇga – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Traipura – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Trigarta Trigarta kingdom was an ancient kingdom in northern Indian region of the Indian subcontinent with its capital at Prasthala (modern Jalandhar), Multan and Kangra. Trigarta was founded and ruled by the vrishni Dynasty. Mention in Mahabharata Tr ...

– (Parvata-shrayin Āryāvarta – Himalayan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Tugras – in the

Sutlej river The Sutlej or Satluj River () is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroads region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. The Sutlej River is also known as ''Satadru''. It is the easternmost tributary of the Ind ...

basin (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Tūrṇapāda – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Utkala – (Eastern and Central in ''

'' – Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Uttamārṇa / Uttama (''

'') – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Vāhyatodara / Girigahvara (

) – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Vaidiśa (Vaidisha) / Vaidika (''

''), Kholliśa (''

'') – (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Vaṅga – Central and Eastern in ''

'' – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Vāṅgeya / Mārgavageya (''

''), Rāṅgeya (''

''), Vojñeya (''

'') – (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Vāṭadhāna – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Vatsa Vatsa or Vamsa (Pali and Ardhamagadhi: , literally "calf") was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas (great kingdoms) of Uttarapatha of ancient India mentioned in the Aṅguttara Nikāya. Location The territory of Vatsa was located to the south of ...

/ Vamsa – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Vātsīya – (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) * Vemaka – (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

– (Prachya Āryāvarta – Eastern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) (

/ Tirabhukti) * Vṛka ( Vrika) – (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *

Haihayas The Heheya Kingdom (also known as Haihaya, Haiheya, Heiheya sa">हैहय was a kingdom ruled by the Yadava people, who claimed to be descended from Yadu, a legendary king of Chandravamsha lineage. One of the most well known Haihaya rule ...

/ Heheya (Talajangha) *** Avanti – Clan of the Haihayas (Central and Vindhyan Āryāvarta in ''

'') ***

Bhoja Bhoja (reigned c. 1010–1055 CE) was an Indian king from the Paramara dynasty. His kingdom was centered around the Malwa region in central India, where his capital Dhara-nagara (modern Dhar) was located. Bhoja fought wars with nearly all h ...

/ Gopta (''

'') (Gupta) – Clan of the Haihayas (Vindhya-prashtha Āryāvarta – Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

in ''

'') *** Sharyatas – Clan of the

. **** Ānarta / Āvantya in ''

'', ''

'' – Subclan of the Sharyatas (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *** Tuṇḍikera / Śauṇḍikera (''

''), Tuṣṭikāra (''

'') – Clan of the

. (Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) *** Vītihotra / Vīrahotra (''

''), Vītahotra (''

'') – Clan of the

(Vindhyan

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) ** Cedi ( Chedi) / Chaidyas ** Shashabindu / Shashabindava – ** Vaidarbha /

(

) –

(Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) **

Yadava The Yadava (literally, descended from Yadu) were an ancient Indian people who believed to be descended from Yadu, a legendary king of Chandravamsha lineage. The community was formed of various clans, being the Abhira, Andhaka, Vrishni, an ...

– Descendants of the

*** Ābhīra – (Udichya and Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Northern and Southern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) **** Northern Ābhīra (Udichya Āryāvarta – Northern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) **** Southern Ābhīra (Dakshinapatha Āryāvarta – Southern

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) ***

Kukura Kukura may be, * Juraj Kukura (born 1947), Slovak actor * Philipp Kukura (born 1978), Slovak physical chemist *Kukurá language Kukurá (Cucurá, Kokura) is a spurious language, fabricated by an interpreter in Brazil. History When Alberto Vo ...

– *** Satvata – ***

Vrishni The Vrishnis (Brahmi: ''vri-shņi'') were an ancient Vedic Indian clan who were believed to be the descendants of Vrishni. It is believed that Vrishni was the son of Satvata, a descendant of Yadu, the son of Yayati. He had two wives, Gandhari an ...

– **** Shainya / Shaineya *

Yaudheya Yaudheya (Brahmi script: 𑀬𑁅𑀥𑁂𑀬) or Yoddheya Gana (Yoddheya Republic) was an ancient militant confederation. The word Yaudheya is a derivative of the word from yodha meaning warriors.“Yaudheyas.” Ancient Communities of the Hima ...

– (Madhya-desha Āryāvarta – Central

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

)

Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE)

महाजनपद – Mahajanapada Shodasa Mahajanapadas (Sixteen Mahajanapadas) The

Mahajanapadas The Mahājanapadas ( sa, great realm, from ''maha'', "great", and '' janapada'' "foothold of a people") were sixteen kingdoms or oligarchic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE during the second ur ...

were sixteen great kingdoms and republics that emerged after the more powerful political entities (initially based on the territories of peoples and tribes) had conquered many others. According to the '' Anguttara Nikaya'', ''

Digha Nikaya Digha is a seaside resort town in the state of West Bengal, India. It lies in Purba Medinipur district and at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal. It has a low gradient with a shallow sand beach. It is a popular sea resort in West Bengal. ...

'', '' Chulla-Niddesa'' ( Buddhist Canon) *

Anga Anga (Sanskrit: ) was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe of eastern South Asia whose existence is attested during the Iron Age. The members of the Aṅga tribe were called the Āṅgeyas. Counted among the "sixteen great nations" in Buddhist texts ...

Assaka Ashmaka (Sanskrit: ) or Assaka (Pali: ) was a Mahajanapada in ancient India which existed between 700 BCE and 425 or 345 BCE according to the Buddhist texts '' Anguttara Nikaya'' and ''Puranas''. It was located around and between the Godava ...

(or Asmaka) * Avanti * Chetiya ( Chedi / Cedi) *

* Kamboja (possibly ancestral of Nuristani) *

Kasi KASI (1430 AM, "News Talk 1430") is a radio station licensed to serve Ames, Iowa. The station is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and licensed to iHM Licenses, LLC. It airs a News/Talk radio format. The station was assigned the KASI call letters ...

Kosala The Kingdom of Kosala (Sanskrit: ) was an ancient Indian kingdom with a rich culture, corresponding to the area within the region of Awadh in present-day Uttar Pradesh to Western Odisha. It emerged as a small state during the late Vedic per ...

* Kuru * Maccha (

) *

* Malla * Panchala (

Pañcāla Panchala ( sa, पञ्चाल, IAST: ) was an ancient kingdom of northern India, located in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab of the Upper Gangetic plain. During Late Vedic times (c. 1100–500 BCE), it was one of the most powerful states of ancient ...

) * Surasena * Vajji ( Vṛji)) ** Licchavis (tribe) * Vamsha (Vatsa) According to the ''

Vyākhyāprajñapti ''Vyākhyāprajñapti'' ( sa, व्याख्याप्रज्ञप्ति "Exposition of Explanations"), commonly known as the ''Bhagavati Sūtra'' (), is the fifth of the 12 Jain Agamas said to be promulgated by Mahāvīra. The Vy� ...

'' / '' Bhagavati Sutra'' (

Jain text Jain literature (Sanskrit: जैन साहित्य) refers to the literature of the Jain religion. It is a vast and ancient literary tradition, which was initially transmitted orally. The oldest surviving material is contained in the c ...

) * Accha *

* Avaha *

Bajji A bhaji is a type of fritter originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is made from spicy hot vegetables, commonly onion, and has several variants. It is a popular snack food in India, it is also very popular in Pakistan, and Trinidad and To ...

( Vajji / Vriji) ** Licchavis (tribe) * Banga /

Vanga The family Vangidae (from ''vanga'', Malagasy for the hook-billed vanga, ''Vanga curvirostris'') comprises a group of often shrike-like medium-sized birds distributed from Asia to Africa, including the vangas of Madagascar to which the family ...

* Kochcha *

Ladha Ladha ( ps, لده; ur, لدها) or Lada is a town in South Waziristan, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (formerly in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, now merged with province). Just 10 km north of Ladha is the city of Makeen, while 10 ...

Lata Lata (Hindi: लता) is a Hindu/Sanskrit Indian female given name, which means "creeper" and "vine". Lata may refer to: Notable people named Lata * Lata Bhatt (born 1954), Indian singer. * Lata (born 1975), Musician. *Lata Mangeshkar L ...

* Malavaka * Malaya (located in the

Malaya mountains The Malaya Mountains were a range of mountains that were mentioned in the Hindu sacred texts like ''Matsya Purana'', the ''Kurma Purana'', the ''Vishnu Purana'', and the epics of the ''Ramayana'' and the ''Mahabharata''. The Vishnu Purana specifi ...

, southernmost part of the Western Ghats, part of the same was called the Sahya Mountains,

Southern India South India, also known as Dakshina Bharata or Peninsular India, consists of the peninsular southern part of India. It encompasses the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, as well as the union territ ...

) (probably Dravidian and Non-Indo-Aryan) * Moli / Malla * Padha * Sambhuttara * Vaccha (

)

Mentions by Ancient Greek authors (Classical Age)

Northwest

–

Indus River Basin The Indus ( ) is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia. The river rises in mountain springs northeast of Mount Kailash in Western Tibet, flows northwest through the disputed region of Kashmir ...

* Glausae ( Glausaí) (may have been the Gandhari?) * Malloí / Malli (known as Mālava / Western Malla by

Indo-Aryans Indo-Aryan peoples are a diverse collection of Indo-European peoples speaking Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent. Historically, Aryan were the Indo-European pastoralists who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia and int ...

ancient India According to consensus in modern genetics, anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago. Quote: "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by ...

) – they were a people from southern

, including today's

city ('' Mallorum Metropolis'') and region, south of the confluence of the

, Hydaspes for the Greeks, and

for the Greeks, rivers (see map 9), they are mentioned by ancient Greek historians in the Mallian Campaign of

(

); Malada (''

''), Ekalavya (''

'') (Aparanta Āryāvarta – Western

Āryāvarta Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "abode of the Aryas",

) (not the be confused with the Eastern Malla) * Oxydracae ( Oxydrakaí) (may have been the

(

/ Sudra) / Suhya (''

''), not to be confused with the

, a Varna) * Sattagydans – people that dwelt in

Sattagydia Sattagydia (Old Persian: 𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁 ''Thataguš'', country of the "hundred cows") was one of the easternmost regions of the Achaemenid Empire, part of its Seventh tax district according to Herodotus, along with Gandārae, Dadicae and ...

(Old Persian Thataguš; th = θ, from θata – "hundred" and guš – "cows", country of the People of "Hundred Cows"), may have been an Indo-Aryan people of

Sindh Sindh (; ; ur, , ; historically romanized as Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second-largest province ...

with Iranian influence or the opposite, an

people of

with Indo-Aryan influence. * Sibae / Sobii ( Sibaí / Sivaí / Sobioí / Sivioí) (may have been the

people of Early

Janapadas The Janapadas () (c. 1500–600 BCE) were the realms, republics (ganapada) and kingdoms (saamarajya) of the Vedic period on the Indian subcontinent. The Vedic period reaches from the late Bronze Age into the Iron Age: from about 1500 BCE to ...

?) (not to be confused with the God

) Other regions of

(''India Intra Gangem'') *Pragii / Prasii (Pragioí / Prasioí) (may have been the people of Pragjyotisha Kingdom, Prāgjyotiṣa or

, Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa?)

Possible Indo-Aryan or other peoples / tribes / clans

*Alina (RV 7.18.7) (RV =

) – They were one of the tribes defeated by Sudas of the Bharatas at the

(Ten Kings Battle).A. A. Macdonell and A. B. Keith (1912). ''Vedic Index of Names and Subjects''. It is suggested that they lived to the north-east of the Kambojas (possible ancestors of the Nuristani that live in Nurestan Province, Nurestan) because in the 7th century CE, the land was mentioned by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang. It is possible that they are connected with the Alans or Alani people who are a nomadic Iranian tribe. Alans is a dialectal cognate of Aryāna, itself derived from the root arya-, meaning 'Aryan', the common self-designation of Indo-Iranian peoples. It probably came in use in the early history of the Alans for the purpose of uniting a heterogeneous group of tribes through the invocation of a common, ancestral 'Aryan' origin. The historian S. Talageri identifies them with the Greeks (Hellenes). However, the dating of the Rigveda and the hypothetical historic time for the

(Battle of Ten Kings) occurred millennia before Hellenes were recorded in India. *Parsu (Parśu) – The Parsus have been connected with the Persians based on the evidence of an Assyrian inscription from 844 BC referring to the Persians as Parshu, and the Behistun Inscription of Darius I of Persia referring to Parsa as the home of the Persians. Pârsâ, is the Old Persian name for the Persis region Pars province as well as the root for the term Persian. *Shakya – a clan of Iron Age in India, Iron Age India (1st millennium BCE), habitating an area in Greater Magadha, on the foothills of the Himalaya mountains. This is also the clan in which Siddhartha Gautama (also known as Buddha or Shakyamuni – Sage of the Shakyas) (c. 6th to 4th centuries BCE) was born into, whose teachings became the foundation of Buddhism. According to Chandra Das, the name "Shakya" is derived from the Sanskrit word "śakya," which means "the one who is capable". Some scholars argue that the Shakya were of Scythian cultures, Scythian (Saka) origin (part of the Iranian peoples) and assimilated into

.Christopher I. Beckwith, "Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia", 2016, pp 1–21 *Sogdi (Sogdoí), people that inhabited where is today the Sibi Division valley in Balochistan, between Balochistan and

, and most of the Larkana Division, and parts of the Sukkur Division to the west of the Indus river, in

(see map 8), their main city was called Sogdorum Regia (maybe today's Sukkur) by the ancient Greek and Roman authors, and was on the Indus river banks. They may have been an Indo-Aryan people of the Indus valley with a coincidental name with the Sogdians, or, as the name could tell, a branch of the Sogdians, the "Indus Sogdians", in a region of the west Indus valley. *Kambojas, Kāmboja (Kamboja) (ancestors of the Nuristani and Kamboj people, Kamboj peoples, sometimes included in the

, or of the Pamiris, Iranian Pamirian peoples – Pamiris or Pamiri people, Badakhshani people)

Hypothetical Indo-Aryans

*Mitanni Indo-Aryans (c. 1500–1300 BCE) – hypothetical ancient people of the northern Middle East in the Mitanni kingdom (part of today's far western Iran, northwestern Iraq, northern Syria and southeastern Turkey), that spoke the hypothetical Mitanni Indo-Aryan (a language that was superstrate of Hurrian language, Hurrian, a non-Indo-European language) and merged with the Hurrians, many of them as a social elite, in the course of the Indo-Aryan migration (towards West in this case).

Ancestors

Vedic tribes

Pancha Jana (Five tribes)

Janapadas

Early Janapadas (peoples / tribes) (c. 1700–1100 BCE)

Late Janapadas (peoples / tribes) (c. 1100–500 BCE)

Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE)

Mentions by Ancient Greek authors (Classical Age)

Possible Indo-Aryan or other peoples / tribes / clans

Hypothetical Indo-Aryans

See also

References

Further reading