Pac-Land
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is a 1984 platform
video game A video game or computer game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface or input device (such as a joystick, game controller, controller, computer keyboard, keyboard, or motion sensing device) to generate visual fe ...
developed and published by
Namco was a Japanese multinational video game and entertainment company founded in 1955. It operated video arcades and amusement parks globally, and produced video games, films, toys, and arcade cabinets. Namco was one of the most influential c ...
for arcades. It was distributed in North America by Bally Midway, and in Europe by
Atari Games Atari Games Corporation was an American producer of arcade video games, active from 1985 to 1999, then as Midway Games West Inc. until 2003. It was formed when the coin-operated video game division of Atari, Inc. was transferred by its owner Wa ...
. Controlling Pac-Man, the player must make it to the end of each stage to return a lost fairy back to its home in Fairyland. Pac-Man will need to avoid obstacles, such as falling logs and water-spewing fire hydrants, alongside his enemies, the Ghost Gang. Eating large flashing Power Pellets will cause the ghosts to turn blue, allowing Pac-Man to eat them for points. ''Pac-Land'' was created by Namco Research and Development 1 programmer Yoshihiro Kishimoto, who was tasked with creating an arcade game based on the American ''Pac-Man'' cartoon television series by
Hanna-Barbera Hanna-Barbera Cartoons, Inc. ( ; formerly known as H-B Enterprises, Hanna-Barbera Productions, Inc. and H-B Production Co.), simply and commonly known as Hanna-Barbera, was an American animation studio and production company, which was acti ...
. The backgrounds were made to be vibrant and colorful, and the characters to be detailed and move smoothly to match the show's animation style. The control scheme was inspired by
Konami , commonly known as Konami, , is a Japanese multinational entertainment company and video game developer and video game publisher, publisher headquartered in Chūō, Tokyo, Chūō, Tokyo. The company also produces and distributes trading card ...
's ''
Track & Field Track and field (or athletics in British English) is a sport that includes athletic contests based on running, jumping, and throwing skills. The name used in North America is derived from where the sport takes place, a running track and ...
'' (1983), using buttons instead of a traditional joystick to make it stand out among other games at the time. A new Namco Pac-Land arcade system was created to make it easier to develop the game and was used for several later Namco games, including '' Baraduke'' (1985) and '' Metro-Cross'' (1985). ''Pac-Land'' was a commercial success in arcades, becoming one of the top five highest-grossing arcade games of 1985 in the United States. It was well-received by critics for its colorful graphics, stage designs, and soundtrack, although was often criticized for its difficulty. It is cited as an important and influential game in the platform genre, paving the way for many games to follow such as '' Super Mario Bros.'', '' Ghosts 'n Goblins'', '' Alex Kidd'' and '' Wonder Boy''. It was ported to several home consoles and computers, including the
Family Computer The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is an 8-bit home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo. It was first released in Japan on 15 July 1983 as the and was later released as the redesigned NES in several test markets in the U ...
, PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16, Commodore 64 and Atari Lynx. It is the first platform game in the '' Pac-Man'' series, and was followed by '' Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures'' (1994).


Gameplay

Controlling Pac-Man, the player is tasked with reaching the end of each level while avoiding enemies and other obstacles. Stages are known in-game as "trips" and are broken into four sections — the first three have Pac-Man running to return a lost fairy back to "Fairyland", and the last having Pac-Man return home to his family. Pressing either of the directional buttons will make Pac-Man walk in that direction, and repeatedly tapping either button will make him run. Pac-Man can also jump over pits and obstacles by pressing the jump button. In each stage, Pac-Man will encounter the four ghosts from the original game — Blinky, Pinky, Inky and Clyde — alongside a purple ghost named Sue, originally a replacement for Clyde in '' Ms. Pac-Man''. Eating large flashing Power Pellets will cause the ghosts to turn blue for a short time, allowing Pac-Man to eat them for bonus points. The ghosts are often seen driving vehicles, such as airplanes, buses, cars, pogo-sticks and flying saucers, and will sometimes drop miniature ghost enemies from the air to try and hit Pac-Man. Other types of obstacles are also present in stages, such as water-spewing fire hydrants, springboards, falling logs, quicksand and geysers. Trips consist of cities, forests, deserts and abandoned castles. Most trip sections end with a large sign saying "BREAK TIME" with a church on a hill in the background, and bonus points are awarded for jumping at certain points at the end of each section. The final section of a trip gives Pac-Man a special pair of boots that will allow him to jump infinitely into the air, and tasks the player with returning home to Pac-Man's family. The player can find hidden items by pushing against specific objects in certain stages, including a helmet that protects Pac-Man from falling mini ghosts, an item that makes Pac-Man temporarily invincible and a ''Galaxian'' flagship that awards the player a large sum of points. Jumping in certain spots will reveal fruit items that can be consumed for points. The game features the theme song from the ''Pac-Man'' television series, which plays in a constant loop throughout. The North American version of the game by Midway features the characters being re-designed to more closely resemble the designs found in the show, while the Japanese Namco version has the characters modeled after ''Pac-Man'' marketing material and cabinet artwork. It's currently unknown what version the European version looks like.


Development and release

''Pac-Land'' was programmed by Yoshihiro Kishimoto of Namco Development Division 1, who would later work on the '' Family Stadium'' franchise. After seeing the success of
Hanna-Barbera Hanna-Barbera Cartoons, Inc. ( ; formerly known as H-B Enterprises, Hanna-Barbera Productions, Inc. and H-B Production Co.), simply and commonly known as Hanna-Barbera, was an American animation studio and production company, which was acti ...
's ''Pac-Man'' animated series, Namco requested Kishimoto that he create an arcade game based on the show. Kishimoto stated that the hardest part of development were Pac-Man's animations. Most arcade games in Japan at the time simply used two or three frames to convey movement, which he found unconvincing. The team wanted the game's backgrounds to be vibrant and colorful, and to have the characters move smoothly to replicate the show's animation style. Pac-Man himself was given 24 different frame patterns, alongside several facial expressions and clothing swaps. Kishimoto cited Konami's sports video game ''
Track & Field Track and field (or athletics in British English) is a sport that includes athletic contests based on running, jumping, and throwing skills. The name used in North America is derived from where the sport takes place, a running track and ...
'' (1983) as the "number one influence" on ''Pac-Land''. The game's controls were heavily influenced by ''Track & Field'', a game that allowed the player to become faster by constantly tapping the button in succession; Kishimoto thought the idea was interesting and that it would make it stand out among other games. To allow for two-layer scrolling backgrounds, more sprites, and more colors, the team created the Namco Pac-Land arcade board, which was used for several later Namco games including '' Baraduke'' (1985) and '' Metro-Cross'' (1985). The game was tested in
Yokohama is the List of cities in Japan, second-largest city in Japan by population as well as by area, and the country's most populous Municipalities of Japan, municipality. It is the capital and most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a popu ...
, where Kishimoto recalls the springboards being difficult for new players. The arcade game was released in Japan in 1984, but there are conflicting release dates. ''Arcade TV Game List'', a Japanese-language book of arcade release dates authored by Masumi Akagi and published by the Amusement News Agency in 2006, lists the Japanese release date as August 1984. However, the United States Copyright Office and John Szczepaniak in the second volume of ''The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers'' (2015), when including biography details taken from Kishimoto's resume, lists the release date as October 1984. The game was later released in North America by Bally Midway in December 1984, and in Europe by
Atari Games Atari Games Corporation was an American producer of arcade video games, active from 1985 to 1999, then as Midway Games West Inc. until 2003. It was formed when the coin-operated video game division of Atari, Inc. was transferred by its owner Wa ...
in early 1985.


Conversions

The first home port of ''Pac-Land'' was for
Nintendo is a Japanese Multinational corporation, multinational video game company headquartered in Kyoto. It develops, publishes, and releases both video games and video game consoles. The history of Nintendo began when craftsman Fusajiro Yamauchi ...
's
Family Computer The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is an 8-bit home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo. It was first released in Japan on 15 July 1983 as the and was later released as the redesigned NES in several test markets in the U ...
, released in Japan on November 21, 1985. Versions for the
Amstrad CPC The Amstrad CPC (short for "Colour Personal Computer") is a series of 8-bit home computers produced by Amstrad between 1984 and 1990. It was designed to compete in the mid-1980s home computer market dominated by the Commodore 64 and the ZX Spec ...
,
ZX Spectrum The ZX Spectrum () is an 8-bit computing, 8-bit home computer developed and marketed by Sinclair Research. One of the most influential computers ever made and one of the all-time bestselling British computers, over five million units were sold. ...
, Commodore 64 and
MSX MSX is a standardized home computer architecture, announced by ASCII Corporation on June 16, 1983. It was initially conceived by Microsoft as a product for the Eastern sector, and jointly marketed by Kazuhiko Nishi, the director at ASCII Corpo ...
were published by British company Grandslam Entertainment in 1988, and developed by Gannon Designs and Mr. Micro for the
Atari ST Atari ST is a line of personal computers from Atari Corporation and the successor to the company's Atari 8-bit computers, 8-bit computers. The initial model, the Atari 520ST, had limited release in April–June 1985, and was widely available i ...
and Commodore Amiga platforms. Namco released a PC-Engine version in June 1989, which was later released for the TurboGrafx-16 by NEC in January 1990. Atari Corporation developed and published an Lynx portable version in 1992, and Dempa Softworks released an X68000 conversion in 1994. ''Pac-Land'' is in the 1996 compilation '' Namco Museum Vol. 4'' for the
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alongside five other Namco arcade games from the 1980s, and later in the iOS game '' Namco Arcade''. In 2014, it was ported to the
Xbox 360 The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft. As the successor to the Xbox (console), original Xbox, it is the second console in the Xbox#Consoles, Xbox series. It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12, 2005, with detail ...
,
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, and PC as part of '' Pac-Man Museum'', and the Famicom version was digitally re-released for the Wii U Virtual Console and ''Namco Museum Archives Volume 2''. Aside from the ''Namco Arcade'' version, all home ports of the game are based on the Japanese Namco version. On March 31, 2022, it was announced that the arcade version of ''Pac-Land'' would be released on the
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and PlayStation 4 as part of Hamster Corporation's '' Arcade Archives'' lineup, which was released on April 7, 2022. Though based on the original arcade version, this re-release was modified by Bandai Namco to replace the graphics of Ms. Pac-Man and Baby Pac-Man, who greet Pac-Man at the end of each trip. In their place are two new characters named "Pac-Mom" and "Pac-Sis"; which were created for the then-upcoming compilation ''Pac-Man Museum+'', which also replaced the characters in all the games featured in the collection. Bandai Namco has remained silent on the removal of the characters, though news outlets assumed the character replacements to be related to a dispute between Bandai Namco and AtGames, which is related to ''Ms. Pac-Man''. The game is included in the '' Pac-Man Museum+'' game compilation, which released on May 27, 2022. The version in this collection uses the same edited version as seen in the ''Arcade Archives'' release because of Bandai Namco's legal issues with AtGames.


Reception

''Pac-Land'' was a commercial success in arcades. In Japan, it entered the ''Game Machine'' arcade charts at number-two on the table arcade cabinet chart in September 1984. In North America, it was in the top 20 ''RePlay'' upright arcade game charts through November 1985. It ended the year as one of the top five highest-grossing arcade games of 1985 in the United States. The game well received by critics for its colorful graphics, level structure, and challenge. Mike Roberts gave the arcade game a positive review in the May 1985 issue of '' Computer Gamer''. He called it an "interesting game" where Pac-Man is an "animated character that moves along a horizontally scrolling landscape" while praising the "very colouful" graphics and stating it is "easy to play once you've got the hang of it." Japanese publication ''
Famitsu , formerly , is a line of Japanese Video game journalism, video game magazines published by Kadokawa Game Linkage (previously known as Gzbrain), a subsidiary of Kadokawa Corporation, Kadokawa. ''Famitsu'' is published in both weekly and monthly f ...
'' praised the PC Engine version's graphics and overall challenge, awarding it the "Silver Hall of Fame" badge. '' Computer + Video Games'' called the PC Engine version a "marvelous conversion" for its vibrant visuals, stage layouts, gameplay and accuracy to the coin-op game; they had a similar response for the Atari Lynx version, claiming its accuracy to the original would entice fans of the arcade release. Reviewing the Lynx conversion, ''
IGN ''IGN'' is an American video gaming and entertainment media website operated by IGN Entertainment Inc., a subsidiary of Ziff Davis, Inc. The company's headquarters is located in San Francisco's SoMa district and is headed by its former e ...
'' praised the game's colorful graphics, controls and faithfulness to the arcade original. '' Raze'' echoed a similar response, saying the visuals, stage layouts and soundtrack added replay value to the game. ''Raze'' disliked the Lynx port's limited amount of lives and lack of continues, saying that the high difficulty would repel younger players. ''IGN'' stated it provided little replay value for veteran players, adding that it could be easily finished. '' AllGame'' was particularly critical of the TurboGrafx-16 version, lambasting its poor graphics, bland stage layouts and lack of challenge, jokingly saying it was only recommended to collectors interested in "the most morbidly poor games in existence". In a retrospective review for the TurboGrafx-16 conversion, ''IGN'' disliked the game's difficulty for lacking any real challenge, and said the game seems to have been made simply to keep ''Pac-Man'' relevant at the time instead of as a "real deal" game.


Legacy

It is considered an important and influential game in the platform genre, paving the way for games such as '' Ghosts 'n Goblins'', '' Alex Kidd'', and '' Wonder Boy''. '' Pac-Man'' creator Toru Iwatani has since labeled it as his favorite ''Pac-Man'' sequel for its interesting concept and gameplay. He said
Shigeru Miyamoto is a Japanese video game designer, video game producer, producer and Creative director#Video games, game director at Nintendo, where he has served as one of its representative directors as an executive since 2002. Widely regarded as one o ...
told him it had a profound influence on the creation of '' Super Mario Bros.'' Shigeru Miyamoto himself also says that ''Pac-Land'' had an influence on ''Super Mario Bros.'', but to a lesser extent, saying that while he was in Tokyo seeing Namco has developed a platforming game he decided that he should follow suit. The only feature of ''Pac-Land'' Miyamoto cites as a direct inspiration was the blue background of the game as opposed to the black ones he typically would put in his games. Shortly after the game's release, Namco produced a board game adaptation for its ''Fantasy Board Game'' series, based on the player reaching the end of the board without losing the "fairy chip". A Japanese LCD handheld game was released in 1990. Many of Pac-Man's moves in the '' Super Smash Bros.'' series are directly based on ''Pac-Land,'' such as his fire hydrant attack. '' Super Smash Bros. for Wii U'' and '' Super Smash Bros. Ultimate'' include a stage based on the game, featuring automatic scrolling.


Notes


References


External links

* {{Pac-Man series, state=expanded 1984 video games Amiga games Amstrad CPC games Arcade video games Arcade Archives games Atari Lynx games Atari ST games Commodore 64 games Fantasy video games Hamster Corporation games Midway video games MSX games Multiplayer and single-player video games Namco arcade games NEC PC-8001 games Nintendo Entertainment System games Pac-Man arcade games Platformers Side-scrolling platformers TurboGrafx-16 games Video games developed in Japan Video games scored by Yuriko Keino Virtual Console games Virtual Console games for Wii U Video games based on television series based on video games X68000 games ZX Spectrum games