PL-15

The PL-15 ( zh, s=霹雳-15, p=Pī Lì-Yāo Wǔ, l=Thunderbolt-15, NATO reporting name: CH-AA-10 Abaddon) is an active radar-guided long-range beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile developed by the People's Republic of China, used by the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) and Naval Air Force (PLANAF), and the Pakistan Air Force.

It can reach speeds of up to Mach 5 and has a maximum range of about 300 km, though the PL-15E export version that is sold to Pakistan is reported to have a reduced range of about 145 km.

It is the primary beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile carried by PLA fixed-wing combat aircraft. Its within-visual-range counterpart is the PL-10.

Development

The PL-15 is developed by Luoyang-based China Airborne Missile Academy (CAMA). The missile was test fired in 2011 and referenced by Chinese state media in 2015. It was spotted in 2013 mounted on a prototype of Chengdu J-20.

The PL-15E, the export variant, was presented at the 2021 Zhuhai Airshow. The PL-15E has less range than the PL-15, possibly due to changes in propellant or rocket motor. This is similar to the situation between SD-10 and its domestic counterpart the PL-12.

There were constant rumors about a variant or derivative of the PL-15 designed for compressed carriage. In 2020, the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) reported the development of the PL-16 missile, a thinner version of the PL-15, to allow J-20 to carry six missiles inside its internal carriage. In January 2024, the PL-16 missile was confirmed to have a smaller airframe design with folded fins and a high-performance dual-pulse motor to maintain a performance level similar to the regular PL-15. At the 2024 Zhuhai Airshow, the export variant PL-15E was shown to have folding rear fins, increasing the internal payload of the Chengdu J-20 and Shenyang J-35. The PL-16 and PL-15E with folding fins could supplement or replace the regular PL-15 in the future.

Operational history

China

The PL-15 entered People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) military service around 2015 to 2017. The carrying platforms include the Chengdu J-10C, the Shenyang J-16 and the Chengdu J-20. It has also been spotted on the Shenyang J-11B. The PL-15 has begun to replace the earlier PL-12 as the standard beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM) for both PLAAF and People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF) fighters.

Pakistan

On 7 May 2025, the PL-15E was deployed in combat during the 2025 India–Pakistan strikes by Pakistan Air Force (PAF), marking what analysts believe to be the missile's first combat deployment.

According to the Pakistan authorities, PAF used Chengdu J-10C and PL-15E missiles to shoot down Indian aircraft. Videos and photos of the downed aircraft were verified by BBC News, indicating one of the down aircraft was the Indian Air Force's Dassault Rafale. An anonymous U.S. official told ''Reuters'' that there was "high confidence" that J-10 jets shot down at least two Indian aircraft, including a Rafale.

Photos of several PL-15E missile debris found inside Indian territory surfaced. A relatively intact rear section was found in Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India. On 13 May 2025, the Indian authorities also confirmed the usage of PL-15E by Pakistan.

Many circumstances could lead to the loss of missiles in relatively intact states. The usage of PL-15E in the conflict offered military analysts opportunities to assess the combat effectiveness of newest Chinese weaponry and their strategic implications. The recovery of the debris could offer technical insights into PL-15E's capabilities and limitations. there is only claimed 8 Pl 15 e jammed by indian ew systems and there is no data that this missiles shoot downed 2 Indian jets including rafale

Design

Propulsion

The PL-15 uses a dual-pulsed solid-fuel rocket motor capable of a burnout speed greater than Mach 5 and a range of more than . During its terminal phase, the second pulse of its motor ignites, providing additional energy and speed to increase kill probability at long distances. If launched at supersonic speed, the missile can maintain velocities above Mach 5 for much of its flight.

Airframe

The missile has a length of about with a diameter of about . It features cropped control fins (compared to the PL-12) designed for internal carriage by stealth aircraft.

Guidance

The missile is guided by a miniature active electronically scanned array radar seeker, sporting both active and passive modes for the different mission set. It also features improved resistance to countermeasures and better performance against low-observable targets. The hybrid guidance system supports a mid-course two-way datalink led by AEW&C aircraft and autonomous terminal radar homing.

Foreign sales

In 2021, Pakistan acquired the PL-15E air-to-air missile from China as part of a $1.5 billion defense deal. The agreement included 20 J-10CE fighter jets and approximately 240 PL-15E missiles, making Pakistan the first international customer for PL-15E variant. Pakistan secured a $1.4 billion loan to fund the purchase of this package, including additional logistical and support services.

Variants

;PL-15: PLAAF domestic version with an estimated range of .
;PL-15E: Export version of PL-15 with a reduced maximum launch range of 145 km
;PL-15E with folding fins: PL-15E with folded tail fins that likely allows J-20 and J-35 internal weapons bays to carry six missiles.
;PL-16 (CH-AA-X-13): A further development of PL-15 that allows J-20's internal weapons bay to carry six missiles simultaneously (whereas PL-15 is quad-packed). The PL-16 missile, while smaller in dimension, features a compressed airframe, folded fins, and a high-performance dual-pulse motor to deliver equal or better performance compared to the regular PL-15.

Operators

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* People's Liberation Army Air Force: PL-15
* People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force: PL-15
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* Pakistan Air Force: PL-15E

See also

Missiles of similar role, configuration, and era

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References

;Bibliography

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pl-15
Air-to-air missiles of the People's Republic of China
Beyond-visual-range air-to-air missiles
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s
Weapons of the People's Republic of China