Oroxylum

''Oroxylum indicum'' is a species of flowering plant of the monotypic genus ''Oroxylum'' in the family Bignoniaceae. It is commonly called Indian trumpet tree, oroxylum, Indian trumpet flower, broken bones, scythe tree, tree of Damocles, or midnight horror. It can reach a height of . Various segments of the tree are used in traditional medicine.

Taxonomy

Its genus name ''Oroxylum'' comes from Greek words ''oros'' 'mountain' and ''xylon'' 'wood', its epithet means "from India".

Description

The tree grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of with gray bark. A mature tree has few branches growing large pinnate leaves, which are the largest of all dicot tree leaves. Each leaf stalk is up to long comprising four pinnate branches, each branch is approximately in length and comparably wide, borne on petioles or stalks. All parts of the leaflet stalk grow at once, with dead stalks falling off the tree and collecting near the base of the trunk, looking like a pile of broken limb bones.

The flowers grow from long pedicels at the end of 2-4 cm long racemes, their brown or dirty-violet calyxes are leathery. They have a sharp smell and bloom at night to attract pollination by bats. They form enormous seed pods – the fruits – are up to long that hang down from bare branches, resembling swords. The long fruits curve downward and resemble the wings of a large bird or dangling sickles or swords in the night, giving the name "tree of Damocles". The seeds are round with papery wings.

Distribution

''Oroxylum indicum'' is native to the Indian subcontinent, the Himalayan foothills with a part extending to Bhutan and southern China, Indochina and the Malesia regions. In Vietnam, the tree is called ''núc nác'' (sometimes ''sò đo''), and specimens can be found in Cat Tien National Park.

It is visible in the forest biome of Manas National Park in Assam, India. It is found, raised and planted in large number in the forest areas of the Banswara district in the state of Rajasthan in India. It is reported in the list of rare, endangered and threatened plants of Kerala (South India). It is also found in Sri LankaTheobald, W.L. (1981). ''Bignoniace.'' In: Dassanayake, M.D. and Fosberg, F.R. (Eds.). ''A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon.'' Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. and also in Mizoram.

Ecology

''Oroxylum indicum'' lives in relationship with the actinomycete '' Pseudonocardia oroxyli'' present in the soil surrounding the roots. '' Septobasidium bogoriense'' is a fungal species responsible for velvet blight in ''O. indicum''.

Phytochemistry

Various segments of ''O. indicum'', including leaves, root bark, heartwood, and seeds, contain diverse phytochemicals, such as prunetin, sitosterol, oroxindin, oroxylin-A, biochanin-A, ellagic acid, tetuin, anthraquinone, and emodin. Several of the compounds are under preliminary research to identify their potential biological properties.

Uses

The tree is often grown as an ornamental plant for its strange appearance. Materials used include the wood, tannins and dyestuffs.

In marriage rituals

The plant is used by the Kirat, Sunuwar, Rai, Limbu, Yakha, Tamang in Nepal, the Thai in Thailand and the Lao in Laos.

In the Himalayas, people hang sculptures or garlands made from ''O. indicum'' (Skr. shyonaka) seeds from the roof of their homes in belief they provide protection.

Culinary Use

It is a plant with edible leaves, flower buds, pods and stems. The large young pods, known as ''Lin mai'' or ''Lin fa'' in Loei, are eaten especially in Thailand and Laos. They are first grilled over charcoal fire and then the inner tender seeds are usually scraped and eaten along with lap. Known as karongkandai among the Bodos of north east India, its flowers and fruit are eaten as a bitter side dish with rice. Its fruit are eaten as a side dish and water of boiled leave and bark as traditional medicine in Mizoram. It is known in Mizoram as Archangkawm. It is often prepared with fermented or dried fish and believed by them to have medicinal uses. The pods also eaten by Chakma people in Chittagong hill tracts of Bangladesh and India. Its called "Hona Gulo 𑄦𑄧𑄚 𑄉𑄪𑄣𑄮" in Chakma language.

The plant is used as food by the Karen people. The flower buds are boiled and pickled. The young pods are cut open raw and the tender seeds inside, having the color and texture of lettuce leaves, are used in various local dishes.

In traditional medicine

''Oroxylum indicum'' seeds are used in traditional Indian Ayurvedic and Chinese medicines. Root bark is one of the ingredients thought to be useful in compound formulations in Ayurveda and other folk remedies.Jayaweera, D.M.A. (1981). ''Medicinal Plants (Indigenous and Exotic) Used in Ceylon. Part I (Acanthaceae – Burseraceae).'' National Science Council of Sri Lanka, Colombo.

In art

Kelantanese and Javanese peoples forge a type of keris in the shape of the plant's seed pod called the ''keris buah beko''.

In mythology

Because the pods are shaped like swords, people in West Java believe planting oroxylum trees can protect their homes from thieves.

The Onge name for the tree is ''talaralu''. According to an Onge myth, the first of the Onge people, also named Onge, was created by ''Eyuge'' (monitor lizard) from oroxylum wood. Onge made a shelter and planted oroxylum trees around it, and created more human beings from the trees. The trees were planted in pairs, giving rise to both Onge men and women. Only Onge people were created in this way; Onge mythology offers no explanation for the existence of non-indigenous people or other indigenous Andamanese peoples.

Gallery

File:Oroxylum indicum W3 IMG 3170.jpg, Flowers
File:Oroxylum indicum W IMG 3169.jpg, Leaves
File:Oroxylum indicum.JPG, ''Oroxylum indicum'' near Panchkhal, Nepal

See also

*List of Thai ingredients

References

{{Taxonbar, from1=Q3245941, from2=Q7103907

Bignoniaceae
Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
Decorative fruits and seeds
Flora of tropical Asia
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Lamiales of Asia
Monotypic Lamiales genera