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An ( ) is a kind of ''yōkai'', demon, orc, ogre, or troll in Japanese folklore. They are believed to live in caves or deep in the mountains or in hell. Oni are known for their superhuman strength and have been associated with powers like thunder and lightning, along with their evil nature manifesting in their propensity for murder and cannibalism. They are typically portrayed as hulking figures with one or more horns growing out of their heads, massive teeth, and occasionally a third eye in the center of the forehead."Oni." ''Handbook of Japanese Mythology'', by Michael Ashkenazi, ABC-CLIO, 2003, pp. 230–233. They are typically depicted with red, blue, black, or yellow colored skin, wearing loincloths of tiger pelt, and carrying iron kanabō clubs. They also have three to six digits on each hand and foot tipped with claw-like nails. Oni are able to change their looks to fool their victims into trusting them. Oni can be male or female, but have been predominantly male throughout history. Female oni are sometimes referred to by the name Yamauba. When in disguise, oni are capable of appearing as a man or woman, regardless of their gender. As monstrous as oni are, they have been linked to bringing good fortune and wealth.

During the Heian period (794–1185), were often depicted in Japanese literature, such as , as terrifying monsters that ate people. A prominent depiction of is that they eat people in one mouthful, which is called "". In , and , for example, a woman is shown being eaten in one mouthful by an . There is the theory that the reason why stories of were common is that wars, disasters, and famines where people lose their lives or go missing were interpreted as from another world appearing in the present world who take away humans.

It was not until the legend of was created that the began to be depicted in paintings, and the 14th century is the oldest surviving depicting . ''Shuten-dōji'' has been regarded as the most famous and strongest ''oni'' in Japan. The legend of ''Shuten-dōji'' has been described since the 14th century in various arts, traditional performing arts and literature such as ''emakimono'', '' jōruri'', ''noh'', ''kabuki'', ''bunraku,'' and ''ukiyo-e''. The ''tachi'' (Japanese long sword) "'' Dōjigiri''" with which Minamoto no Yorimitsu decapitated ''Shuten-dōji in the legend is now designated as a National Treasure and one of the ''Tenka-Goken'' (Five Greatest Swords Under Heaven).

They are popular characters in Japanese art, literature, and theater and appear as stock villains in the well-known fairytales of ''Momotarō'' (''Peach Boy''), ''Issun-bōshi'', and '' Kobutori Jīsan.'' Although oni have been described as frightening creatures, they have become tamer in modern culture as people tell less frightening stories about them like ''Oni Mask'' and ''Red Oni Who Cried''.

Etymology, change of meaning

, written in as 鬼, is read in China as ''guǐ'' (pinyin), meaning something invisible, formless, or unworldly, in other words, a 'ghost' or the 'soul of the dead'. On the other hand, the Japanese dictionary written in Japan in the 10th century explained the origin of the word as a corruption of , meaning 'to hide'. The dictionary explained that is hidden and does not want to reveal itself. When the character for 鬼 was first introduced to Japan, it was pronounced as in the reading.

The character 鬼 has changed over time in Japan to become its own entity, and there are significant differences between the Japanese and the Chinese ''guǐ'' (鬼). The Chinese ''guǐ'' generally refers to the disembodied spirits of the dead and are not necessarily evil. They usually reside in the underworld, but those with a grudge sometimes appear in the human world to haunt, and Taoist priests and others have used their supernatural powers to exterminate them. Japanese , on the other hand, are evil beings that have substance, live in certain places in the human world, such as mountains, have red or blue bodies with horns and fangs, are armed with , and can be physically killed by cutting with Japanese swords.

The and are the earliest written examples of as entities rather than soul of the dead. The , whose compilation began in 713, tells the story of a one-eyed who ate a man. , completed in 720, tells of a -wearing watching the funeral of Emperor Saimei from the top of Mount Asakura. The character for 鬼 is believed to have been read as when the was completed, and was also read as , , and in the Heian period. In , the character for 鬼 is read as . It was not until the end of the Heian period that the reading of for the character 鬼 became almost universal.

Particularly powerful oni may be described as ''kishin'' or ''kijin'' (literally "oni god"; the "ki" is an alternate character reading of "oni"), a term used in Japanese Buddhism to refer to Wrathful Deities.

The ''oni'' was syncretized with Hindu-Buddhist creatures such as the man-devouring ''yaksha'' and the ''rakshasa'', and became the ''oni'' who tormented sinners as wardens of Hell ( Jigoku), administering sentences passed down by Hell's magistrate, King Yama (Enma Daiō). The hungry ghosts called '' gaki'' (餓鬼) have also been sometimes considered a type of ''oni'' (the Kanji for "ki" 鬼 is also read "oni"). Accordingly, a wicked soul beyond rehabilitation transforms into an ''oni'' after death. Only the very worst people turn into ''oni'' while alive, and these are the ''oni'' causing troubles among humans as presented in folk tales.

Some scholars have even argued that the ''oni'' was entirely a concept of Buddhist mythology.

Oni bring calamities to the land, bringing about war, plague/illness, earthquakes, and eclipses. They have the destructive power of lightning and thunder, which terrifies people through their auditory and visual effects.

Origins

Most Japanese folklore come from the Kojiki (古事記, "Records of Ancient Matters" or "An Account of Ancient Matters") and Nihongi (日本紀, "Japanese Chronicles"). These stories are the history and development of Japan in ancient times. At the beginning of time and space, Takamagahara (高天原, "Plane of High Heaven" or "High Plane of Heaven") came into being, along with the three divine beings Amenominakanushi (天之御中主, The Central Master or "Lord of the August Center of Heaven"), Takamimusubi (高御産巣日神, "High Creator"), and Kamimusubi (神産巣日, The Divine Creator). These three divine beings were known as Kami, and the three together are sometimes referred to as Kotoamatsukami (別天神, literally "distinguishing heavenly kami"). They manifested the entire universe. They were later joined by two more Kami, Umashiashikabihikoji (宇摩志阿斯訶備比古遅神, Energy) and Amenotokotachi (天之常立神, Heaven).

Finally, two lesser Kami were made to establish earth, Izanagi (イザナギ/伊邪那岐/伊弉諾, meaning "He-who-invites" or the "Male-who-invites") and Izanami (イザナミ, meaning "She-who-invites" or the "Female-who-invites"). These two were brother and sister. They also are married and had many children, one of them being Kagutsuchi (カグツチ, Fire). Upon birth, Kagutsuchi mortally wounded Izanami, who went to Yomi (黄泉, 黄泉の国, World of Darkness) on her death and was transformed into a Kami of death. Izanami, who gave life in the physical world, continued to do so in the underworld, ultimately creating the very first oni.

Demon gate

According to Chinese Taoism and esoteric Onmyōdō, the ways of yin and yang, the northeasterly direction is termed the ''kimon'' ( 鬼門, "demon gate") and considered an unlucky direction through which evil spirits passed. Based on the assignment of the twelve zodiac animals to the cardinal directions, the ''kimon'' was also known as the ''ushitora'' (丑寅), or " Ox Tiger" direction. One hypothesis is that the ''oni''s bovine horns and tiger-skin loincloth developed as a visual depiction of this term.

Temples are often built facing that direction, for example, Enryaku-ji was deliberately built on Mount Hiei which was in the ''kimon'' (northeasterly) direction from Kyoto in order to guard the capital, and similarly Kan'ei-ji was built towards that direction from Edo Castle.

However, skeptics doubt this could have been the initial design of Enryaku-ji temple, since the temple was founded in 788, six years before Kyoto even existed as a capital, and if the ruling class were so feng shui-minded, the subsequent northeasterly move of the capital from Nagaoka-kyō to Kyoto would have certainly been taboo.

Japanese buildings may sometimes have L-shaped indentations at the northeast to ward against oni. For example, the walls surrounding the Kyoto Imperial Palace have notched corners in that direction.

Traditional culture

The traditional bean-throwing custom to drive out ''oni'' is practiced during Setsubun festival in February. It involves people casting roasted soybeans indoors or out of their homes and shouting , preferably by a strong wrestler.

This custom began with the aristocratic and samurai classes in the Muromachi period (1336–1573). According to the '' Ainōshō'' (壒嚢鈔), a dictionary compiled in the Muromachi period, the origin of this custom is a legend from the 10th century during the reign of Emperor Uda. According to the legend, a monk on Mount Kurama threw roasted beans into the eyes of to make them flinch and flee. Another theory is that the origin of this custom lies in the word , which means bean. The explanation is that in Japanese, can also be written as , meaning the devil's eye, or , meaning to destroy the devil. During the Edo period (1603–1867), the custom spread to Shinto shrines, Buddhist temples and the general public.

Regionally around Tottori Prefecture during this season, a charm made of holly leaves and dried sardine heads is used as a guard against oni.

There is also a well-known game in Japan called , which is the same as the game of tag that children in the Western world play. The player who is "it" is instead called the "oni".

Oni are featured in Japanese children's stories such as ''Momotarō'' (''Peach Boy''), ''Issun-bōshi'', and '' Kobutori Jīsan''.

Modern times

In more recent times, ''oni'' have lost some of their original wickedness and sometimes take on a more protective function. Men in oni costumes often lead Japanese parades to dispel any bad luck, for example.

Japanese buildings sometimes include oni-faced roof tiles called , which are thought to ward away bad luck, much like gargoyles in Western tradition.

Many Japanese idioms and proverbs also make reference to oni. For example, the expression (Translation: "A child that does not resemble its parents is the child of an oni.") may be used by a parent to chastise a misbehaving child.

They can be used in stories to frighten children into obeying because of their grotesque appearance, savage demeanor, as well as how they can eat people in a single gulp.Roberts, Jeremy. ''Japanese Mythology A to Z''. Chelsea House Publishers, 2010.

Stories

# Momotaro, the Peach Boy,Chiba, Kotaro. ''Tales of Japan: Traditional Stories of Monsters and Magic''. Chronicle Books, 2019. is a well-known story about an elderly couple having the misfortune of never being able to conceive a child, but they find a giant peach that miraculously gives them a boy as their child. As the boy grows, he is made aware of an island of demons where the people are captured and, after their money is taken, kept as slaves and a source of food. Momotaro sets out to travel to the island with some cakes specially made for him, and while on his journey, he meets a dog, a monkey, and a pheasant who partner up with him to defeat the demons on the island, and once the demons have been taken out they recover the treasures and return them to the rightful owners. Momotaro and his companions, after accomplishing their goal, all return to their respective homes.
# Oni MaskFujita, Hiroko, et al. ''Folktales from the Japanese Countryside''. Libraries Unlimited, 2008. is a story where a young girl goes off to work at a ladies' house to make money for her ailing mother. She talks to a mask of her mother's face once she is done with her work to comfort herself. One day, the curious coworkers see the mask and decide to prank her by putting on an oni mask to replace the mother's mask. Seeing the Oni mask, she takes it as a sign that her mother is worse and not getting better, so she leaves after alerting her boss. After trying to run to her mother's side, she is sidetracked by some men gambling by a campfire. The men catch her and ignore her pleas to let her go to her mother and instead make her watch the fire so it does not go out during the game. While she is stoking the fire, she decides to put on the Oni mask to protect her from the flames. At that moment, the men see only a brightly lit Oni through the red glowing flames and, terrified, run away without gathering their money. The girl, after having made sure the fire would not go out, gathers the money, and waits for the men to return for it, but as time grows, she remembers she was going to see her mother and runs to her mother. While she is at home, she sees her mother is healthier than before, and because of the money the gamblers left behind, she has enough to take care of her without going back to work at the ladies' house.
# Red Oni Who Cried"Japanese Demon Lore: Oni, from Ancient Times to the Present: Reider, Noriko T: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming." ''Internet Archive'', Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press, 1 Jan. 1970, archive.org/details/JapaneseDemonLore/page/n3/mode/2up. is a story of two oni, one red, the other blue. The red one wants to befriend humankind, but they are afraid of it, making the red oni cry. Knowing what the red oni wants, the blue oni devises a plan to make himself the villain by attacking the houses of the humans and allowing the red oni to save the humans from the blue oni, making the red oni a hero to the humans' eyes. After the humans see the red oni protect them from the blue oni, they determine that the red one is a good oni whom they would like to be friends with, which is what the red one wanted. Seeing this exchange, the blue oni decides to leave so as not to cause any misunderstanding with the humans. When the red oni decides to go home to his friend the blue oni, he notices that the blue oni is gone and realizes what the blue oni has done for him and cries from being touched by the blue oni's thoughtfulness and wonderful friendship.

Gallery

File:Lord Sadanobu Threatens a Demon in the Palace at Night LACMA M.84.31.458.jpg, ''New Forms of Thirty-Six Ghosts'': Lord Sadanobu (Fujiwara no Tadahira) Threatens a Demon (Oni) in the Palace at Night. Ukiyo-e printed by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839–1892).
File:Yoshitoshi Encountering a Demon.jpg, ''New Forms of Thirty-Six Ghosts'': Omori Hikoshichi carrying a woman across a river; as he does so, he sees that she has horns in her reflection. Ukiyo-e Printed by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi.
File:Oni in pilgrim's clothing.jpg, Oni in pilgrim's clothing. Tokugawa period. Hanging scroll, ink and color on paper.
File:Kyosai Oni in priest's robes.jpg, Depiction of an oni chanting a Buddhist prayer. The oni (ogre or demon) is dressed in the robes of a wandering Buddhist priest. He carries a gong, a striker, and a hogacho (Buddhist subscription list). By Kawanabe Kyōsai, 1864.

In popular culture

The oni remains a very popular motif in Japanese popular culture. Their varied modern depiction sometimes relies on just one or two distinctive features which mark a character as an oni, such as horns or a distinctive skin colour, although the character may otherwise appear human, lacking the oni's traditionally fearsome or grotesque features. The context of oni in popular culture is similarly varied, with instances such as appearances in animated cartoons, video games and use as commercial mascots.
* The game series ''Touhou Project'' has several characters based on oni such as Suika Ibuki, who is also animated singing the popular song "We Are Japanese Goblin", an example of modern popular culture depicting oni as far less menacing than in the past.
* In the manga ''YuYu Hakusho'' as well as its anime adaptation, oni are the administrative staff of the Spirit World. These oni are shown to be generally benevolent and good-natured, though not always bright. They are depicted in their traditional attire of animal furs and loincloths, resembling stereotypical cavemen.
* The Unicode Emoji character U+1F479 (👹) represents an oni, under the name "Japanese Ogre".
* The first-person shooter ''Overwatch'' has an oni-themed skin for its character Genji.
* In the Japanese role-playing horror game ''Ao Oni'', the titular oni is depicted as a blue/purplish creature with a large head and human-like features. In the subsequent 2014 movie adaptation, the oni is given a radical makeover to appear more monstrous and scary, while in its 2016 anime adaptation, the oni remains faithful to its original appearance.
* The heavy metal band Trivium features an oni mask on their album cover for ''Silence in the Snow''. The mask also appeared in the artwork for their single, " Until the World Goes Cold", and in the music video for the song.

See also

* Daeva
* Devil
* Dokkaebi
* Ifrit
* Kappa
* Onibaba
* Namahage
* Ogre
* Oni Gozen
* Orc
* Ravana
* Sazae-oni
* Shuten-dōji
* Ushi-oni
* Wendigo
* Yōkai
* Yūrei

References

Citations

Bibliography

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External links

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Japanese demons
Mythic humanoids
Ogres
Trolls
Yōkai