Old Siberian Turkic, generally known as East Old Turkic and often shortened to Old Turkic, was a Siberian Turkic language spoken around East Turkistan and

Mongolia Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south and southeast. It covers an area of , with a population of 3.5 million, making it the world's List of countries and dependencies by po ...

. It was first discovered in inscriptions originating from the Second Turkic Khaganate, and later the Uyghur Khaganate, making it the earliest attested Common Turkic language. In terms of the datability of extant written sources, the period of Old Turkic can be dated from slightly before 720 AD to the Mongol invasions of the 13th century.

Classification and dialects

Old Turkic can generally be split into two dialects, the earlier Orkhon Turkic and the later Old Uyghur. There is a difference of opinion among linguists with regard to the Karakhanid language, some (among whom include Omeljan Pritsak, Sergey Malov, Osman Karatay and Marcel Erdal) classify it as another dialect of East Old Turkic, while others prefer to include Karakhanid among Middle Turkic languages; nonetheless, Karakhanid is very close to Old Uyghur. East Old Turkic and West Old Turkic together comprise the Old Turkic proper, though West Old Turkic is generally unattested and is mostly reconstructed through words loaned through Hungarian. East Old Turkic is the oldest attested member of the Siberian Turkic branch of Turkic languages, and several of its now-archaic grammatical as well as lexical features are extant in the modern Yellow Uyghur, Lop Nur Uyghur and Khalaj (all of which are endangered); Khalaj, for instance, has (surprisingly) retained a considerable number of archaic Old Turkic words despite forming a language island within Central Iran and being heavily influenced by Persian. Old Uyghur is not a direct ancestor of the modern

Uyghur language Uyghur or Uighur (; , , or , , ), formerly known as Turki or Eastern Turki, is a Turkic languages, Turkic language with 8 to 13 million speakers (), spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western ...

, but rather the Western Yugur language; the contemporaneous ancestor of Modern Uyghur was the Chagatai literary language. East Old Turkic is attested in a number of scripts, including the

Old Turkic script The Old Turkic script (also known variously as Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script, Turkic runes) was the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic peoples, Turkic khanates from the 8th to 10th centuries to recor ...

, the Old Uyghur alphabet, the

Brahmi script Brahmi ( ; ; ISO 15919, ISO: ''Brāhmī'') is a writing system from ancient India. "Until the late nineteenth century, the script of the Aśokan (non-Kharosthi) inscriptions and its immediate derivatives was referred to by various names such as ...

, and the Manichaean script. The Turkic runiform alphabet of Orkhon Turkic was deciphered by

Vilhelm Thomsen Vilhelm Ludwig Peter Thomsen (25 January 1842 – 12 May 1927) was a Denmark, Danish linguistics, linguist and Turkologist. He successfully deciphered the Turkic Orkhon inscriptions which were discovered during the expedition of Nikolai Yadrintse ...

in 1893.

Phonology

Vowel roundness is assimilated through the word through

vowel harmony In phonology, vowel harmony is a phonological rule in which the vowels of a given domain – typically a phonological word – must share certain distinctive features (thus "in harmony"). Vowel harmony is typically long distance, meaning tha ...

. Some vowels were considered to occur only in the initial syllable, but they were later found to be in suffixes. Length is distinctive for all vowels; while most of its daughter languages have lost the distinction, many of these preserve it in the case of /e/ with a height distinction, where the long phoneme developed into a more closed vowel than the short counterpart. Old Turkic is highly restrictive in which consonants words can begin with: words can begin with , , , , , , and , but they do not usually begin with , , , , , , , , , , , or . The only exceptions are (''ne'', "what, which") and its derivatives, and some early assimilations of word-initial /b/ to /m/ preceding a nasal in a word such as (''men'', "I").

Writing systems

The

(also known variously as Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script) is the

alphabet An alphabet is a standard set of letter (alphabet), letters written to represent particular sounds in a spoken language. Specifically, letters largely correspond to phonemes as the smallest sound segments that can distinguish one word from a ...

used by the

Göktürks The Göktürks (; ), also known as Türks, Celestial Turks or Blue Turks, were a Turkic people in medieval Inner Asia. The Göktürks, under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d. 552) and his sons, succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the main powe ...

and other early Turkic

khanate A khanate ( ) or khaganate refers to historic polity, polities ruled by a Khan (title), khan, khagan, khatun, or khanum. Khanates were typically nomadic Mongol and Turkic peoples, Turkic or Tatars, Tatar societies located on the Eurasian Steppe, ...

s during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language. The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in

where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev. This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate. Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Yenisei Kirghiz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of the 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left. Variants of the script were found in Mongolia and

Xinjiang Xinjiang,; , SASM/GNC romanization, SASM/GNC: Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Sinkiang, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the China, People' ...

in the east and the

Balkans The Balkans ( , ), corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throug ...

in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated between the 8th and 10th centuries.

Grammar

Cases

There are approximately 12 case morphemes in Old Turkic (treating 3 types of accusatives as one); the table below lists Old Turkic cases following Marcel Erdal’s classification (some phonemes of suffixes written in capital letters denote archiphonemes which sometimes are dropped or changed as per (East) Old Turkic

phonotactics Phonotactics (from Ancient Greek 'voice, sound' and 'having to do with arranging') is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable struc ...

Grammatical number

Old Turkic (like Modern Turkic) had 2 grammatical numbers: singular and plural. However, Old Turkic also formed collective nouns (a category related to plurals) by a separate suffix ' e.g. ''tayagunuŋuz'' ‘your colts’. Unlike Modern Turkic, Old Turkic had 3 types of suffixes to denote plural: Suffixes except for -lAr is limitedly used for only a few words. In some descriptions, ''-(X)t'' and ''-An'' may also be treated as collective markers. ''-(X)t'' is used for titles of non-Turkic origin, e.g. ''tarxat'' ←''tarxan'' 'free man' Chuvash) use exclusively the suffix of the ' type for plural.

Verb

Finite verb forms in Old Turkic (i.e. verbs to which a tense suffix is added) always conjugate for person and number of the subject by corresponding suffixes save for the 3rd person, in which case person suffix is absent. This grammatical configuration is preserved in the majority of Modern Turkic languages, except for some such as Yellow Uyghur in which verbs no longer agree with the person of the subject.

Tense

Old Turkic had a complex system of tenses, which could be divided into six simple and derived tenses, the latter formed by adding special (auxiliary) verbs to the simple tenses.

Hapax legomena

Some suffixes are attested as being attached to only one word and no other instance of attachment is to be found. Similarly, some words are attested only once in the entire extant Old Turkic corpus.

Denominal

The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as denominal noun suffixes.

Deverbal

The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as deverbal suffixes.

Media

Literary works

* '' Yenisei Inscriptions'' (8-10th centuries CE) - a group of texts in Old Turkic from

Yenisei River The Yenisey or Yenisei ( ; , ) is the list of rivers by length, fifth-longest river system in the world, and the largest to drain into the Arctic Ocean. Rising in Mungaragiyn-gol in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course through Lake Baikal a ...

basin. * '' Uyuk-Tarlak inscription'' (date unknown) by an unknown writer (in Yenisei Kyrgyz) * '' Elegest inscription'' (date unknown) by an unknown writer (in Yenisei Kyrgyz) * '' Orkhon Inscriptions'' (732 and 735) by Yollıg Khagan (in Orkhon Turkic) * '' Bain Tsokto inscriptions'' (716) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic) * '' Ongin inscription'' (between 716 and 735) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic) * '' Kul-chur inscription'' (between 723 and 725) a writer called "Ebizter" (in Orkhon Turkic) * '' Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription'' (724) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic) * '' Tariat inscriptions'' (between 753 and 760) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur) * '' Choiti-Tamir inscriptions'' (between 753 and 756) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur) * '' Sükhbaatar inscriptions'' (8th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur) * '' Bombogor inscription'' (8th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur) * '' Book of Divination'' (9th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)

References

External links

Old Turkic inscriptions (with translations into English), reading lessons and tutorials
* ttp://vatec2.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/ VATEC pre-Islamic Old Turkic electronic corpus at uni-frankfurt.de.
A Grammar of Old Turkic
by Marcel Erdal
Old Turkic (8th century) funerary inscription
(W. Schulze)
Kuli Chor inscription complete textTonyukuk inscription complete textKul Tigin inscription complete textBilge Qaghan inscription complete textEletmiš Yabgu (Ongin) inscription complete textBayanchur Khan inscription complete textOngin inscriptions
by Gerard Clauson
Timeline of Turkic Languages (Turkish)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkic, Old, Language Languages attested from the 8th century Agglutinative languages Turkic languages Extinct languages of Asia Göktürks