''Oeneis'' (the Arctics or graylings) is a butterfly genus of the
Satyrinae
The Satyrinae, the satyrines or satyrids, commonly known as the browns, are a subfamily of the Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies). They were formerly considered a distinct family, Satyridae. This group contains nearly half of the known divers ...
. All but one of its members are
Arctic
The Arctic (; . ) is the polar regions of Earth, polar region of Earth that surrounds the North Pole, lying within the Arctic Circle. The Arctic region, from the IERS Reference Meridian travelling east, consists of parts of northern Norway ( ...
,
sub-Arctic
The subarctic zone is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic, north of hemiboreal regions and covering much of Alaska, Canada, Iceland, the north of Fennoscandia, Northwestern Russia, Siberia, and the Cair ...
or high-altitude
alpine
Alpine may refer to any mountainous region. It may also refer to:
Places Europe
* Alps, a European mountain range
** Alpine states, which overlap with the European range
Australia
* Alpine, New South Wales, a Northern Village
* Alpine National P ...
in distribution. Some of the members of the genus are among the butterflies that can get along in the harshest climates of any butterflies. Four species in Europe, more are found in Arctic
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
,
Siberia
Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states ...
,
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south and southeast. It covers an area of , with a population of 3.5 million, making it the world's List of countries and dependencies by po ...
, Arctic North America and the
Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch in great-circle distance, straight-line distance from the northernmost part of Western Can ...
. Curiously, there are no observations from
Greenland
Greenland is an autonomous territory in the Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark. It is by far the largest geographically of three constituent parts of the kingdom; the other two are metropolitan Denmark and the Faroe Islands. Citizens of Greenlan ...
. The development of most species takes two years.
Species
Listed alphabetically within groups:
The ''jutta'' species group:
*''
Oeneis fulla''
(Eversmann, 1851)
*''
Oeneis jutta''
(Hübner, 1805–1806) – Baltic grayling or Jutta Arctic
*''
Oeneis magna''
(Graeser, 1888)
*''
Oeneis melissa''
(Fabricius, 1775) – Melissa Arctic
*''
Oeneis tunga''
(Staudinger, 1894)
The ''norna'' species group:
*''
Oeneis actaeoides''
(Lukhtanov, 1989)
*''
Oeneis glacialis''
(Moll, 1785) – Alpine grayling
*''
Oeneis norna''
(Thunberg, 1791) – Norse grayling
*''
Oeneis philipi''
Troubridge, 1988
*''
Oeneis polixenes''
(Fabricius, 1775) – Polixenes Arctic
*''
Oeneis rosovi''
(Kurentzov 1960) – Philip's Arctic
The ''alpina'' species group:
*''
Oeneis alpina''
(Kurentzov, 1970) – sentinel Arctic
Sentinel Arctic
Butterflies of Canada
The ''hora'' species group:
*'' Oeneis aktashi'' (Lukhtanov, 1984)
*'' Oeneis ammosovi'' (Dubatov & Korshunov, 1988)
*'' Oeneis elwesi'' (Staudinger, 1901)
*'' Oeneis hora'' (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888)
*'' Oeneis mulla'' (Staudinger, 1881)
The ''bore'' species group:
*'' Oeneis alberta'' (Elwes, 1893) – Alberta Arctic
*'' Oeneis ammon'' (Elwes, 1899)
*'' Oeneis bore'' (Schneider, 1792) – Arctic grayling or white-veined Arctic
*'' Oeneis chryxus'' (Doubleday, 1849) – brown Arctic or chryxus Arctic
*'' Oeneis ivallda'' (Mead, 1878) – California Arctic
*'' Oeneis nevadensis'' (C. & R. Felder, 1866) – great Arctic
*'' Oeneis macounii'' (Edwards, 1885) – Canada Arctic or Macoun's Arctic
*'' Oeneis tanana'' (Warren & Nakahara 2016)
The ''tarpeja'' species group:
*'' Oeneis diluta'' (Lukhtanov, 1994)
*'' Oeneis lederi'' (Alphéraky, 1897)
*'' Oeneis mongolica'' (Oberthür, 1876)
*'' Oeneis sculda'' (Eversmann, 1851)
*'' Oeneis tarpeja'' (Pallas, 1771)
*'' Oeneis uhleri'' (Reakirt, 1866) – Uhler's Arctic
*'' Oeneis urda'' (Eversmann, 1847)
The ''buddha'' species group:
*'' Oeneis buddha'' (Grum-Grshimailo, 1891)
*'' Oeneis oeno'' (Boisduval, 1832)
References
External links
Images representing ''Oeneis''
at Consortium for the Barcode of Life
The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) was an international initiative dedicated to supporting the development of DNA barcoding as a global standard for species identification. CBOL's Secretariat Office is hosted by the National Museum of ...
Satyrini
Butterflies of Europe
Insects of the Arctic
Butterfly genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner
{{Satyrini-stub