Odilon Redon (born Bertrand Redon; ; 20 April 18406 July 1916) was a French
Symbolist draftsman, printmaker, and painter.
Early in his career, both before and after fighting in the
Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 Janua ...
, Redon worked almost exclusively in
charcoal
Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents. In the traditional version of this pyrolysis process, ca ...
and
lithography
Lithography () is a planographic method of printing originally based on the miscibility, immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by ...
, works known as his ''noirs''. He gained recognition after his drawings were mentioned in the 1884 novel ''
Ă rebours'' (''Against Nature'') by
Joris-Karl Huysmans
Charles-Marie-Georges Huysmans (, ; 5 February 1848 â 12 May 1907) was a French novelist and art critic who published his works as Joris-Karl Huysmans (, variably abbreviated as J. K. or J.-K.). He is most famous for the novel (1884, pub ...
. During the 1890s, Redon began working in
pastel
A pastel () is an art medium that consists of powdered pigment and a binder (material), binder. It can exist in a variety of forms, including a stick, a square, a pebble, and a pan of color, among other forms. The pigments used in pastels are ...
and
oil, which quickly became his favorite medium, abandoning his previous style of ''noirs'' completely after 1900. He developed a keen interest in
Hindu
Hindus (; ; also known as SanÄtanÄ«s) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym SanÄtana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35â37 Historically, the term has also be ...
and
Buddhist
Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...
religion and culture, which increasingly showed in his work.
Redon is perhaps best known today for the dreamlike paintings created in the first decade of the 20th century, which were inspired by
Japanese art
Japanese art consists of a wide range of art styles and media that includes JĆmon pottery, ancient pottery, Japanese sculpture, sculpture, Ink wash painting, ink painting and Japanese calligraphy, calligraphy on silk and paper, Ukiyo-e, paint ...
and leaned toward
abstraction
Abstraction is a process where general rules and concepts are derived from the use and classifying of specific examples, literal (reality, real or Abstract and concrete, concrete) signifiers, first principles, or other methods.
"An abstraction" ...
. His work is considered a precursor to
Surrealism
Surrealism is an art movement, art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike s ...
.
Early life
Odilon Redon was born, on 20 April 1840, in
Bordeaux
Bordeaux ( ; ; Gascon language, Gascon ; ) is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde Departments of France, department, southwestern France. A port city, it is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the Prefectures in F ...
,
Aquitaine
Aquitaine (, ; ; ; ; Poitevin-Saintongeais: ''Aguiéne''), archaic Guyenne or Guienne (), is a historical region of southwestern France and a former Regions of France, administrative region. Since 1 January 2016 it has been part of the administ ...
, to a prosperous family. Redon's father made his fortune in the
slave trade in Louisiana in the 1830s.
Redon was conceived in
New Orleans
New Orleans (commonly known as NOLA or The Big Easy among other nicknames) is a Consolidated city-county, consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the U.S. state of Louisiana. With a population of 383,997 at the 2020 ...
and the couple made the transatlantic journey back to France while his mother Marie Guérin, a
French Creole woman, was pregnant with his brother Gaston.
The young Bertrand Redon acquired the nickname "Odilon" from his mother's first name, Odile.
Redon started drawing as a child; at the age of ten, he was awarded a drawing prize at school. He began the formal study of drawing at fifteen but, at his father's insistence, he changed to architecture. Failure to pass the entrance exams at Paris'
Ăcole des Beaux-Arts
; ) refers to a number of influential art schools in France. The term is associated with the Beaux-Arts architecture, Beaux-Arts style in architecture and city planning that thrived in France and other countries during the late nineteenth centu ...
ended any plans for a career as an architect, although he briefly studied painting there under
Jean-Léon GérÎme
Jean-LĂ©on GĂ©rĂŽme (; 11 May 1824 â 10 January 1904) was a French painter and sculptor in the style now known as Academic painting, academicism. His paintings were so widely reproduced that he was "arguably the world's most famous living art ...
in 1864. (His younger brother
Gaston Redon would become a noted architect.)
Back in his native Bordeaux, he took up sculpting, and
Rodolphe Bresdin instructed him in
etching
Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other type ...
and
lithography
Lithography () is a planographic method of printing originally based on the miscibility, immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by ...
. His artistic career was interrupted in 1870 when he was drafted to serve in the army in the
Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 Janua ...
until its end in 1871.
Career

At the end of the war, Redon moved to Paris and resumed working almost exclusively in charcoal and lithography. He called his visionary works, conceived in shades of black, his ''noirs''. It was not until 1878 that his work gained any recognition with ''Guardian Spirit of the Waters''; he published his first album of lithographs, titled ''Dans le RĂȘve'', in 1879. Still, Redon remained relatively unknown until the appearance in 1884 of a cult novel by
Joris-Karl Huysmans
Charles-Marie-Georges Huysmans (, ; 5 February 1848 â 12 May 1907) was a French novelist and art critic who published his works as Joris-Karl Huysmans (, variably abbreviated as J. K. or J.-K.). He is most famous for the novel (1884, pub ...
titled ''
Ă rebours'' (''Against Nature'').
The story featured a decadent aristocrat who collected Redon's drawings.
In 1886, Redon exhibited his work with the
Impressionists in their the last exhibition. The same year, he also began participating in the exhibitions of
Les XX in Brussels.
In the 1890s, Redon worked in pastel and oil; he did not make ''noirs'' after 1900. In 1899, he exhibited with the
Nabis Nabis may refer to:
* Nabis of Sparta, reigned 207â192 BCE
* Nabis (art), a Parisian post-Impressionist artistic group
* ''Nabis'' (bug), a genus of insects
* NABIS, National Ballistics Intelligence Service, a British government agency
See a ...
at
Durand-Ruel's.
Redon had a keen interest in
Hindu
Hindus (; ; also known as SanÄtanÄ«s) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym SanÄtana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35â37 Historically, the term has also be ...
and
Buddhist
Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...
religion and culture. The figure of the
Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha (),*
*
*
was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist legends, he was ...
increasingly showed in his work. Influences of
Japonisme
''Japonisme'' is a French term that refers to the popularity and influence of Japanese art and design among a number of Western European artists in the nineteenth century following the Bakumatsu, forced reopening of foreign trade with Japan in 1 ...
blended into his art, such as the painting ''The Death of the Buddha'' around 1899, ''The Buddha'' in 1906, ''Jacob and the Angel'' in 1905, and ''Vase with Japanese Warrior'' in 1905, among others.
Baron Robert de Domecy (1867â1946) commissioned Redon in 1899 to create 17 decorative panels for the dining room of the
ChĂąteau de Domecy-sur-le-Vault near
Sermizelles in
Burgundy
Burgundy ( ; ; Burgundian: ''Bregogne'') is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France. The province was once home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th century. ...
. Redon had created large decorative works for private residences in the past, but his compositions for the chĂąteau de Domecy in 1900â1901 were his most radical compositions to that point and mark the transition from ornamental to abstract painting. The landscape details do not show a specific place or space. Only details of trees, twigs with leaves, and budding flowers in an endless horizon can be seen. The colors used are mostly yellow, grey, brown and light blue. The influence of the Japanese painting style found on folding screens, ''
byĆbu
are Japanese folding screens made from several joined panels, bearing decorative painting and calligraphy, used to separate interiors and enclose private spaces, among other uses.
History
are originated in Han dynasty China and are tho ...
'', is discernible in his choice of colors and the rectangular proportions of most of the up to 2.5 metres high panels. Fifteen of them are located today in the
Musée d'Orsay
The Musée d'Orsay ( , , ) () is a museum in Paris, France, on the Rive Gauche, Left Bank of the Seine. It is housed in the former Gare d'Orsay, a Beaux-Arts architecture, Beaux-Arts railway station built from 1898 to 1900. The museum holds mai ...
, acquired in 1988.
Domecy also commissioned Redon to paint portraits of his wife and their daughter Jeanne, two of which are in the collections of the Musée d'Orsay and the
Getty Museum in California. Most of the paintings remained in the Domecy family collection until the 1960s.
Personal life
At 40, Redon married Camille Falte, a young Creole from Ăle Bourbon. They had a son, ArĂŻ Redon (30 April 1889 â 13 May 1972 in Paris). A visual artist himself, and subject of his father's portraiture as a child, ArĂŻ's partner was Suzanne Redon.
Redon died on 6 July 1916 in Paris.
Reception and interpretations of his work

During his early years as an artist, Redon's works were described as "a synthesis of nightmares and dreams", as they contained dark, fantastical figures from the artist's own imagination. His work represents an exploration of his internal feelings and psyche. Redon wanted to place "the logic of the visible at the service of the invisible". A telling source of Redon's inspiration and the forces behind his works can be found in his journal ''A Soi-mĂȘme'' (''To Myself''). Of his process he wrote:
Redon's drawings are characterized as mysterious and evocative by
Joris-Karl Huysmans
Charles-Marie-Georges Huysmans (, ; 5 February 1848 â 12 May 1907) was a French novelist and art critic who published his works as Joris-Karl Huysmans (, variably abbreviated as J. K. or J.-K.). He is most famous for the novel (1884, pub ...
in the following passage from the novel ''
Ă rebours'' (1884):
The art historian
Michael Gibson says that Redon began to want his works, even the ones darker in colour and subject matter, to portray "the triumph of light over darkness."
Redon described his work as ambiguous and undefinable:
Legacy

In 1903, Redon was awarded the
Legion of Honour
The National Order of the Legion of Honour ( ), formerly the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour (), is the highest and most prestigious French national order of merit, both military and Civil society, civil. Currently consisting of five cl ...
. His popularity increased when a catalogue of etchings and lithographs was published by
André Mellerio in 1913; that same year, he was given the largest single representation at the groundbreaking US
International Exhibition of Modern Art (aka
Armory Show), in New York City, Chicago and Boston.
His choice of color and subject matter in the second part of his career led to Redon being considered a precursor to
Dadaism
Dada () or Dadaism was an anti-establishment art movement that developed in 1915 in the context of the Great War and the earlier anti-art movement. Early centers for dadaism included ZĂŒrich and Berlin. Within a few years, the movement had s ...
and
Surrealism
Surrealism is an art movement, art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike s ...
.
According to Surrealist
André Masson
AndrĂ©-AimĂ©-RenĂ© Masson (; 4 January 1896 â 28 October 1987) was a French artist.
Biography
Masson was born in Balagny-sur-Thérain, Oise, but when he was eight his father's work took the family first briefly to Lille and then to Brus ...
, Redon's use of bright colors in his flower pastels, as well as his choice of depicting uncommon or imaginary species renders his works "released from stylized naturalism", thus demonstrating the "endless possibilities of lyrical chromatics".
In 1923, Mellerio published ''Odilon Redon: Peintre Dessinateur et Graveur''.
An archive of Mellerio's papers is held by the
Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the
Art Institute of Chicago
The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. The museum is based in the Art Institute of Chicago Building in Chicago's Grant Park (Chicago), Grant Park. Its collection, stewa ...
.
Redon was the inspiration for
Guy Maddin
Guy Maddin (born February 28, 1956) is a Canadian screenwriter, director, author, cinematographer, film editor and installation artist. He is known for his fascination with lost Silent film, Silent-era films and for incorporating their aestheti ...
's 1995 short film ''
Odilon Redon, or The Eye Like a Strange Balloon Mounts Toward Infinity''.
Modern exhibitions
In 2005, the
Museum of Modern Art
The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street (Manhattan), 53rd Street between Fifth Avenue, Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA's collection spans the late 19th century to the present, a ...
launched an exhibition entitled "Beyond The Visible", a comprehensive overview of Redon's work showcasing more than 100 paintings, drawings, prints and books from The
Ian Woodner Family Collection. The exhibition ran from 30 October 2005 to 23 January 2006.
In 2007, the
Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt presented the exhibition "As in a Dream" with a survey of Redon's work with more than 200 drawings, lithographs, pastels, and paintings.
The
Grand Palais
The (; ), commonly known as the , is a historic site, exhibition hall and museum complex located in the 8th arrondissement of Paris between the Champs-ĂlysĂ©es and the Seine, France. Construction of the began in 1897 following the demolitio ...
in Paris, France featured a vast exhibition of Redon's art from March to June 2011
The
Fondation Beyeler in Basel, Switzerland showed a retrospective from February to May 2014.
The
Kröller-MĂŒller Museum in
Otterlo
Otterlo is a village in the municipality of Ede of province of Gelderland in the Netherlands, in or near the Nationaal Park De Hoge Veluwe.
The Kröller-MĂŒller Museum, named after Helene Kröller-MĂŒller, is situated nearby and has the world ...
, The Netherlands, had an exhibition with an emphasis on the role that literature and music played in Redon's life and work, under the title ''La littérature et la musique''. The exhibition ran from 2 June to 9 September 2018.
Gallery
File:Redon spirit-waters.jpg, ''Guardian Spirit of the Waters'', 1878 (Art Institute of Chicago
The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. The museum is based in the Art Institute of Chicago Building in Chicago's Grant Park (Chicago), Grant Park. Its collection, stewa ...
)
File:Redon - L'oeil, comme un ballon bizarre, se dirige vers l'infini, 0217275.jpg, ''The Eye Like a Weird Balloon, Goes to Infinity'', 1882 (Los Angeles County Museum of Art
The Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) is an art museum located on Wilshire Boulevard in the Miracle Mile vicinity of Los Angeles. LACMA is on Museum Row, adjacent to the La Brea Tar Pits (George C. Page Museum).
LACMA was founded in 1961 ...
)
File:Odilon Redon - Sita.jpg, ''Sita
Sita (; ), also known as Siya, JÄnaki and Maithili, is a Hindu goddess and the female protagonist of the Hindu epic ''Ramayana''. Sita is the consort of Rama, the avatar of god Vishnu, and is regarded as an avatar of goddess Lakshmi. She is t ...
'', c. 1893, pastel (Art Institute of Chicago)
File:La Mort de Bouddha (The Death of Buddha), c. 1899, Odilon Redon.jpg, '' The Death of Buddha'', c. 1899 (private collection)
File:Odilon Redon Le Christ du silence Petit Palais 29122017.jpg, ''The Christ
Jesus ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a 1st-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the Jesus in Christianity, central figure of Christianity, the M ...
of Silence'', Petit Palais
File:Odilon Redon - Flower Clouds - Google Art Project.jpg, ''Flower Clouds'', 1903 (Art Institute of Chicago)
File:Redon.ophelia.jpg, ''Ophelia
Ophelia () is a character in William Shakespeare's drama ''Hamlet'' (1599â1601). She is a young noblewoman of Denmark, the daughter of Polonius, sister of Laertes and potential wife of Prince Hamlet. Due to Hamlet's actions, Ophelia ultima ...
'', 1900â1905 (Dian Woodner Collection)
File:The Buddha.png, The Buddha, 1904 (Van Gogh Museum)
File:Reflection, 1900-1905.jpg, ''Reflection'', 1900â1905 (private collection)
File:Redon.bouddha.jpg, ''The Buddha'', c. 1904-1907 (Musée d'Orsay)
File:WLA moma Odilon Redon Apparition.jpg, ''Apparition'', 1905 (Museum of Modern Art)
File:OdilonRedon-The Chariot of Apollo.png, The Chariot of Apollo, 1909 ( Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux)
File:Odilon Redon 005.jpg, ''Flowers'', 1909
File:Redon - CHRIST EN CROIX, RF 1984 53.jpg, ''Christ on the Cross
A cross is a religious symbol consisting of two Intersection (set theory), intersecting Line (geometry), lines, usually perpendicular to each other. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally. A cross of oblique lines, in the shape of t ...
'', 1984
File:Redon - Underwater Vision c. 1910.jpg, ''Underwater Vision'', c. 1910 (Museum of Modern Art)
File:Odilon Redon - The Cyclops, c. 1914.jpg, '' The Cyclops'', 1914 ( Kröller-MĂŒller Museum)
File:Bemberg Fondation Toulouse - L'enlĂšvement de GanymĂšde - Odilon Redon 41x32.5 Inv.2148.jpg, ''The Abduction of Ganymede'' ( Bemberg Foundation)
File:Evocation Odilon Redon.jpeg, ''Evocation'', undated (private collection)
File:Saint Sebastian by Odilon Redon.JPG, ''Saint Sebastian'', 1910-1912
References
Bibliography
* Russell T. Clement, ''Four French Symbolists: A Sourcebook on Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, and Maurice Denis,'' Greenwood Press, 1996, &
*Jodi Hauptman and Marina Van Zuylen, ''Beyond the Visible: The Art of Odilon Redon,'' 2005, &
*Andre Mellerio, ''Odilon Redon,'' 1968, ASIN B0007DNIKO
*Odilon Redon and Alfred Werner, ''The Graphic Works of Odilon Redon'', Dover, 1969,
*Odilon Redon and Alfred Werner, ''The Graphic Works of Odilon Redon'', (Dover Pictorial Archive), 2005, &
*Margret Stuffmann, ''Odilon Redon: As in a Dream,'' 2007, &
External links
*
odilonredon.netâ Online biography and pictures of Odilon Redon
â Links to Redon's works
The Athenaeum â Extensive list and images of Redon's works
Museum Syndicateâ Odilon Redon Gallery at Museum Syndicate
Web Museumâ Biography and images of Redon's works
*
MoMA Exhibitionâ "Beyond the Visible â The Art of Odilon Redon" â MoMA exhibition (October 2005 â January 2006)
Kunstmuseum Den Haagâ Site with 322 prints by Odilon Redon
â Timeline of Redon's life
Redon's Cats* Exhibition catalogue,
Odilon Redon: Vision and Sight', Jill Newhouse Gallery, 4 - 26 May 2023
{{DEFAULTSORT:Redon, Odilon
1840 births
1916 deaths
19th-century French engravers
19th-century French lithographers
19th-century French male artists
19th-century French painters
20th-century French engravers
20th-century French lithographers
20th-century French male artists
20th-century French painters
Painters from Bordeaux
French draughtsmen
French male painters
French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War
French Post-impressionist painters
French Symbolist painters
Recipients of the Legion of Honour