tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...
monotypic
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...
Achatinellidae
Achatinellidae is a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
Taxonomy
It was previously the only family in the superfamily Achatinelloidea (according to the taxon ...
subfamily ''Achatinellinae''. Species are
arboreal
Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. The habitats pose num ...
mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is es ...
s with some species called Oʻahu tree snails or kāhuli in the
Hawaiian language
Hawaiian (', ) is a Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family that takes its name from Hawaii, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. Hawaiian, along with English, is an official language ...
.
''Achatinella'' species are all endemic to the island of
Oahu
Oahu () ( Hawaiian: ''Oʻahu'' ()), also known as "The Gathering Place", is the third-largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is home to roughly one million people—over two-thirds of the population of the U.S. state of Hawaii. The island of O� ...
in
Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only ...
, and all remaining
extant
Extant is the opposite of the word extinct. It may refer to:
* Extant hereditary titles
* Extant literature, surviving literature, such as ''Beowulf'', the oldest extant manuscript written in English
* Extant taxon, a taxon which is not extinct, ...
species are
endangered
An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and inv ...
. They were once abundant and were mentioned extensively in Hawaiian folklore and songs, and their shells were used in lei and other ornaments.
Many of the species are
sinistral
Sinistral and dextral, in some scientific fields, are the two types of chirality ("handedness") or relative direction. The terms are derived from the Latin words for "left" (''sinister'') and "right" (''dexter''). Other disciplines use different ...
or left-handed
chirality
Chirality is a property of asymmetry important in several branches of science. The word ''chirality'' is derived from the Greek (''kheir''), "hand", a familiar chiral object.
An object or a system is ''chiral'' if it is distinguishable from i ...
in their
spiral
In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point.
Helices
Two major definitions of "spiral" in the American Heritage Dictionary are:shell coiling, whereas most gastropod shells are dextral, with a right handed spiral.
Distribution
There were 41 species of ''Achatinella''
endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found els ...
Oʻahu
Oahu () ( Hawaiian: ''Oʻahu'' ()), also known as "The Gathering Place", is the third-largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is home to roughly one million people—over two-thirds of the population of the U.S. state of Hawaii. The island of O� ...
, though only 13 species survive. Some species have less than 50 remaining individuals, and others have +300; many species fall in between.
Conservation status
All 13 species are listed under United States federal legislation as
endangered
An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and inv ...
. The IUCN lists a number of ''Achatinella'' species as extinct and the remainder as critically endangered. The main cause of decline has been attributed to over collection. In addition,
invasive species
An invasive species otherwise known as an alien is an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment. Although most introduced species are neutral or beneficial with respect to other species, invasive species adv ...
such as rats,
Jackson's chameleon
Jackson's chameleon (''Trioceros jacksonii''), also known as Jackson's horned chameleon, three-horned chameleon or Kikuyu three-horned chameleon, is a species of chameleon (family Chamaeleonidae) native to East Africa, but also introduced to Ha ...
s, and the highly predatory snail ''
Euglandina rosea
''Euglandina rosea'', the rosy wolfsnail or cannibal snail, is a species of medium-sized to large predatory air-breathing land snail, a carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Spiraxidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). Mollus ...
'' have been involved in the extinctions and declines of the native tree snails.
Shell description
''Achatinella'' species shells are diverse in patterns, colors, and shapes, but all average about in length. Most have smooth glossy, and oblong or ovate shells which show a variety of colors, including yellow, orange, red, brown, green, gray, black, and white.
There are three recognized subgenera within the genus ''Achatinella''. Subgenera are distinguished according to shells characteristics only.
Genus ''Achatinella'' Swainson, 1828: The dextral or sinistral shell is imperforate or minutely perforate, oblong, ovate or globose-conic; smooth or
longitudinally corrugated, with only weak traces of spiral
sculpture
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sc ...
. Shell color is in spiral bands or streaks in the direction of the growth lines. The lip is simple or thickened within and sometimes slightly expanding. The
columella
Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (; Arabic: , 4 – ) was a prominent writer on agriculture in the Roman Empire.
His ' in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms an important source on Roman agriculture, together with the ...
bears a strong callous fold. Type species of the genus ''Achatinella'' is '' Achatinella apexfulva'' (Dixon).
Subgenus '' Bulimella'' Pfeiffer, 1854: Shell shape is oblong-conic or ovate. The
spire
A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are ...
is obtuse, rounded or convexly-conic near the apex. The outer lip is thickened by a strong callous rib within the
aperture
In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane.
An ...
(except in ''
Achatinella abbreviata
''Achatinella abbreviata'', an Oahu tree snail, is an extinct species of colorful tropical tree-living air-breathing land snail, an arboreal pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the genus ''Achatinella''.
Shell description
The dextral shell is ov ...
'' and ''
Achatinella lila
''Achatinella lila'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to the northern Ko‘olau Mountains, Oahu.
Shell description
Its shells are gloss ...
''). Type species of the subgenus ''Bulimella'' is ''
Achatinella byronii
''Achatinella byronii'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Oahu, in the Hawaiian Islands.
''Achatinella byronii'' is the type species of ...
'' Newcomb.
Subgenus ''
Achatinellastrum
''Achatinella'' is a tropical genus of colorful land snails in the monotypic Achatinellidae subfamily ''Achatinellinae''. Species are arboreal pulmonate gastropod mollusks with some species called Oʻahu tree snails or kāhuli in the Hawai ...
'' Pfeiffer, 1854: The shell is imperforate, ovate-conic or oblong-conic and smooth. The embryonic whorls are not flattened. The outer lip is thin or only slightly thickened within the apex but not expanded. These are the most generally distributed of
the ''Achatinella'' species and show a prolific area of intergrading color patterns. Type species of the subgenus ''Achatinellastrum'' is ''
Achatinella stewartii
''Achatinella stewartii'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca call ...
'' (Green, 1827).
Ecology
Habitat
These snails live in trees. Currently they are only found in mountainous
dry
Dry or dryness most often refers to:
* Lack of rainfall, which may refer to
** Arid regions
** Drought
* Dry or dry area, relating to legal prohibition of selling, serving, or imbibing alcoholic beverages
* Dry humor, deadpan
* Dryness (medica ...
to moist forests and shrublands above . Most individuals spend their entire life on just one tree.
Feeding
These tree snails are
nocturnal
Nocturnality is an ethology, animal behavior characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "nocturnal", versus diurnality, diurnal meaning the opposite.
Nocturnal creatures generally have ...
, and feed by grazing
fungus
A fungus (plural, : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of Eukaryote, eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and Mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified ...
which grows on the surface of native plant leaves.
Although these tree snails are occasionally found on introduced plants, it is unknown whether or not the fungus which grows on these plants can provide long-term support for healthy breeding populations of these snails.
In captivity ''Achatinella'' feed on fungus growing on leaves of ''
Metrosideros polymorpha
''Metrosideros polymorpha'', the ''ōhia lehua'', is a species of flowering evergreen tree in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, that is endemic to the six largest islands of Hawaii. It is a highly variable tree, being tall in favorable situations, ...
''. They also feed on
cornstarch
Corn starch, maize starch, or cornflour (British English) is the starch derived from corn (maize) grain. The starch is obtained from the endosperm of the kernel. Corn starch is a common food ingredient, often used to thicken sauces or soups, ...
, which can be spread in terraria with water and on cultures of
sooty mold
Sooty mold (also spelled sooty mould) is a collective term for different Ascomycete fungi, which includes many genera, commonly '' Cladosporium'' and '' Alternaria''. It grows on plants and their fruit, but also environmental objects, like fences ...
grown on laboratory
agar
Agar ( or ), or agar-agar, is a jelly-like substance consisting of polysaccharides obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae, primarily from ogonori ('' Gracilaria'') and "tengusa" ('' Gelidiaceae''). As found in nature, agar ...
. In captivity,
cuttlebone
Cuttlebone, also known as cuttlefish bone, is a hard, brittle internal structure (an internal shell) found in all members of the family Sepiidae, commonly known as cuttlefish, within the cephalopods. In other cephalopod families it is calle ...
is used as a source for
calcium
Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar t ...
.
Life cycle
Adult snails are
hermaphroditic
In reproductive biology, a hermaphrodite () is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes.
Many taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrates) do not have se ...
(having both male and female reproductive organs) and can live for many years. These are live bearing snails (give birth to live snails instead of laying eggs).
Predation and other threats
Because growth rate and fertility are very low, these snails are especially vulnerable to loss of individuals through human collection, through predation, or because of other disturbances.
The most serious threats to the survival of Oʻahu tree snails are predation by the introduced
carnivorous
A carnivore , or meat-eater (Latin, ''caro'', genitive ''carnis'', meaning meat or "flesh" and ''vorare'' meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements derive from animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other ...
snail ''
Euglandina rosea
''Euglandina rosea'', the rosy wolfsnail or cannibal snail, is a species of medium-sized to large predatory air-breathing land snail, a carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Spiraxidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). Mollus ...
'', predation by
rat
Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents. Species of rats are found throughout the order Rodentia, but stereotypical rats are found in the genus ''Rattus''. Other rat genera include ''Neotoma'' ( pack rats), ''Bandicota'' (bandicoot ...
Rattus norvegicus
''Rattus'' is a genus of muroid rodents, all typically called rats. However, the term rat can also be applied to rodent species outside of this genus.
Species and description
The best-known ''Rattus'' species are the black rat (''R. rattus'' ...
'', ''
Rattus rattus
The black rat (''Rattus rattus''), also known as the roof rat, ship rat, or house rat, is a common long-tailed rodent of the stereotypical rat genus '' Rattus'', in the subfamily Murinae. It likely originated in the Indian subcontinent, but is ...
''), and loss of habitat due to the spread of non-native vegetation into higher elevation forests.
Jackson's chameleon
Jackson's chameleon (''Trioceros jacksonii''), also known as Jackson's horned chameleon, three-horned chameleon or Kikuyu three-horned chameleon, is a species of chameleon (family Chamaeleonidae) native to East Africa, but also introduced to Ha ...
''Trioceros jacksonii'', that was introduced to Hawaii in early 1970s, is a serious threat to ''Achatinella'', because it directly preys on them and on other snails too.Holland B. S., Montgomery S. L. & Costello V. (2010). "A reptilian smoking gun: first record of invasive Jackson’s chameleon (''Chamaeleo jacksonii'') predation on native Hawaiian species". '' Biodiversity and Conservation'' 19(5): 1437–1441. .Chiaverano L. M. & Holland B. S. (2014). "Impact of an invasive predatory lizard on the endangered Hawaiian tree snail ''Achatinella mustelina'': a threat assessment". ''
Endangered Species Research
An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and in ...
'' 24: 115-123, . Other predators of ''Achatinella'' include the land
planarian
A planarian is one of the many flatworms of the traditional class (biology), class Turbellaria. It usually describes free-living flatworms of the order Tricladida (triclads), although this common name is also used for a wide number of free-li ...
''
Platydemus manokwari
''Platydemus manokwari'', also known as the New Guinea flatworm, is a species of large predatory land flatworm.
Native to New Guinea, it has been accidentally introduced to the soil of many countries, including the United States. It was al ...
''.
Predators of ''Achatinella'':
File:Euglandina rosea.jpg, ''
Euglandina rosea
''Euglandina rosea'', the rosy wolfsnail or cannibal snail, is a species of medium-sized to large predatory air-breathing land snail, a carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Spiraxidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). Mollus ...
''
File:Rattus rattus03.jpg,
Black rat
The black rat (''Rattus rattus''), also known as the roof rat, ship rat, or house rat, is a common long-tailed rodent of the stereotypical rat genus ''Rattus'', in the subfamily Murinae. It likely originated in the Indian subcontinent, but is n ...
File:Starr 030526-0002 Hypochoeris radicata.jpg,
Jackson's chameleon
Jackson's chameleon (''Trioceros jacksonii''), also known as Jackson's horned chameleon, three-horned chameleon or Kikuyu three-horned chameleon, is a species of chameleon (family Chamaeleonidae) native to East Africa, but also introduced to Ha ...
File:Platydemus manokwari.jpg, ''
Platydemus manokwari
''Platydemus manokwari'', also known as the New Guinea flatworm, is a species of large predatory land flatworm.
Native to New Guinea, it has been accidentally introduced to the soil of many countries, including the United States. It was al ...
''
Hawaiian folklore
According to
Ancient Hawaii
Ancient Hawaii is the period of Hawaiian history preceding the unification in 1810 of the Kingdom of Hawaii by Kamehameha the Great. Traditionally, researchers estimated the first settlement of the Hawaiian islands as having occurred sporadical ...
an folklore, the kāhuli are known as the ''pūpū kani oe'', which translates to "shell that sounds long" or the "singing shell". They are believed to be able vocalize and sing at night. Experts have attributed this association to the chirping of crickets at night when the snails are active. Native Hawaiians used the shells of the snails to create kahuli shell lei and their status as coveted souvenirs in the 19th-century may have contributed to the decline of the species. The summer palace of King
Kamehameha III
Kamehameha III (born Kauikeaouli) (March 17, 1814 – December 15, 1854) was the third king of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1825 to 1854. His full Hawaiian name is Keaweaweula Kīwalaō Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa and then lengthened to Keaweaweula Kī ...
was called
Kaniakapupu
Kaniakapūpū ("the singing of the land shells"), known formerly as Luakaha ("place of relaxation"), is the ruins of the former summer palace of King Kamehameha III and Queen Kalama on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. Built in the 1840s, and sit ...
("the singing of the land shells") because of the many snails which once inhabited the area during his lifetime.
Species
There are 41 species in the genus ''Achatinella'':
Achatinella cestus
''Achatinella cestus'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.
References
cestus
Cestus ( grc, Kεστός), in a g ...
'' Newcomb, 1853
* ''
Achatinella concavospira
''Achatinella concavospira'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca ...
Achatinella leucorraphe
''Achatinella leucorraphe'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca ca ...
'' (Gulick, 1873)
* ''
Achatinella lorata
''Achatinella lorata'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called ...
'' Férussac, 1824
* ''
Achatinella mustelina
''Achatinella mustelina'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to the Waianae Range of the island of Oahu, Hawaii.
All 13 subspecies of ...
'' Mighels, 1845
* ''
Achatinella swiftii
''Achatinella swiftii'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western Unit ...
'' Newcomb, 1853
* ''
Achatinella turgida
''Achatinella turgida'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called ...
Achatinella vittata
''Achatinella'' is a tropical genus of colorful land snails in the monotypic Achatinellidae subfamily ''Achatinellinae''. Species are arboreal pulmonate gastropod mollusks with some species called Oʻahu tree snails or kāhuli in the Hawai ...
'' Reeve, 1850
Subgenus ''Bulimella''
* †''
Achatinella abbreviata
''Achatinella abbreviata'', an Oahu tree snail, is an extinct species of colorful tropical tree-living air-breathing land snail, an arboreal pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the genus ''Achatinella''.
Shell description
The dextral shell is ov ...
'' Reeve, 1850
* ''
Achatinella bulimoides
''Achatinella bulimoides'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca ca ...
'' Swainson, 1828
* ''
Achatinella byronii
''Achatinella byronii'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Oahu, in the Hawaiian Islands.
''Achatinella byronii'' is the type species of ...
'' (
Wood
Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of ligni ...
, 1828)
* ''
Achatinella decipiens
''Achatinella decipiens'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Hawaii.
Cooke considered ''Achatinella decipiens'' to be a subspecies o ...
'' Newcomb, 1854
* †''
Achatinella elegans
''Achatinella elegans'' is an extinct species of a land snail, gastropod in the family Achatinellidae. It was endemic to Oahu.
Shell description
The dextral or sinistral shell is conically-elongate, solid, plano-convex and margined above wit ...
'' Newcomb, 1853
* ''
Achatinella fuscobasis
''Achatinella fuscobasis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca cal ...
'' (E. A. Smith, 1873)
* ''
Achatinella lila
''Achatinella lila'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to the northern Ko‘olau Mountains, Oahu.
Shell description
Its shells are gloss ...
'' Pilsbry, 1914
* ''
Achatinella pulcherrima
''Achatinella pulcherrima'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to the island of Oahu in Hawaii.
Henry Augustus Pilsbry considered this speci ...
'' Swainson, 1828
* ''
Achatinella pupukanioe
''Achatinella pupukanioe'' is a species of land snail, a gastropod in the family Achatinellidae. It is endemic to Hawaii.
Shell description
The dextral shell is conic and solid. The shell has six whorls. The glossy color is a uniform white, o ...
'' Pilsbry & Cooke, 1914
* ''
Achatinella sowerbyana
''Achatinella sowerbyana'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Hawaii.
Shell description
The sinistral or dextral shell is imperforate ...
'' Pfeiffer, 1855
* ''
Achatinella taeniolata
''Achatinella taeniolata'', an O'ahu tree snail, is a species of colorful, tropical, tree-living, air-breathing land snail, an arboreal pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Achatinellidae.
This taxon is a subspecies of '' Achatinella vir ...
'' Pfeiffer, 1846
* ''
Achatinella viridans
''Achatinella viridans'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Hawaii.
Shell description
The dextral shell is elongate-conic, imperfora ...
'' Mighels, 1845
Subgenus ''Achatinellastrum''
* ''
Achatinella bellula
''Achatinella bellula'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called ...
'' E. A. Smith, 1873
* †''
Achatinella buddii
''Achatinella buddii'' is an extinct species of land snail, a gastropod in the family Achatinellidae. It was endemic to Oahu
Oahu () (Hawaiian language, Hawaiian: ''Oʻahu'' ()), also known as "The Gathering place#Island of Oʻahu as The ...
'' Newcomb, 1853
* †''
Achatinella casta
''Achatinella casta'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca ...
'' Newcomb, 1853
* †''
Achatinella caesia
''Achatinella caesia'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species was endemic to Oahu
Oahu () (Hawaiian language, Hawaiian: ''Oʻahu'' ()), also ...
'' Gulick, 1858
* ''
Achatinella curta
''Achatinella curta'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.
References
curta
The Curta is a hand-hel ...
'' Newcomb, 1853
* †''
Achatinella dimorpha
''Achatinella dimorpha'' is a (presumed extinct) species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phy ...
'' Gulick, 1858
* ''
Achatinella fulgens
''Achatinella fulgens'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc within the Achatinella genus of the family Achatinellidae. The species is one of a collection of snail species commonly referred to as ...
'' Newcomb, 1853
* †''
Achatinella juddii
''Achatinella juddii'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species was endemic to Oahu, Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in th ...
Achatinella phaeozona
''Achatinella phaeozona'' is a species of air-breathing tree snail, an arboreal pulmonate gastropod mollusc
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or ...
Achatinella stewartii
''Achatinella stewartii'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca call ...
Achatinella vulpina
''Achatinella vulpina'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Hawaii.
Shell description
The dextral or sinistral shell is ovate-conic, an ...
'' (Férussac, 1824)
References
This article incorporates public domain text (a
public domain
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work of the United States Government) from reference.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1992) Endangered Species Recovery Plan for the O’ahu Tree Snails of the Genus ''Achatinella''. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon, 64 pp. + 64 pp. of appendices + 5 figures PDF Holland, B.S. & M.G. Hadfield. 2002. Islands within an island: phylogeography and conservation genetics of the endangered Hawaiian tree snail Achatinella mustelina. Molecular Ecology 11: 365-375.