Niobe

Niobe (; : Nióbē) was in Greek mythology a daughter of Tantalus and of either Dione or of Eurythemista or Euryanassa. She was the wife of Amphion and the sister of Pelops and Broteas.

Niobe is mentioned by Achilles in Homer's ''Iliad'', which relates her ''hubris'', for which she was punished by Leto, who sent Apollo and Artemis to slay all of her children, after which her children lay unburied for nine days while she abstained from food. Once the gods had interred the slain, Niobe retreated to her native Sipylus, "where Nymphs dance around the River Acheloos, and though turned to stone, she broods over the sorrows sent by the Gods". Later writers asserted that Niobe was wedded to Amphion, one of the twin founders of Thebes, where there was a single sanctuary where the twin founders were venerated, but no shrine to Niobe.

Mythology

Family

Her father was the ruler of a city located near Manisa in today's Aegean Turkey that was called "Tantalis" or "the city of Tantalus", or "Sipylus". The city was located at the foot of Mount Sipylus and its ruins were reported to be still visible at the beginning of the 1st century AD, although few traces remain today. Pliny reports that Tantalis was destroyed by an earthquake and the city of Sipylus (Magnesia ad Sipylum) was built in its place.

Niobe's father is referred to as " Phrygian" and sometimes even as "King of Phrygia", although his city was located in the western extremity of Anatolia where Lydia was to emerge as a state before the beginning of the first millennium BC, and not in the traditional heartland of Phrygia, situated more inland. There are references to his son and Niobe's brother as "Pelops the Lydian", and this led some scholars to suspect Niobe belonged to a primordial house of Lydia.

In the ''Fabulae'' Dione, identified in the text as a daughter of Atlas, becomes the wife of Tantalus and mother of Pelops, though Niobe herself is not mentioned.In Ovid's account of the story, Niobe names her father as Tantalus and her mother as a sister of the Pleiades and a daughter of Atlas. Although she gives no name it is assumed to be Dione. The Hyades are traditionally the sisters of the Pleiades and daughters of Atlas, and in the account of Pherecydes, Dione numbers among them.Pherecydes ''in'' R. Fowler, ''Early Greek Mythography'' Fr.90a (=A
18.486c
D Scholia to the ''Iliad'' 18.486c); Fr.90d (=Hyginus, ''De'' ''Astronomia''br>2.21.1
According to a scholia on Euripides's Orestes, her mother is either Eurythemista or Euryanassa, with the latter being a genealogy also given by Tzetzes.

Niobe's husband was Amphion, a son of Zeus and Antiope. Amphion's twin brother, Zethus, was a ruler of Thebes. Amphion became a great singer and musician after his lover Hermes taught him to play music and gave him a golden lyre. Zethus's wife and Niobe's sister-in-law was Aëdon, who had a single child, Itylus. Aëdon was jealous of the vast progeny Niobe had produced, so she conceived a plan to kill Niobe's firstborn, a boy named Amaleus. Aëdon instructed her son to sleep in the back of the room, or in the innermost position of the bed that night, but Itylus forgot about his mother's words. So when Aëdon entered the children's chamber, she unknowingly killed her own child instead of Niobe's. Her pain was so great the gods transformed her into a nightingale.

Blasphemous boast

Niobe boasted of her fourteen children, seven male and seven female (the Niobids), to Leto who only had two children, the twins Apollo and Artemis. The number varies in different sources. Her speech which caused the indignation of the goddess was rendered in the following manner:

Using arrows, Artemis killed Niobe's daughters and Apollo killed Niobe's sons. According to some versions, at least two of Niobe's children (usually Meliboea, along with her brother Amyclas in other renderings) was spared. Their father, Amphion, at the sight of his dead sons, either killed himself or was killed by Apollo for having sworn revenge. Devastated, Niobe fled back to Mount Sipylus and was turned into stone, and, as she wept unceasingly, waters started to pour from her petrified complexion. Mount Sipylus indeed has a natural rock formation which resembles a female face, and it has been associated with Niobe since ancient times and described by Pausanias. The rock formation is also known as the "Weeping Rock" (), since rainwater seeps through its porous limestone.

After Niobe's overweening pride in her children, offending Apollo and Artemis, brought about her children's deaths, Amphion commits suicide out of grief; according to Telesilla, Artemis and Apollo murder him along with his children. Hyginus, however, writes that in his madness he tried to attack the temple of Apollo, and was killed by the god's arrows.

The only Niobid spared stayed greenish pale from horror for the rest of her life, and for that reason she was called Chloris (the pale one).

Within Greek culture

In his archaic role as bringer of diseases and death, Apollo with his poison arrows killed Niobe's sons and Artemis with her poison arrows killed Niobe's daughters. This is related to the myth of the seven youths and seven maidens who were sent every year to the king Minos of Crete as an offering sacrifice to the Minotaur. Niobe was transformed into a stone on Mount Sipylus in her homeland of Phrygia, where she brooded over the sorrows sent by the gods. In Sophocles' '' Antigone,'' the heroine believes that she will have a similar death.
The iconic number "seven" often appears in Greek legends, and represents an ancient tradition because it appears as a lyre with seven strings in the Hagia Triada sarcophagus in Crete during the Mycenean age. Apollo's lyre had also seven strings.

In literature and fine arts

Literature

The story of Niobe, and especially her sorrows, is an ancient one. The context in which she is mentioned by Achilles to Priam in Homer's ''Iliad'' is as a stock type for mourning. Priam is not unlike Niobe in the sense that he was also grieving for his son Hector, who was killed and not buried for several days.

Niobe is also mentioned in Sophocles's '' Antigone'' where, as Antigone is marched toward her death, she compares her own loneliness to that of Niobe. Sophocles is said to have also contributed a play titled ''Niobe'' that is lost.

The ''Niobe'' of Aeschylus, set in Thebes, survives in fragmentary quotes that were supplemented by a papyrus sheet containing twenty-one lines of text. From the fragments it appears that for the first part of the tragedy the grieving Niobe sits veiled and silent.

Furthermore, the conflict between Niobe and Leto is mentioned in one of Sappho's poetic fragments ("Before they were mothers, Leto and Niobe had been the most devoted of friends.").

In Latin language sources, Niobe's account is first told by Hyginus in his collection of stories in brief and plain ''Fabulae''.

Parthenius of Nicaea records a rare version of the story of Niobe, in which her father is called Assaon and her husband Philottus. The circumstances in which Niobe loses her children are also different, see .

Niobe's iconic tears were also mentioned in Hamlet's soliloquy (Act 1, Scene 2), in which he contrasts his mother's grief over the dead King, Hamlet's father – "like Niobe, all tears" – to her unseemly hasty marriage to Claudius.

The quotation from Hamlet is also used in Dorothy L. Sayers' novel ''Murder Must Advertise'', in which an advertising agency's client turns down an advertisement using the quotation as a caption.

In William Faulkner's novel ''Absalom, Absalom!'' Faulkner compares Ellen, the wife of Sutpen and father of Henry and Judith, to Niobe, "this Niobe without tears, who had conceived to the demon utpenin a kind of nightmare" (Chapter 1).

Among works of modern literature which have Niobe as a central theme, Kate Daniels' ''Niobe Poems'' can be cited.

Arts

The subject of Niobe and the destruction of the Niobids was part of the repertory of Attic vase-painters and inspired sculpture groups and wall frescoes as well as relief carvings on Roman sarcophagi.

The subject of the Attic calyx-krater from Orvieto conserved in the Musée du Louvre has provided the name for the Niobid Painter.

A lifesize group of marble Niobids, including one of Niobe sheltering one of her daughters, found in Rome in 1583 at the same time as the ''Wrestlers'', were taken in 1775 to the Uffizi in Florence where, in a gallery devoted to them, they remain some of the most prominent surviving sculptures of Classical antiquity (''see below''). New instances come to light from time to time, like one headless statue found in early 2005 among the ruins of a villa in the Villa dei Quintili just outside Rome.

In painting, Niobe was painted by post-Renaissance artists from varied traditions (''see below''). An early appearance, ''The Death of Niobe's Children'' by Abraham Bloemaert, was painted in 1591 towards the start of the Dutch Golden Age. The English artist Richard Wilson gained great acclaim for his '' The Destruction of the Children of Niobe'', painted in 1760. Three notable works, all dating from the 1770s, ''Apollo and Diana Attacking Niobe and her Children'' by Anicet-Charles-Gabriel Lemonnier, ''The Children of Niobe Killed by Apollo and Diana'' by Pierre-Charles Jombert and ''Diana and Apollo Piercing Niobe’s Children with their Arrows'' by Jacques-Louis David belong to the tradition of French Baroque and Classicism.

''Niobe'' is an abstract painting by Károly Patkó.

In classical music, Italian composer Agostino Steffani (1654–1728) dedicated his opera " Niobe, Queen of Saba" to her myth, and Giovanni Pacini too wrote an opera on this myth. Benjamin Britten based one of his '' Six Metamorphoses after Ovid'' on Niobe.

In modern music, Caribou called the last track on his 2007 album ''Andorra'' "Niobe".

In modern dance, José Limón named a section of his dance theatre work ''Dances for Isadora'' as "Niobe". The section is a solo for a woman mourning the loss of her children.

A marble statue of Niobe is a female lead character in a long-running 1892 farce Niobe (play) by Harry Paulton. In the play she is bought to life by a quaint electrical storm and brings the Edwardian values and relationships in the household to disarray. The season at the London Royal Strand Theatre enjoyed more than five hundred performances. The play is the subject of a musical dedication by Australian composer Thomas Henry Massey. The play was filmed in 1915.

Examples in painting and sculpture

File:Sommer, Giorgio (1834-1914) - n. 2990 - Niobe madre - Firenze.jpg, Picture of the Uffizi sculpture representing Niobe photographed by Giorgio Sommer
File:Abraham Bloemaert - Apollo and Diana Punishing Niobe by Killing her Children - Google Art Project.jpg, 1591 painting by Abraham Bloemaert
File:François Spierincx 002.jpg, 1610 tapestry by François Spierincx
File:Destruction of Niobe's children.jpg, 1760 painting by Richard Wilson
File:Niobe&Enfants 1770painting Anicet Charles Gabriel Lemonnier.jpg, 1770 painting by Anicet Charles Gabriel Lemonnier
File:Pierre-Charles Jombert - Les enfants de Niobé tués par Apollon et Diane.JPG, 1772 painting by Pierre-Charles Jombert
File:Niobe Statue Kvetna Gardens Kromeriz Czech Republic.jpg, Statue of Niobe in Květné Gardens, Kroměříž, Czech Republic
File:Houdini Gravesite.jpg, Niobe statue at Harry Houdini's Grave in New York City
File:Munich Niobid sarcophagus.jpg, Roman sarcophagus showing the massacre of Niobeʼs children. Ca 160 AD. Glyptothek, Munich.

Related terms

The choice of "Niobe" simply as a name in works of art and literature is not uncommon either. Two minor characters of Greek mythology have the same name (''see Niobe (disambiguation)'') and the name occurs in several works of the 19th century. More recently, one of the characters in ''The Matrix'' film series is also named Niobe. A character named Niobe also appeared in the ''Rome'' TV series.

The element niobium was so named as an extension of the inspiration which had led earlier to the naming of the element tantalum by Anders Gustaf Ekeberg. On the basis of his argument according to which there were two different elements in the tantalite sample, Heinrich Rose named them after children of Tantalus—niobium and pelopium—although the argument was later contested as far as pelopium was concerned.

A mountain in British Columbia, Canada is named Mount Niobe.

Four successive ships of the British Royal Navy were called '' HMS Niobe''.

See also

* Cassiopeia (disambiguation)
* Lycian peasants
* Smyrna

Notes

References

Modern scholarship

* Robert Manuel Cook, 1964. ''Niobe and Her children'' (Cambridge University Press). Summary of the most recent research on ancient Niobid representations, pp. 6–30.
* Albin-Lesky, "Niobe" in
Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft
' xxxiii (1936:644–73) for a full discussion of the complexities of Niobe's theme.

Classical authors

* Virginia Brown's translation of Giovanni Boccaccio's Famous Women, pp. 33–35; Harvard University Press 2001;
* Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' VI.145–310.
* Pseudo-Apollodorus, '' Bibliotheca'' III.5.6.

General reading

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{{Authority control

Princesses in Greek mythology
Queens in Greek mythology
Metamorphoses into terrain in Greek mythology
Mythological people from Anatolia
Leto
Deeds of Apollo
Deeds of Artemis
Deeds of Zeus
Theban mythology
Metamorphoses characters
Atreidai

References

The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Niobe and the Niobids)