New Gate

The New Gate ( ''Bāb ij-Jdïd''; ''HaSha'ar HeChadash'') is the newest of the gates of the Old City of Jerusalem. It was built in 1889 by the Ottomans under the directorship of the French consul and Franciscan brotherhood monkship order to provide direct access between the Christian Quarter and the new neighborhoods then going up outside the walls. The arched gate is decorated with crenelated stonework. The New Gate was built at the highest point of the present wall, at above sea level.

Names

The ''New Gate'' was the name used by the Ottoman administration. It was also known as ''Bab es Sultan Abd ul Hamid'' by the Arab workforce for the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II who allowed the building.

It should not be confused with the ''New Gate'' of the Second Temple complex mentioned in the Book of Jeremiah () that served as entrance to the Great Sanhedrin's Hall of Hewn Stones, and was previously called the Benjamin Gate.

History

Byzantine period

During the 3rd and 4th centuries the northern wall was rebuilt and improved by the Byzantines leaving no trace or record of a gate in this sector of the fortifications. There is no information about a gate preexisting at this point in the wall before the city was occupied by the Crusaders.

Crusader period

There is a suggestion that the Crusaders did maintain a small postern gate, named after the Order of St. Lazarus, just east of the Ottoman construction, for the use of troops stationed at Tancred's Tower (Goliath's Tower).Ben-Dov, M., ''Jerusalem, man and stone: an archeologist's personal view of his city'', Modan, 1990, p.29 Uncovered during drainage and sewage works in the area, it may have also been used by the knights of the Lepers Order also quartered there.Har-El, Menashe, ''Golden Jerusalem'', Gefen Publishing House Ltd, 2004, p.211 Early records of the Crusades suggest the wall was breached after the Crusader occupation on the orders of Tancred of Hauteville, with the tower subsequently named after him. The breach may have been later converted into a gate.

The Crusader gate may have been sealed up following Saladin's capture of Jerusalem in 1187 because it did not conform to architectural style of fortifications used by the Muslim armies. The earlier Crusader gate had "...a roundabout entrance, dim approaches, and a tower that protruded from the line of fortifications." By contrast the earlier gates as well as the Ottoman gate are built within the city, and aligned with the facade of the wall.

Ottoman period

The older gates were probably sealed by the external wall built in the 1530s by Suleyman the Magnificent. However, another gate was reported in the 16th century called ''the New Gate of the Serbian Monastery'', that was used by the Franciscans while they were building the Church of St Saviour.

It was built at the request of the French consul to provide access to the Old City from the Notre Dame Hospice that was completed in 1886, and to provide Russian Christian pilgrims living at the Russian Compound (outside the Old City walls) direct access to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the Christian Quarter. Contrary to popular belief, Kaiser Wilhelm II during his visit to Jerusalem entered not through the New Gate, but through the "Hole in the Wall", made so that he wouldn't have to dismount his carriage to enter the city.

From the beginning of the First World War the headquarters of Roshen Bey, the most senior Ottoman military officer in the Jerusalem area, was located at the Notre Dame Hospice opposite the New Gate.

British Mandate

During the 1920s and 1930s the New Gate became the nearest gate to the modern city Jerusalem with the Christian Brothers' College located just inside its structure in the Old City. At this time the New Gate, as all gates to the Old City, included an iron gate which was operated by the police, and shut as required by the administrative regulations.Eckardt, Alice, ''Jerusalem:city of the ages'', American Academic Association for Peace in the Middle East, 1987, p.310; The iron gate was removed in 1967 On the afternoon of Friday, 23 August 1929, an unprovoked attack was staged by the Arabs from the Old City between the New and Damascus gates that resulted in the killing of several Jews after the Arabs were inflamed by the sermons during the noon prayers at '' Haram esh Sherif''. From 1946 and until Independence the British Administration created a security zone between the New Gate and Jaffa Road, called euphemistically ''Bevingrad'' for Ernest Bevin, due to the terrorist activity from both sides. On November 15, 1945 the Stern Gang attempted to demolish part of the wall next to the New Gate, using a massive device that required ten men to transport and emplace; however it failed to function.

1948 war and Jordanian period

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, David Shaltiel's Etzioni Brigade ( Hagana) failed to capture East Jerusalem from the local Arab defenders reinforced by a company of the Arab Legion's 6th battalion during Operation Kedem. This occurred not because of Arab offensive action, which was restrained by orders of John Bagot Glubb, but because the Jewish demolition charge intended for the iron gate was detonated by a stray artillery shell that set the Arab wooden barricade in front of the New Gate on fire, halting the Stern Gang, Hagana and Irgun troops' advance just prior to the ceasefire announcement. Subsequently the Jordanian occupation administration had the gate sealed off.Eisenberg, Ronald L., ''The streets of Jerusalem: who, what, why'', Devora Publishing, 2006, p.278

1967 war and Israeli period

The gate was reopened by the Israeli Army in 1967 and the iron gate removed following the capture of East Jerusalem during the Jordanian campaign.

The gate itself is maintained under the preservation orders, supervised by the Israel Antiquities Authority. The land around the New Gate is largely owned by the Latin Patriarchate and the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land, which have refused to sell it to the Israeli government. It required many years to lease land from the Patriarchate between the New Gate and the Damascus Gate for a park.

In the current urban layout of Jerusalem the New Gate provides the quickest route from the Old City to West Jerusalem, including via Egged No.1 & 2 buses, via its HaSha'ar HaKhadash (New Gate) Road.

Landmarks

There are several notable buildings near the New Gate, both inside the Old City behind the gate, and outside across the road. Inside the Old City are the (for boys), the Greek Orthodox St. Basil Monastery, and the Catholic Monastery of Saint Saviour.
Under the are the remains of Tancred's Tower (Goliath's Castle).

is a Catholic monastery and guesthouse located across from the New Gate on Ha-Tsanchanim Road (Paratroopers Road),Lukin, Sarabeth, ''Jerusalem pocket guide and atlas'', MAP - Mapping and Publishing Ltd., Tel Aviv, 2001 p.9 as is the St. Louis Hospital.

References

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Buildings and structures completed in 1889
Gates in Jerusalem's Old City Walls
1880s establishments in Ottoman Syria
Christian Quarter
1889 establishments in the Ottoman Empire