"Nepenthaceae" is a

monograph A monograph is generally a long-form work on one (usually scholarly) subject, or one aspect of a subject, typically created by a single author or artist (or, sometimes, by two or more authors). Traditionally it is in written form and published a ...

John Muirhead Macfarlane John Muirhead Macfarlane FRSE LLD (28 September 1855, Kirkcaldy, Fife – 16 September 1943, Lancaster) was a Scottish botanist. Life He was born in Kirkcaldy in Fife on 28 September 1855. He was educated locally, then studied sciences at the ...

on the tropical

pitcher plant Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of pitcher plant are considered to be "true" pitcher plants and are formed by specialized ...

s of the genus ''

Nepenthes ''Nepenthes'' ( ) is a genus of carnivorous plants, also known as tropical pitcher plants, or monkey cups, in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae. The genus includes about 170 species, and numerous natural and many cultivated hybrids. They are m ...

''.Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. ''Das Pflanzenreich IV'', III, Heft 36: 1–91. It was published in 1908 in

Adolf Engler Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler (25 March 1844 – 10 October 1930) was a German botanist. He is notable for his work on plant taxonomy and phytogeography, such as ''Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' (''The Natural Plant Families''), edited with K ...

's ''

Das Pflanzenreich Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler (25 March 1844 – 10 October 1930) was a German botanist. He is notable for his work on plant taxonomy and phytogeography, such as ''Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' (''The Natural Plant Families''), edited with ...

''. It was the most exhaustive revision of the genus up to that point, covering all known species, and included detailed accounts of the structure, anatomy, and development of ''Nepenthes''.

Content

Macfarlane recognised 58 species, including 8 newly described ones: '' N. anamensis'' (later synonymised with '' N. smilesii''),McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''

Pitcher Plants of the Old World ''Pitcher Plants of the Old World'' is a two-volume monograph by Stewart McPherson on the pitcher plants of the genera '' Nepenthes'' and '' Cephalotus''. It was published in May 2009 by Redfern Natural History Productions and covers all species ...

''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Catalano, M. 2010. '' Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio''. Prague. '' N. beccariana'', '' N. copelandii'', '' N. deaniana'', '' N. hemsleyana'', '' N. neglecta'' (possibly the natural hybrid between ''N. gracilis'' and ''N. mirabilis''),Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''

Nepenthes of Borneo ''Nepenthes of Borneo'' is a monograph by Charles Clarke on the tropical pitcher plants of Borneo.Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. It was first published in 1997 by Natural History ...

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. '' N. philippinensis'', and '' N. tubulosa'' (later synonymised with '' N. mirabilis'').Danser, B.H. 1928.

The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies" is a seminal monograph by B. H. Danser on the Nepenthes, tropical pitcher plants of the Dutch East Indies and surrounding regions. It was originally published in the ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Bu ...

. ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'', Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438. Macfarlane also described a number of new

varieties Variety may refer to: Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats * Variety (radio) * Variety show, in theater and television Films * ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont * ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...

, including ''N. alata'' var. ''biflora'' (later synonymised with '' N. negros''),Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of ''Nepenthes alata'' with notes on the ''N. alata'' group, and ''N. negros'' sp. nov. from the Philippines. ''Nordic Journal of Botany'' 31(5): 616–622. ''N. alata'' var. ''ecristata'' (later synonymised with '' N. kurata''),Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the ''Nepenthes alata'' group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. ''European Journal of Taxonomy'' 69: 1–23. ''N. albomarginata'' var. ''rubra'', ''N. hirsuta'' var. ''glabrata'', ''N. hirsuta'' var. ''typica'', ''N. tentaculata'' var. ''tomentosa'', and ''N. vieillardii'' var. ''montrouzieri''.Schlauer, J. N.d
Query results: Pflanzenr.36
Carnivorous Plant Database. The varietal name ''N. gracilis'' var. ''arenaria'', originating from a herbarium sheet, also appeared in print for the first time in Macfarlane's monograph. The work included all

manmade hybrid In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different varieties, subspecies, species or genera through sexual reproduction. Generally, it means that each cell has genetic material from two di ...

s known at the time. Macfarlane synonymised a number of species, including '' N. korthalsiana'' with '' N. gracilis'', '' N. macrostachya'' with '' N. mirabilis'', '' N. sumatrana'' with '' N. treubiana'' (later reversed),Clarke, C.M. 2001. ''

Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia ''Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia'' is a monograph by Charles Clarke on the tropical pitcher plants of Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and their minor surrounding islands. It was published in 2001 by Natural History Publications (Born ...

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. and both '' N. teysmanniana'' and '' N. tomentella'' with '' N. albomarginata''. Macfarlane restored '' N. edwardsiana'' as a species distinct from '' N. villosa''. This decision was reversed by

B. H. Danser Benedictus Hubertus Danser (24 May 1891, Schiedam – 18 October 1943, Groningen (city), Groningen), often abbreviated B. H. Danser, was a Dutch taxonomist and botanist. Danser specialised in the plant families Loranthaceae, Nepenthaceae, and Polyg ...

in his 1928 work, "

", but is universally accepted today. Macfarlane recognised '' N. × cincta'' as a natural hybrid between '' N. albomarginata'' and '' N. northiana'', and '' N. × harryana'' as a natural hybrid between '' N. edwardsiana'' and '' N. villosa''.

Species

The following 58 taxa are enumerated and detailed in Macfarlane's "Nepenthaceae".

Varieties Variety may refer to: Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats * Variety (radio) * Variety show, in theater and television Films * ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont * ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...

recognised by Macfarlane are also included. Taxon names are listed as they appear in the monograph, including orthographic variants, though specific epithets derived from

proper noun A proper noun is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity ('' Africa''; ''Jupiter''; '' Sarah''; ''Walmart'') as distinguished from a common noun, which is a noun that refers to a class of entities (''continent, ...

s have been decapitalised. # '' N. alata'' ##var. ''biflora'' ##var. ''ecristata'' # '' N. albo-lineata'' # '' N. albo-marginata'' ##var. ''rubra'' ##var. ''villosa'' # '' N. alicae'' # '' N. ampullaria'' ##var. ''geelvinkiana'' ##var. ''longicarpa'' # '' N. anamensis'' # '' N. angustifolia'' # '' N. armbrustae'' # '' N. beccariana'' # '' N. bernaysii'' # '' N. bicalcarata'' # '' N. blancoi'' # '' N. bongso'' # '' N. boschiana'' # '' N. burbidgei'' # '' N. burkei'' ##var. ''excellens'' ##var. ''prolifica'' # '' N. cholmondeleyi'' # '' N. copelandii'' # '' N. deaniana'' # '' N. distillatoria'' # '' N. echinostoma'' # '' N. edwardsiana'' # '' N. eustachya'' # '' N. garrawayae'' # '' N. gracilis'' # '' N. hemsleyana'' # '' N. hirsuta'' ##var. ''glabrata'' ##var. ''typica'' # '' N. hookeriana'' # '' N. jardinei'' # '' N. kennedyana'' # '' N. khasiana'' # '' N. lowii'' # '' N. macfarlanei'' # '' N. madagascariensis'' # '' N. maxima'' # '' N. melamphora'' ##var. ''haematamphora'' ##var. ''tomentella'' # '' N. moorei'' # '' N. neglecta'' # '' N. northiana'' # '' N. pervillei'' # '' N. philippinensis'' # '' N. phyllamphora'' # '' N. rafflesiana'' ##var. ''minor'' ##var. ''nigro-purpurea'' ##var. ''nivea'' # '' N. rajah'' # '' N. reinwardtiana'' # '' N. rowanae'' # '' N. sanguinea'' # '' N. singalana'' # '' N. smilesii'' # '' N. stenophylla'' # '' N. tentaculata'' ##var. ''imberbis'' ##var. ''tomentosa'' # '' N. treubiana'' # '' N. trichocarpa'' # '' N. tubulosa'' # '' N. veitchii'' # '' N. ventricosa'' # '' N. vieillardii'' ##var. ''deplanchei'' ##var. ''montrouzieri'' # '' N. villosa'' ;''Nomina nuda v. incerta'' # '' N. cristata'' # '' N. lindleyana'' In addition, Macfarlane lists '' N. gracillima'' as a possible synonym of '' N. albomarginata''; the species are numbered 7* and 7, respectively.

Reviews and later works

At the time of its publication, "Nepenthaceae" was praised for its many high quality illustrations (95 images in 19 figures) of both morphological and anatomical features. Wangerin, W. 1910
Macfarlane, J. M., ''Nepenthaceae''
In: Lotsy, J.P. (ed.) ''Botanisches Centralblatt: Referirendes Organ der Association Internationale des Botanistes für das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik''. Volume 31, issue 113. Gustav Fischer, Jena. pp. 501–502. Research conducted after

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

quickly rendered Macfarlane's monograph outdated. Much additional

herbarium A herbarium (plural: herbaria) is a collection of preserved plant biological specimen, specimens and associated data used for scientific study. The specimens may be whole plants or plant parts; these will usually be in dried form mounted on a sh ...

material was accumulated during this time, representing both new species and better specimens of known taxa, which highlighted issues with previous interpretations. The need for a new revision of the genus was satisfied with the publication of

's seminal 1928 monograph, "

". However, Danser's treatment did not encompass the entire range of the genus. It would not be until

Matthew Jebb Matthew Hilary Peter Jebb (born 1958) is an Irish people, Irish botany, botanist and taxonomy (biology), taxonomist specialising in the ant plant genus, genera ''Squamellaria'', ''Myrmecodia'', ''Hydnophytum'', ''Myrmephytum'' and ''Anthorrhiza' ...

and

Martin Cheek Martin Roy Cheek (born 1960) is a botanist and taxonomist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.A skeletal revision of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae)", that the entire genus was once again revised in a single work.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nepenthaceae (1908 Monograph) Nepenthes literature 1908 documents