The Neognathostomata are a superorder of
sea urchin
Sea urchins () are spiny, globular echinoderms in the class Echinoidea. About 950 species of sea urchin live on the seabed of every ocean and inhabit every depth zone from the intertidal seashore down to . The spherical, hard shells (tests) ...
s.
Description and characteristics
They are distinguished from other sea urchins by their irregular shape and a highly modified feeding lantern. The group includes the well known
sand dollar
Sand dollars (also known as a sea cookie or snapper biscuit in New Zealand, or pansy shell in South Africa) are species of flat, burrowing sea urchins belonging to the order Clypeasteroida. Some species within the order, not quite as flat, are k ...
s, as well as some less familiar and extinct forms.
Taxonomy
* familia ''
Apatopygidae
Apatopygidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Cassiduloida
Cassiduloida is an order (biology), order of sea urchins. The group was extremely diverse with many families and species during the Mesozoic, but today, only seven exta ...
''
Kier, 1962
* familia ''
Archiaciidae''
Cotteau & Triger, 1869 †
* order ''
Cassiduloida
Cassiduloida is an order of sea urchins. The group was extremely diverse with many families and species during the Mesozoic, but today, only seven extant species remain.
A 2019 phylogenetic systematics study by Souto et al. presented a revised c ...
''
** Super-familia ''
Cassidulina''
(Philip, 1963b)
*** familia ''
Cassidulidae''
(L. Agassiz and Desor, 1847)
** Super-familia ''
Neolampadina''
(Philip, 1963b)
*** familia ''
Neolampadidae''
(Lambert, 1918a)
*** familia ''
Pliolampadidae''
(Kier, 1962) †
* order ''
Clypeasteroida
Sand dollars (also known as a sea cookie or snapper biscuit in New Zealand, or pansy shell in South Africa) are species of flat, burrowing sea urchins belonging to the order Clypeasteroida. Some species within the order, not quite as flat, are k ...
''
A.Agassiz, 1872 ("sand dollars")
** sous-order ''
Clypeasterina''
*** familia ''
Clypeasteridae''
L. Agassiz, 1835
*** familia ''
Fossulasteridae''
Philip & Foster, 1971 †
*** familia ''
Scutellinoididae''
Irwin, 1995 †
** familia ''
Conoclypidae''
von Zittel, 1879 †
** familia ''
Faujasiidae
Faujasiidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Clypeasteroida
Sand dollars (also known as a sea cookie or snapper biscuit in New Zealand, or pansy shell in South Africa) are species of flat, burrowing sea urchins belonging to th ...
''
Lambert, 1905 †
** familia ''
Oligopygidae''
Duncan, 1889 †
** familia ''
Plesiolampadidae''
Lambert, 1905 †
** sous-order ''
Scutellina
''Scutellina'' is a genus of small limpet-like sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Phenacolepadidae.
Scutellina is now a synonym of ''Plesiothyreus
''Plesiothyreus'' is a genus of very small sea snails or limpets, marine (o ...
''
*** infra-order ''
Laganiformes''
**** familia ''
Echinocyamidae''
Lambert & Thiéry, 1914
**** familia ''
Fibulariidae
Fibulariidae is a family of echinoderm
An echinoderm () is any member of the phylum Echinodermata (). The adults are recognisable by their (usually five-point) radial symmetry, and include starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dolla ...
''
Gray, 1855
**** familia ''
Laganidae''
Desor, 1858
*** infra-order ''
Scutelliformes''
**** familia ''
Echinarachniidae
Echinarachniidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Clypeasteroida.
Genera
Genera:
* '' Astrodapsis'' Conrad, 1856
* ''Echinarachnius
''Echinarachnius'' is a genus of sand dollars, belonging to the family Echinarachniidae ...
''
Lambert in Lambert & Thiéry, 1914
**** familia ''
Eoscutellidae''
Durham, 1955 †
**** familia ''
Protoscutellidae''
Durham, 1955 †
**** familia ''
Rotulidae
Rotulidae is a family of small sand dollars native to the Atlantic coast of Africa, with 3 genera, with ''Rotula'' and ''Heliophora'' being extant, the other, ''Rotuloidea'', being extinct since the Pliocene, but all three being found in the fos ...
''
Gray, 1855
**** super-familia ''
Scutellidea''
Gray, 1825
***** familia ''
Abertellidae''
Durham, 1955 †
***** familia ''
Astriclypeidae''
Stefanini, 1912
***** familia ''
Dendrasteridae''
Lambert, 1900
***** familia ''
Mellitidae
Mellitidae is a family of sand dollars, in the echinoderm order Clypeasteroida. These irregular sea urchins bury themselves in soft sediment in shallow seas.
Genera
The World Register of Marine Species includes the following genera in the fam ...
''
Stefanini, 1912
***** familia ''
Monophorasteridae''
Lahille, 1896 †
***** familia ''
Scutasteridae''
Durham, 1955 †
***** familia ''
Scutellidae''
Gray, 1825
**** familia ''
Taiwanasteridae''
Wang, 1984
*** familia ''
Scutellinidae''
Pomel, 1888a †
* familia ''
Clypeidae
''Clypeidae'' is a family of sea urchins belonging to the order Clypeasteroida.
Fossil record
This family is known in the fossil record from the Jurassic ( Bajocian age) to Cretaceous (Santonian age) (age range: from about 164.7 to 94.3 mill ...
''
Lambert, 1898 †
* familia ''
Clypeolampadidae
''Clypeolampadidae'' is a family of sea urchins belonging to the order Clypeasteroida.
Fossil record
This family is known in Cretaceous the fossil record of France, Oman, Spain and Turkey.
Genera
Genera within this family include:
* ''Clypeola ...
''
Kier, 1962 †
* order ''
Echinolampadoida''
** familia
Echinolampadidae
Echinolampadidae is a family of cassiduloid echinoids
Sea urchins () are spiny, globular echinoderms in the class Echinoidea. About 950 species of sea urchin live on the seabed of every ocean and inhabit every depth zone from the intertida ...
''
Gray, 1851a
* familia ''
Nucleolitidae''
L. Agassiz & Desor, 1847 †
* familia ''
Pygaulidae''
Lambert, 1905 †
* genus ''
Pygolampas''
Saucède, Dudicourt & Courville, 2012 †
References
*
*
Echinoidea
{{echinoidea-stub