Negrense

The Negrenses (; ) are the native cultural group of the Philippine provinces of Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental and Siquijor.

Overview

Negrense ( English: ''Negrese''; Hiligaynon and Cebuano: ''Negrosanon'' or ''Buglasnon'') identity is closely intertwined with the history and culture of Negros and Siquijor, the latter which had been part of Negros Oriental until 1971. This identity first emerged in the 19th century when Spanish-speaking migrant landownersmostly but not exclusively from Panay, Cebú and Boholand their families started to develop and strengthen an independent, common identity tied neither to ethnicity nor language but rather to the land.Rodríguez, C. A. (1988). Economic transformation of Negros Oriental
''Philippine Studies, 36''(1), 68–74.

History

Precolonial period

Negros was originally known as Buglas, an old Visayan word meaning "cut off". The original natives of the island are the dark-skinned Ati Negritos, from where the island would later derive its name after an expedition of Castilian conquistadors in April 1565 came in contact with the Ati in what is now the town of Ilog.

Southern Negrosin particular, Candonicame to be settled by precolonial migrants from the island of Panay. These came to be known as the Negrense highlanders ( Hiligaynon and Cebuano: ''bukidnong Buglasnon'' or ''Magahat''). A second wave of migrants from Panay came to inhabit the northwestern portion of the island; they are known today as the Panayan highlanders (Hiligaynon and Cebuano: ''bukidnong Panaynon'' or ''Suludnon''), who continue to reside on Panay as well as on Negros.

Spanish colonial era

After the island was discovered by Castilian colonizers in April 1565, it was only in 1573 and 1583 that the island was settled permanently, centered around Binalbagan and the designated capital, Ilog in the present-day Negros Occidental, and Dumaguete in the present-day Negros Oriental. Miguel López de Legazpi placed Negros under the jurisdiction of the governor of Oton on Panay. In 1734, however, the island became a military district with Ilog as its first capital. The seat of government was later transferred to Himamaylan until Bacólod became the capital in 1849, heralding the opening of the sugar industry spearheaded by British diplomat and businessman Nicholas Loney. Through the missionary efforts of the Recollects, additional settlements in Hinigaran, Bago, Marayo (now Pontevedra), Mamalan (now Himamaylan) and San Enrique.

Sugar boom

The mass settlement of Negros, beginning in the 1850s and greatly encouraged by Loney,Gonzaga, V. L. (1988). The roots of agrarian unrest on Negros, 1850–90
''Philippine Studies, 36''(2), 151–165. was triggered by the surge in the demand for sugar back in Europe. European demand and Philippine supply would place Negros squarely on the British-dominated global economic map for the next hundred years. The mass settlement was pioneered by Iloílo-based landowners, though the mountainous terrain of the island made it more practical for colonists to settle the coastal areas on opposite ends. As a result, the western half came to be settled by Hiligaynon-speaking migrants, while the eastern half was settled by Cebuano-speaking migrants, with subsequent settlers from other parts of the Philippines assimilating into either linguistic sphere. Administration became difficult as the trip between the eastern portions to Himamaylan (the second capital) and later on, Bacólod in 1849, required a 3–5-day trek through the mountains. Thirteen Recollect friars assigned to the eastern side appealed to the Governor-General to divide the island, with their side assigned to the civil government in Cebú.

Finally, on January 1, 1890, Governor-General Valeriano Weyler issued a decree, partitioning Negros into Negros Occidental, with Bacólod retained as its designated capital, and Negros Oriental, with Dumaguete as the designated capital. The division was not made along linguistic lines but rather for practical administrative purposes: those falling under the jurisdiction of the 13 friars composed the new Negros Oriental province, which also includes the Hiligaynon-speaking towns of Tolong (present-day Santa Catalina) and Tolong Nuevo (present-day Bayawan). The Cebuano-speaking towns of Sagay, Escalante, San Carlos (all three later converted into cities) and Calatrava chose to remain with Negros Occidental.

Negros Revolution

The armed uprising against Spanish colonial rule was divided between Papa Isio's ''dumaan'' and ''sacada'' army and the ''hacendero''-led cantonal forces, between which relations were tense. Both armies as well had inconstant relations with the Malolos Republic, with the former being denigrated by its ''ilustrado'' core for his Dayawism, and the latter breaking away from it to form the Republic of Negros under US protection. Papa Isio would continue the Philippine Revolution until 1907, when he surrendered to the newly formed Philippine Constabulary. He is remembered as the last of the Malolos revolutionaries to surrender, outlasting even the Malolos Republic.

Emigration

In the aftermath of World War II, there began a steady rise of migration to Mindanao. Many Negrenses, who would otherwise inherit only a small portion of family land on Negros, availed of resettlement benefits from the government instead. This diaspora on Mindanao would in turn spur the creation of the sugar industries in the highland areas of Northern Mindanao and Soccsksargen. Families such as the Montillas and Zubiris of southern Negros would also rise to political prominence in their adopted provinces of Sultan Kudarat and Bukidnon, respectively. Mindanao localities that are home to the highest concentrations of diaspora Negrenses are found in Valencia, Tacurong, Kidapawan, Koronadal and General Santos, while significant numbers reside in Dávao, Zamboanga and Cagayán de Oro as well.

With the declaration of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 and the collapse of the sugar industry on Negros in the 1980s due to the expiration a few years earlier of the Laurel–Langley Agreement, which had previously guaranteed Philippine sugar-producers access to the US market, Negrense families emigrated ''en masse'' from Negros to the United States, Canada and Australia to escape the economic losses incurred with the steep decline of the island's main crop. Large diaspora populations have since formed in the United States (Hawaii, California, New Jersey and New York) and in Australia (Queensland and New South Wales). Sizable diasporas have also emerged in Canada, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom, where they work and live as either overseas workers or permanent expatriates.

The collapse of the Negros sugar industry and the "widespread hunger, unemployment, and terrorism" that subsequently engulfed the island accounts for the large Negrense presence outside the homeland,Billig, M. S. (1994). The death and rebirth of entrepreneurism on Negros island, Philippines: A critique of cultural theories of enterprise
''Journal of Economic Issues, 28''(3), 659–678. whether in other parts of the country or abroad. All strata of Negrense society took part in the emigration from the island: from the impoverished '' sacadas'' and '' dumaan'' to the landowning ''hacenderos'', the latter now easily stripped by Marcos of their kingmaker roles in national politics. During this time, the troubles on Negrosincluding the infamous Escalante massacremade the island "briefly famous in the international media" as a "social volcano". Among the emigrant children of ''hacenderos'', many would "recall being embarrassed to admit that their families planted sugar aneon Negros". Several of those whom remained on the island would even lament that the opulent lifestyle that had been afforded by their past fortunes had "made their parents and grandparents lazy and smug". In the 1990s, President Fidel Ramos would further erode the ''hacenderos political and economic clout through the abolition of protectionist sugar- import tariffs. Violent socioeconomic conflict, albeit much reduced, continues to plague Negrense society to this day,Mercado, J. L. (2013, May 3). Yesterday's "apparatchiks"
''Philippine Daily Inquirer''. the latest series of incidents being the Negros killings of 2017 to 2019.

Present

Between 2015 and 2017, Negros and the surrounding islands had been administered as a single regional unit, the Negros Region. The region was dissolved by President Rodrigo Duterte and his allies in the cabinet.

In spite of the troubles that continue to beset the Negrense people, particularly those who live on mainland Negros, the island today positions itself at the centre of organic-food production and tourism in the Philippines, seeking to move away from the colonial single-crop economy to one rebuilt on sustainable food systems. In 2005, the provincial governments of Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental jointly declared the island as the first GMO-free zone in the country. Other provinces and independently administered cities would gradually follow suit by banning the use of pesticides, the entry of GMOs or both.

Culture

Language

Migration into and within Negros, especially during the fortune-seeking decades of the late-Spanish and US-colonial eras, has created a distinct blend of people, culture and languages, with the northwestern half, comprising Negros Occidental, having a Hiligaynon-speaking majority,The Bacolod Metropolitan Area is noted for its distinct dialect of Hiligaynon called ''Bakolodnon''. while the southeastern half, comprising Negros Oriental, having a Cebuano-speaking majority. Descendants of the indigenous Magahat and Ati peoples speak the Magahat language, which is heavily influenced by Hiligaynon and Karay·a as a result of their interactions and intermarriage with colonial-era migrants from Iloílo and Antique; while those descended from the Panayan highlanders speak Sulod. The Carolan language continues to be spoken in Kabankalan by descendants of the indigenous Carolans. The Cebuano language predominates in Siquijor.

Religion

The majority of Negrenses are Christians; for the most part Catholics with a number of Orthodox and Protestant faithful. Negrenses of Chinese heritage may practise either Buddhism or Taoism or both, at times alongside Christianity. Dayawism, which is the umbrella term for the Philippines' indigenous folk religions, remains quite popular.Aguilar, F. V. (1998). ''Clash of spirits: The history of power and sugar-planter hegemony on a Visayan island''. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.

Cuisine

The Negrense homeland is known for the culinary skills of its inhabitants. '' Piyaya'' () is a muscovado-filled flatbread, while '' napoleones'' are an especially sought-after Negrense pastry. Traditional dishes and modes of preparation brought by immigrants from the neighboring island of Panay but which are now also emblematic of Negrense cuisine include '' batsoy'' (), '' binakol'', '' inasal'', '' kansi'' () and various pigeon-pea (, from the general Malay word for ‘bean’, ) soups.Such soups include ''kadyos, baboy kag langka'' (literally "pigeon pea, pork and jackfruit oup in Hiligaynon) and ''kadyos, manok kag ubad'' ("pigeon pea, chicken and heart-of-palm oup). Alcoholic beverages consumed include ''lumboy'' wine produced in Siquijor and rum produced in the Negros provinces.Engaling, T. Y. (2017, August 5). A glimpse of Sikihodnon cuisine. ''Around the Philippines''. Retrieved from
/ref>Nicavera, E. P. (2019, July 22). Bacolod's first-ever rum festival to highlight Negrense cuisine. ''Philippine News Agency''. Retrieved from $
/ref>

Society

Negrense society has from its inception been heavily stratified,Billig, M. S. (1992)
The rationality of growing sugar on Negros
''Philippine Studies, 40''(2), 153–182.Gonzaga, V. L. (1990)
Negros in transition: 1899–1905
''Philippine Studies, 38''(1), 103–114. divided between the seasonal '' sacada'' laborers, the settled '' dumaan'' farmhands, the millers and the landowning ''hacenderos''. This had more than occasionally been the cause of bitter rivalries between the millers and ''hacenderos'', and continues to be at the root of violent socioeconomic conflict between them, the ''sacadas'' and even the ''dumaan''. Marriages, as well, between Negros-based sugar families and their counterparts in other regions are not unusual. The implosion of the export-dependent sugar industry in the mid-1970s would gradually blur, though not completely erase,Gonzaga, V. L. (1988)
Agrarian reform in Negros Oriental
''Philippine Studies, 36''(4), 443–457. the inherited distinctions.

Notable people

The following is a list of Negrenses resident either in the Negros provinces and Siquijor, elsewhere in the Philippines or abroad. The large diaspora population is a result of the waves of emigration from the Negros provinces during the latter half of the 20th century.

Athletes

Basketball
* Francis Arnaiz – Former basketball player for the Toyota Super Corollas and Ginebra San Miguel in the Philippine Basketball Association.
* Nonoy Baclao – Professional basketball player currently playing for the Alaska Aces in the Philippine Basketball Association.
* Jeff Chan – Professional basketball player currently playing for the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters in the Philippine Basketball Association and member of the Gilas Pilipinas team in the 2014 FIBA World Cup.
* Boyet Fernandez – Current head coach of the NLEX Road Warrior in the Philippine Basketball Association. Former basketball player in the Philippine Basketball Association.
* Reynel Hugnatan – Professional basketball player currently playing for the Meralco Bolts in the Philippine Basketball Association.
* Noli Locsin – Former basketball player for the Ginebra franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association.
* James Yap – Professional basketball player currently playing for the Star Hotshots in the Philippine Basketball Association. Two-time PBA Most Valuable Player and also a former member of the Philippine national team.
* Mark Yee – Professional basketball player currently playing for the Mahindra Enforcers in the Philippine Basketball Association.

Boxing
* Francisco Guilledo – Commonly known as "Pancho Villa", was a Filipino professional boxer to become the first Asian to win the World Flyweight Championship in 1923, earning the reputation in some quarters as one of the greatest Flyweight boxers in history.
* Donnie Nietes – Filipino professional boxer. He is a world champion in four weight-classes, having previously held the WBO mini-flyweight title from 2007 to 2011; the WBO and The Ring magazine junior-flyweight titles between 2011 and 2016; IBF flyweight title from 2017 to 2018; and the WBO junior-bantamweight title from 2018 to 2019. He is the longest-reigning Filipino boxing world champion. He was one of the first three Asian fighters with world titles in at least four weight classes alongside fellow Filipinos Manny Pacquiao and Nonito Donaire.
* Gerry Peñalosa – Filipino former professional boxer who competed from 1989 to 2010. He is a two-weight world champion, having held the WBC and lineal super flyweight titles from 1997 to 1998, and the WBO bantamweight title from 2007 to 2009.
*Dodie Boy Peñalosa – Filipino former professional boxer who won the IBF light flyweight and flyweight titles.
* Onyok Velasco – former Filipino boxer, comedian and occasional actor. Competing in the 48 kg category he won a gold medal at the 1994 Asian Games and a silver at the 1996 Summer Olympics
* Roel Velasco – is a retired boxer from the Philippines. He competed in the light flyweight (– 48 kg) division during the late 1980s, early 1990s. He won bronze medal during at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

Football
* Manuel Amechazurra – Spanish footballer and the first Negrense to play in the European football circuit; called "El Capitán" and played as a defender from 1905 to 1915 for FC Barcelona.
* Joshua Beloya – Member of Kaya F.C. in the United Football League. Former member of the Philippines national under-23 football team
* Robert Cañedo – Member of Green Archers United in the United Football League.
* Ali Go – Current head coach of Ceres-La Salle F.C. in the United Football League. Former member of the Philippines national football team.
* Marlon Maro – Head coach of the Philippines national under-23 football team.
* Tating Pasilan – Member of Green Archers United in the United Football League. Former member of the Philippines national football team.
* Marlon Piñero –
* Eduard Sacapaño – Goalkeeper of Ceres-La Salle F.C. in the United Football League. Former member of the Philippine national football team or the Philippine Azkals.

Others

* Ramón Bagatsing, mayor of Manila
* Guillermo Capadocia, politician turned Huk leader
* Neri Colmenares, lawyer
* Monsour del Rosario, martial artist
* Rolly Dizon, educator
* , lawyer
* Peque Gallaga, filmmaker
* Ramil Gallego, professional pool player
* Charlene Gonzales, actress and beauty queen
* Romeo Intengan, surgeon and Jesuit priest
* Papa Isio, revolutionary leader
* Mark Javier, professional archer
* León Kilat, revolutionary leader
* Arsenio Lacson, mayor of Manila
* Angel Locsín, actress
* Teodoro López Locsín, journalist and politician
* Francis Magalona, rapper
* Sonny Matula, lawyer
* A. J. Pérez, actor
*José E. Romero, politician and diplomat
* Eddie Romero, National Artist for Film
* Susan Roces, actress
* Marestella Sunang, long jumper
* Jorge Vargas, mayor of Manila
* Christian Vásquez, actor
* Migz Zubiri, politician

Notable people of Negrense descent

Below is a list of people of Negrense parentage or upbringing.

* Jose Mari Chan
* Ginger Conejero
* Joe Devance
* Mark Hartmann
* Jaya
* Elmo Magalona
* Maxene Magalona
* Bamboo Mañalac
* Raimund Marasigan
* Diomedes Maturan
* Mar Roxas
* Lea Salonga
* Martin Steuble

See also

* Balay Negrense
* Negros Museum
* Negros Trade Fair

References

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