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The Swampy Cree people, also known by their autonyms ''Néhinaw'', ''Maskiki Wi Iniwak'', ''Mushkekowuk,'' ''Maškékowak, Maskegon'' or ''Maskekon'' (and therefore also ''Muskegon'' and ''Muskegoes'') or by exonyms including ''West Main Cree,'' ''Lowland Cree'', and ''Homeguard Cree'', are a division of the
Cree The Cree, or nehinaw (, ), are a Indigenous peoples of the Americas, North American Indigenous people, numbering more than 350,000 in Canada, where they form one of the country's largest First Nations in Canada, First Nations. They live prim ...
Nation occupying lands located in northern
Manitoba Manitoba is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada at the Centre of Canada, longitudinal centre of the country. It is Canada's Population of Canada by province and territory, fifth-most populous province, with a population ...
, along the
Saskatchewan River The Saskatchewan River (Cree: , "swift flowing river") is a major river in Canada. It stretches about from where it is formed by the joining of the North Saskatchewan River and South Saskatchewan River just east of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan ...
in northeastern
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province in Western Canada. It is bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, to the northeast by Nunavut, and to the south by the ...
, along the shores of
Hudson Bay Hudson Bay, sometimes called Hudson's Bay (usually historically), is a large body of Saline water, saltwater in northeastern Canada with a surface area of . It is located north of Ontario, west of Quebec, northeast of Manitoba, and southeast o ...
and adjoining interior lands south and west as well as territories along the shores of Hudson and
James Bay James Bay (, ; ) is a large body of water located on the southern end of Hudson Bay in Canada. It borders the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and is politically part of Nunavut. Its largest island is Akimiski Island. Numerous waterways of the ...
in
Ontario Ontario is the southernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Located in Central Canada, Ontario is the Population of Canada by province and territory, country's most populous province. As of the 2021 Canadian census, it ...
. They are geographically and to some extent culturally split into two main groupings, and therefore speak two dialects of the
Swampy Cree language Swampy Cree (variously known as Maskekon, Maskegon and Omaškêkowak, and often anglicized as Omushkego) is a variety of the Algonquian language, Cree. It is spoken in a series of Swampy Cree communities in northern Manitoba, central northeast ...
, which is an "n-dialect": * Western Swampy Cree called themselves: ''Mushkego'', ''Mushkegowuk'' (or ''Maškēkowak''), also called ''Lowland (Half-Homeguard) Cree'', speak the western dialect of the Swampy Cree language, while the ''s''/''š'' distinction is kept in the eastern dialect, the western dialect have merged both into ''s'' * Eastern Swampy Cree / Western James Bay Cree called themselves: ''Omaškêkowak'', ''Omushkego'', ''Omushkegowak'', together with the
Moose Cree Moose Cree (Cree: ''Mōsonī'' or ''Ililiw''), also known as Moosonee (Monsoni), and together with Eastern Swampy Cree, also known as Central Cree, West James Bay Cree or West Main Cree. They speak the l-dialect of the Cree language. The Moose C ...
also called ''Lowland Cree, Lowland (Homeguard) Cree, West Main Cree, James Bay Mushkego'', because they were living along the western shores of the Hudson and James Bay they were oft also known as ''Western James Bay Cree'', reflecting their position in contrast to the ''(Eastern) James Bay Cree'', speak the eastern dialect of the Swampy Cree language, which kept the ''s''/''š'' distinction


European contact

In Manitoba, The Swampy Cree's first recorded contact with Europeans was in 1682 at the mouth of the
Nelson Nelson may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Nelson'' (1918 film), a historical film directed by Maurice Elvey * ''Nelson'' (1926 film), a historical film directed by Walter Summers * ''Nelson'' (opera), an opera by Lennox Berkeley to a lib ...
and Hayes rivers in northern Manitoba by a
Hudson's Bay Company The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), originally the Governor and Company of Adventurers of England Trading Into Hudson’s Bay, is a Canadian holding company of department stores, and the oldest corporation in North America. It was the owner of the ...
party travelling about inland. In Ontario, contact with the Swampy Cree (Omuskegowuk) is in the early 1600s with Henry Hudson's arrival into James Bay.


First Nations

Historically, the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum were classified by their relationship to Hudson Bay and James Bay: Lowland (Homeguard) Cree who were found along the coast, Lowland (Half-Homeguard) Cree who seasonally transitioned between the coast and the interior, and the Upland Cree in the deep interior who often were intermixed with the
Ojibwe The Ojibwe (; Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics, syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains, n ...
. West of these Lowland and Upland Cree were the Woodland and Plains Cree. Linguistically, the Cree are divided by their general language features, where the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum are classified as "th-Cree", "n-Cree" and "l-Cree", from west to east; Cree traditionally associated with the
Woodland Cree The ''Sakāwithiniwak'' or Woodland Cree, are a Cree people, calling themselves Nîhithaw in their own dialect of the language. They are the largest indigenous group in northern Alberta and are an Algonquian people. Prior to the 18th century, ...
make no distinction between "s" and "š", while the Lowland and Upland Cree do. Today, together with the "n-Cree" dialect-speaking Woodland Cree, those who live in the Lowlands and Uplands who speak the "n-Cree" dialect are called "Swampy Cree", but culturally
Moose Cree Moose Cree (Cree: ''Mōsonī'' or ''Ililiw''), also known as Moosonee (Monsoni), and together with Eastern Swampy Cree, also known as Central Cree, West James Bay Cree or West Main Cree. They speak the l-dialect of the Cree language. The Moose C ...
(the Cree speaking the "l-dialect")Honigmann, p. 218 and other peoples of the Upland including the
Oji-Cree The Anisininew or Oji-Cree are a First Nation in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, residing in a band extending from the Missinaibi River region in Northeastern Ontario at the east to Lake Winnipeg at the west. The Oji-Cree pe ...
occasionally self-identify as being "Swampy Cree". :West Swampy Cree * Winnipeg Cree (historical) **
Chemawawin Cree Nation The Chemawawin Cree Nation ()Ogg, Arden (August 19 2015) Cree Names of Cree-speaking Communities across CanadLink/ref> is a First Nations community located in the lower region of northern Manitoba, Canada, next to the community of Easterville. T ...
Rhodes, Richard and Evelyn Todd, 1981, p. 53, p. Fig. 1Swampy Cree Tribal Council Incorporated
/ref> (also Rocky Cree) ** Cumberland House Cree Nation **
Fisher River Cree Nation Fisher River () is a Cree First Nations reserve located approximately 193 km north of Manitoba's capital city, Winnipeg. The Fisher River Cree Nation is composed of two reserves; Fisher River 44 and Fisher River 44A. The reserve population is ...
**
Fort Severn First Nation Fort Severn First Nation () is a Western Swampy Cree First Nation band government located on the Severn River near Hudson Bay. It is the northernmost community in Ontario, Canada. In 2001, the population was 401, consisting of 90 families ...
**
Fox Lake Cree Nation Fox Lake Cree Nation () (formerly Gillam Band) is a First Nations band government whose reserve is located in Fox Lake, Bird, Manitoba, Canada. The Fox Lake Training Centre, offers courses and programs delivered by the University College of th ...
**
Marcel Colomb First Nation Marcel Colomb First Nation (MCFN) (), Band #328, is a First Nations Band of approximately 449 Registered Swampy Cree (Maškēkowak / nēhinawak) and Rocky Cree (Asinīskāwiyiniwak) located in the area of Lynn Lake, Manitoba, Canada. Marcel Col ...
(also Rocky Cree) **
Mathias Colomb First Nation The Mathias Colomb Cree Nation (MCCN) () —also known as Mathias Colomb First Nation, Mathias Colomb (Cree) First Nation, and Pukatawagan/Mathias Colomb Cree Nation—is a remote First Nations community in northern Manitoba, located north of ...
(also Rocky Cree) **
Misipawistik Cree Nation Misipawistik Cree Nation (MCN; formerly Grand Rapids First Nation, Cree: ᒥᓯ ᐹᐏᐢᑎᐠ misi-pâwistik, ''meaning: at the big rapids'') is a Cree community in northern Manitoba. ''Misipawistik'' in the local Cree language means 'Rushing Ra ...
**
Mosakahiken Cree Nation The Mosakahiken Cree Nation (Cree: ᒨᓵᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ môsâkahikan)Ogg, Arden (August 19 2015) Cree Names of Cree-speaking Communities across CanadLink/ref> is a First Nations located around the community of Moose Lake in northern Manitoba ...
**
Opaskwayak Cree Nation The Opaskwayak Cree Nation (; OCN, Cree: ) is a First Nations band government located in Manitoba, Canada. The main OCN reserve is regarded as one of three distinct communities that comprise "The Pas area" in northern Manitoba, with the two othe ...
**
Red Earth First Nation Red Earth Cree Nation ( ''kâ-mihkwaskîwakâhk'') is a Cree community in Saskatchewan, Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic ...
**
Sapotaweyak Cree Nation The Sapotaweyak Cree Nation (SCN, is a First Nations band government whose reserves are located in northern Manitoba, north-east of Swan River, approximately 400 kilometres northwest of Winnipeg. The community is mainly Cree, but has a mixt ...
(also Plains Cree and Saulteaux) ** Shamattawa Cree Nation **
Shoal Lake Cree Nation The Shoal Lake Cree Nation ( ''pâhkwâw-sâkahikanihk'') is a Swampy Cree First Nations band government in Saskatchewan, Canada located east of Nipawin. The Cree First Nation is on the Carrot River and can be accessed by Highway 55. Nearby ...
**
Tataskweyak Cree Nation The Tataskweyak Cree Nation () (Formerly known as ''Split Lake Cree First Nation'' in English) is a First Nations band government whose primary community is located at Split Lake, Manitoba, on the Nelson River system. Despite its remote location, ...
** War Lake First Nation **
Wuskwi Sipihk First Nation Wuskwi Sipihk First Nation (Cree ᐘᐢᑿᐩ ᓰᐲᕽ waskway-sîpîhk, ''meaning: at the Birch River'') is a Swampy Cree First Nations band government whose reserve community is located northeast Birch River, Manitoba, along the western shores o ...
** York Factory First Nation :East Swampy Cree *Albany River Cree (historical) **
Fort Albany First Nation Fort Albany First Nation ( , "lagoon Cree") is a Cree First Nations in Canada, First Nation in Cochrane District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada, within the territory covered by Treaty 9. Situated on the southern shore of the Albany River on th ...
Lovisek, 1999, "
Moose Cree Moose Cree (Cree: ''Mōsonī'' or ''Ililiw''), also known as Moosonee (Monsoni), and together with Eastern Swampy Cree, also known as Central Cree, West James Bay Cree or West Main Cree. They speak the l-dialect of the Cree language. The Moose C ...
" pp. 41–42. (also
Ojibwe The Ojibwe (; Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics, syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains, n ...
) **
Kashechewan First Nation Kashechewan First Nation, locally known as Kash, is a Cree First Nation located on the northern shore of the Albany River in Northern Ontario, Canada, within territory covered by Treaty 9. The community is located on the west coast of James Bay ...
(also
Moose Cree Moose Cree (Cree: ''Mōsonī'' or ''Ililiw''), also known as Moosonee (Monsoni), and together with Eastern Swampy Cree, also known as Central Cree, West James Bay Cree or West Main Cree. They speak the l-dialect of the Cree language. The Moose C ...
Ellis, C. D., 1995, p. xiv) *Attawapiskat River Cree (historical) **
Attawapiskat First Nation The Attawapiskat First Nation ( Cree: , "People of the parting of the rocks"; unpointed: ) is an isolated First Nations in Canada, First Nation located in Kenora District in northern Ontario, Canada, at the mouth of the Attawapiskat River on J ...
Mushkegowuk Council
/ref> * Mattagami River Cree (historical) **
Flying Post First Nation Flying Post First Nation is an Ojibway and Cree The Cree, or nehinaw (, ), are a Indigenous peoples of the Americas, North American Indigenous people, numbering more than 350,000 in Canada, where they form one of the country's largest Firs ...
(also
Ojibwe The Ojibwe (; Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics, syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains, n ...
) * Nipigon Cree (historical) * Severn River Cree (historical) **(see also
Oji-Cree The Anisininew or Oji-Cree are a First Nation in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, residing in a band extending from the Missinaibi River region in Northeastern Ontario at the east to Lake Winnipeg at the west. The Oji-Cree pe ...
) * Winisk River Cree (historical) ** Weenusk First Nation **(see also
Oji-Cree The Anisininew or Oji-Cree are a First Nation in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, residing in a band extending from the Missinaibi River region in Northeastern Ontario at the east to Lake Winnipeg at the west. The Oji-Cree pe ...
) :
Moose Cree Moose Cree (Cree: ''Mōsonī'' or ''Ililiw''), also known as Moosonee (Monsoni), and together with Eastern Swampy Cree, also known as Central Cree, West James Bay Cree or West Main Cree. They speak the l-dialect of the Cree language. The Moose C ...
* Abitibi River Cree (historical) **
Abitibiwinni First Nation The Abitibiwinni First Nation () is an Algonquian First Nation in the Canadian province of Quebec Quebec is Canada's List of Canadian provinces and territories by area, largest province by area. Located in Central Canada, the province s ...
(also
Algonquin Algonquin or Algonquian—and the variation Algonki(a)n—may refer to: Languages and peoples *Algonquian languages, a large subfamily of Native American languages in a wide swath of eastern North America from Canada to Virginia **Algonquin la ...
and
Ojibwe The Ojibwe (; Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics, syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains, n ...
) **
Wahgoshig First Nation Apitipi Anicinapek Nation, formerly known as Wahgoshig First Nation, is an Algonquin Anicinape community, located near Matheson, Ontario, Matheson in Cochrane District, Ontario, Cochrane District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. In January 2008, ...
(also
Algonquin Algonquin or Algonquian—and the variation Algonki(a)n—may refer to: Languages and peoples *Algonquian languages, a large subfamily of Native American languages in a wide swath of eastern North America from Canada to Virginia **Algonquin la ...
and
Ojibwe The Ojibwe (; Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics, syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains, n ...
) * Moose River Cree (historical) **
Brunswick House First Nation Brunswick House First Nation is an Ojibway-Cree First Nations in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in the Sudbury District, northeast of Sault Ste Marie, Ontario. The First Nation have reserved for themselves the Mountbatten 76A India ...
Lovisek, 1999, "Western Woodland Cree" pp. 43–44. (also
Ojibwe The Ojibwe (; Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics, syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains, n ...
) **
Chapleau Cree First Nation Chapleau Cree First Nation (, ''šaplo ininiwak'') is a Mushkegowuk Cree First Nation located by Chapleau Township, Sudbury District, Ontario, Canada. The First Nation have reserved for themselves the Chapleau 75 Indian Reserve and the Cha ...
**
Constance Lake First Nation Constance Lake First Nation () is an Oji-Cree First Nations band government located on the shores of Constance Lake near Hearst, Cochrane District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is directly north of the community of Calstock along a conti ...
(also
Oji-Cree The Anisininew or Oji-Cree are a First Nation in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, residing in a band extending from the Missinaibi River region in Northeastern Ontario at the east to Lake Winnipeg at the west. The Oji-Cree pe ...
and
Ojibwe The Ojibwe (; Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics, syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains, n ...
) **
Kashechewan First Nation Kashechewan First Nation, locally known as Kash, is a Cree First Nation located on the northern shore of the Albany River in Northern Ontario, Canada, within territory covered by Treaty 9. The community is located on the west coast of James Bay ...
(also Swampy Cree) **
Matachewan First Nation Matachewan First Nation is an Ojibway First Nation reserve located in the Timiskaming District of Ontario, Canada. The First Nations people of the Matachewan area signed onto Treaty 9 in 1905. As of August, 2024, they had a total registered pop ...
(also
Ojibwe The Ojibwe (; Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics, syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains, n ...
) **
Missanabie Cree First Nation Missanabie Cree First Nation () is a "Treaty 9" Nation. The nation is named after Missinaibi River and Lake, around which the traditional territory of the nation is located. The name "Missanabie" means "Pictured Water", referring to pictographs fo ...
(also
Ojibwe The Ojibwe (; Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics, syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains, n ...
) **
Moose Cree First Nation The Moose Cree First Nation (formerly known as Moose Factory Band of Indians) () is a Cree First Nations in Canada, First Nation band government in northern Ontario, Canada. Their traditional territory is on the west side of James Bay. The nation ...
**
Taykwa Tagamou Nation Taykwa Tagamou Nation (, formerly known as New Post First Nation, is a Cree First Nations band government whose reserve community is located in the Cochrane District in Ontario, Canada, along the Abitibi River. As of March, 2012, they had a total ...
* Lake Nipigon Cree (historical) * Piscotagami River Cree (historical) * Rainy Lake Cree (historical) *
Mishkeegogamang First Nation Mishkeegogamang First Nation is an Ojibway band government ( First Nation) in the Canadian province of Ontario. Until 1993, the band was called the Osnaburgh First Nation, with various settlements at times being called New Osnaburgh, Osnaburgh Ho ...
(also
Cree The Cree, or nehinaw (, ), are a Indigenous peoples of the Americas, North American Indigenous people, numbering more than 350,000 in Canada, where they form one of the country's largest First Nations in Canada, First Nations. They live prim ...
,
Ojibwe The Ojibwe (; Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics, syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains, n ...
)


Ethnonyms

:Reflecting either
Swampy Cree The Swampy Cree people, also known by their Exonym and endonym, autonyms ''Néhinaw'', ''Maskiki Wi Iniwak'', ''Mushkekowuk,'' ''Maškékowak, Maskegon'' or ''Maskekon'' (and therefore also ''Muskegon'' and ''Muskegoes'') or by exonyms includin ...
''(O)maškêko(wak)'' "Swampy(-ies)", or
Odawa The Odawa (also Ottawa or Odaawaa ) are an Indigenous North American people who primarily inhabit land in the Eastern Woodlands region, now in jurisdictions of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Their territory long prec ...
''(O)mashkiigo(wag)'' "Swampy(-ies)" *Mashkégous.—Petitot in Can. Rec. Sci., I, 48, 1884. *Maskègowuk.—Hutchins (1770) quoted by Richardson, Arct. Exped. II, 37, 1851. *Masquikoukiaks.—Prise de Possession (1671) in Perrot, Mémoire, 293, 1864. *Masquikoukioeks.—Prise de Possession (1671) in Margry, Déc., I, 97, 1875. *Meskigouk.—Long, Exped. St Peter's R., II, 151, 1824. *Mis-Keegoes.—Ross, Fur Hunters, II, 220, 1855. *Muskeg.--Hind. Red R. Exped., I, 112, 1860. *Muskeggouck.—West, Jour., 19, 1824. *Muskegoe.—Tanner, Narr., 45 1830. *Muskegoag.—Tanner, Narr., 315 1830. *Muskegons.—Galatin "A Synopsis of the Indian Tribes in North America", in ''Archæologia Americana : Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society'', II, 24, 1836. *Muskigos.—Maximillian, Trav., II, 28, 1841. *Musk-keeg-oes.—Warren (1852) in ''Minnesota Historical Society Collections'', V, 45, 1885. *Mustegans.—Hind, Labrador Penin., II, 16, 1863. *Mashkegons.—Belcourt (ca. 1850) in ''Minnesota Historical Society Collections'', I, 227, 1872. *Maskigoes.—Schoolcraft, ''Indian Tribes'', II, 36, 1852. *Muscagoes.—Harmon, Jour., 84, 1820. *Mus-conogee.—Schermerhorn (1812) in ''Massachusetts Historical Society Collections'', 2d s., II, 11, 1814. *Muscononges.—Pike, Exped., app. to pt. 1, 64, 1810. *Muskeags.—Schoolcraft. ''Indian Tribes'', VI, 33, 1857. *Muskagoes.—Harmon (1801) quoted by Jones, Ojebway Inds., 166, 1861. *Mus-ka-go-wuk.—Morgan. ''Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family'', 287, 1871. :Reflecting
Swampy Cree The Swampy Cree people, also known by their Exonym and endonym, autonyms ''Néhinaw'', ''Maskiki Wi Iniwak'', ''Mushkekowuk,'' ''Maškékowak, Maskegon'' or ''Maskekon'' (and therefore also ''Muskegon'' and ''Muskegoes'') or by exonyms includin ...
''(O)maškêko-ininiw(ak)'' "Swamp People" *Mashkegonhyrinis.—Bacquerville de la Potherie, Hist. Am, I, 168, 1783. *Maskigonehirinis.—Dobbs, Hudson Bay, 25, 1744. *Miskogonhirinis.—Dobbs, Hudson Bay, 23, 1744. :Reflecting
Ojibwe The Ojibwe (; Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics, syll.: ᐅᒋᐺ; plural: ''Ojibweg'' ᐅᒋᐺᒃ) are an Anishinaabe people whose homeland (''Ojibwewaki'' ᐅᒋᐺᐘᑭ) covers much of the Great Lakes region and the Great Plains, n ...
''(O)mashkiigoo(g)'' "Swampy(-ies)" *Muskeegoo.—Jones, Ojebway Inds., 178, 1861. *Muskego Ojibways.—Warren (1852) in ''Minnesota Historical Society Collections'', V, 378, 1885. *Muskegoo.—''Canada. Department of Indian Affairs'' (common form). *Omaskekok.—Belcourt (ca. 1850) in ''Minnesota Historical Society Collections'', I, 227-8, 1885. *Omush-ke-goag.—Warren (1852) in ''Minnesota Historical Society Collections'', V, 33, 1885. *Omushke-goes.—Warren (1852) in ''Minnesota Historical Society Collections'', V, 85, 1885. :Reflecting a translation *Cree of the lowlands.—Morgan, ''Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family'', 287, 1871. *People of the Lowlands.—Morgan, ''Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family'', 287, 1871. *Savannas.—Chauvignerie (1836) in ''New York Documents of Colonial History'', IX, 1054, 1855. *Savanois.—Charlevoix, Nouv.Fr., 277, 1744. *Swampee.—Reid in Jour. Anthrop. Inst of G. Br., VII, 107, 1874. *Swampies.—M'Lean, Hudson Bay, II, 19, 1824. *Swampy Crees.—Franklin, Journ. to Polar Sea, 38, 1824. **Swampy Creek Indians.—Hind, Labrador Penin., I, 8, 1863 (for 'Swampy Cree Indians'). *Swampy Krees.—Keane in Stanford, Compend., 536, 1878. *Swampys.—Hind, Labrador Penin., I, 323, 1863. :Other *Big-Heads.—Donnelly in ''Canada. Department of Indian Affairs, Annual Report for 1883'', pt. 1, 10, 1884. *Coast Crees.—Back, Arct. Land Exped., app., 194, 1836. *Waub-ose.—Warren (1852) in ''Minnesota Historical Society Collections'', V, 86, 1885 (''Waabooz'' ('rabbit'): Ojibwe name, referring to their peaceful character; applied also to the Bois Forte Band).


Notes


References

*Ellis, Clarence Douglas. 1995. ''âtalôhkâna nêsta tipâcimôwina: Cree legends and narratives from the West Coast of James Bay.'' Text and translation. Edited and with a glossary by C. Douglas Ellis. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. *Honigmann, John J. 1981. �
West Main Cree
” in June Helm, ed., ''The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6. Subarctic,'' pp. 217–230. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution. *Lovisek, Joan A. 1999. "Aboriginals: Algonquians/Subarctic." Paul R. Magocsi, ed., ''Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples''; 36–47. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario. *Lytwyn, Victor P. 2002. ''Muskekowuck Athinuwick: Original People of the Great Swampy Land''. *Pritzker, Barry. 1998. "Cree" in ''Native Americans: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Peoples, Volume 1'' pp. 709–715 *Rhodes, Richard and Evelyn Todd. 1981. “Subarctic Algonquian languages.” in June Helm, ed., ''The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6. Subarctic,'' pp. 52–66. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.


External links


Mushkegowuk CouncilSwampy Cree Tribal Council
{{authority control First Nations in Manitoba Cree First Nations in Ontario