Musa (genus)

''Musa'' is one of three genera in the family Musaceae. The genus includes 83 species of flowering plants producing edible bananas and plantains, and fiber (abacá), used to make paper and cloth. Though they grow as high as trees, banana and plantain plants are not woody and their apparent "stem" is made up of the bases of the huge leaf stalks. Thus, they are technically gigantic herbaceous plants.

Description

Banana plants are among the largest extant herbaceous plants, some reaching up to in height or in the case of '' Musa ingens''. The large herb is composed of a modified underground stem (rhizome), a false trunk or pseudostem formed by the basal parts of tightly rolled leaves, a network of roots, and a large flower spike. A single leaf is divided into a leaf sheath, a contracted part called a petiole, and a terminal leaf blade. The false trunk is an aggregation of leaf sheaths; only when the plant is ready to flower does a true stem grow up through the sheath and droop back down. At the end of this stem, a peduncle forms (with ''M. ingens'' having the second-longest peduncle known, exceeded only by '' Agave salmiana''), bearing many female flowers protected by large purple-red bracts. The extension of the stem (the rachis) continues growth downward, where terminal male flowers grow. The leaves originate from a pseudostem and unroll to show a leaf blade with two lamina halves.Rouard, Mathieu, et al. “Morphology of Banana Plant.” The Banana Knowledge Platform of the ProMusa Network, Feb. 2019, www.promusa.org/Morphology+of+banana+plant. The lamina can be as much as long in the case of ''M. acuminata'' subsp. ''truncata'' (syn. ''M. truncata'') of the Malay Peninsula). ''Musa'' species reproduce by both sexual (seed) and asexual (suckers) processes, using asexual means when producing sterile (unseeded) fruits. Further qualities to distinguish ''Musa'' include spirally arranged leaves, fruits as berries, the presence of latex-producing cells, flowers with five connate tepals and one member of the inner whorl distinct, and a petiole with one row of air channels.

Bananas have a green skin when unripe. While plantains remain green all the way, many varieties change their skin to a yellow, orange or reddish colour as they ripen.

Taxonomy

History

Pliny the Elder used the name ''ariena'' for the fruit of a tree found in India. It has been speculated that this might have been the banana, although Pliny says that a single fruit was sufficient to satisfy four persons.

During the late Middle Ages, international trade brought bananas to Europe, which created the need for a name. In the 11th century, Medieval Latin innovated a term ''musa'': this was most likelySome sources assert that ''Musa'' is named for Antonius Musa, physician to the Emperor Augustus: see . Pp. 2076–9. the latinization of the Arabic name for the fruit, ''mauz'' (موز). Thus, the 11th-century Arabic encyclopedia ''The Canon of Medicine'', which was translated to Latin in medieval times and well known in Europe, shows a correspondence between Arabic ''mauz'' and Latin ''musa''. ''Muz'' is also the Turkish, Persian, and Somali name for the fruit.

According to linguist Mark Donohue and archaeologist Tim Denham, the ultimate origin of the Latinized form ''musa'' is in the Trans–New Guinea languages, where certain cultivars of bananas are known under a form *''muku''. From there, the term was borrowed into the Austronesian languages of the area, and migrated across Asia, via the Dravidian languages of India, into Persian, Greek, and Arabic as a ''Wanderwort'':

:

The late Latin term ''musa'' was later chosen by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, as the name for the genus.

From the time of Linnaeus until the 1940s, different types of edible bananas and plantains were given Linnaean binomial names, such as ''Musa cavendishii'', as if they were species. In fact, edible bananas have an extremely complicated origin involving hybridization, mutation, and finally selection by humans. Most edible bananas are seedless ( parthenocarpic), hence sterile, so they are propagated vegetatively. The giving of species names to what are actually very complex, largely asexual, hybrids (mostly of two species of wild bananas, ''Musa acuminata'' and ''Musa balbisiana'') led to endless confusion in banana botany. In the 1940s and 1950s, it became clear to botanists that the cultivated bananas and plantains could not usefully be assigned Linnean binomials, but were better given cultivar names.

As for the word ''banana'', it came to English from Spanish and Portuguese, which had apparently obtained it from a West African language, possibly Wolof (Senegal).

Sections

''Musa'' sections have a history dating back to 1887, when M.P. Sagot published "Sur le genre Bananier", where the genus ''Musa'' was first formally classified. In this article, Sagot arranged the ''Musa'' species into three groups, although no section names were assigned to them. The grouping was based on morphological traits, establishing the trio as bananas with fleshy fruit, ornamental bananas with upright inflorescences and bracts that were vibrantly colored, and bananas that were giant in size.

Five years after Sagot's article, J.G. Baker made the first formal designation of ''Musa'' sections. To do so, he named three subgenera that almost paralleled the sections that had been described by Sagot. These sections were:
* ''M''. subg. ''Physocaulis'' Baker – defined by a bract with many flowers, inedible fruits, and a bottle-shaped stem
* ''M.'' subg. ''Rhodochlamys'' Baker – defined by brightly colored bracts with few flowers, usually inedible fruits, and cylindrical stems
* ''M.'' subg. ''Eumusa'' Baker – defined by green, brown, or dull-violet bracts with many flowers, usually edible fruits, and cylindrical stems.

After this classification, in 1947, Cheeseman reclassified the taxa based on morphological features and chromosome number. This project proposed four sections:
* ''M''. sect. ''Eumusa'' Cheesman (2n = 2x = 22)
* ''M''. sect. ''Rhodochlamys'' (Baker) Cheesman (2n = 2x = 22)
* ''M''. sect. ''Australimusa'' Cheesman (2n = 2x = 20)
* ''M.'' sect. ''Callimusa'' Cheesman (2n = 2x = 20)

The addition of another ''Musa'' section came in 1976 by G.C.G. Ardent. The added section, ''M''. sect. ''Ingentimusa'', Ardent was based on a single species, ''Musa ingens''. This designation put the number of sections in ''Musa'' at five: ''Eumusa'', ''Rhodochlamys'', ''Callimusa'', ''Australimusa'', and ''Ingentimusa''.

In the 21st century, genomics have become cheaper, more efficient, and more accurate, and ''Musa'' genetic research has increased exponentially. Research was conducted around a diversity of genomic markers (cpDNA, nrDNA, rDNA, introns, various spacers, etc.). The results of many of these studies suggested that the five sections of ''Musa'' defined by morphology (and listed above) were not monophyletic.

Based on the incorrect section grouping, Markku Häkkinen proposed another reclassification of the ''Musa'' sections in 2013. Using a multitude of genetic evidence and markers from other studies, Häkkinen suggested the reduction of five ''Musa'' sections into two: ''Musa'' and ''Callimusa''. Unlike sectional classifications of the past, this hypothesis was based on genetic markers rather than morphological features or chromosome number. The two groups were generally formed by the clustering of the previously defined groups:
*''Musa'' sect. ''Rhotochlamys'' and ''M''. sect. ''Eumusa''  became ''M.'' sect. ''Musa''
*''M''. sect. ''Ingetimusa'', ''M''. sect. ''Callimusa'' and ''M''. sect. ''Australimusa'' became ''M''. sect. ''Callimusa''

The advance of genomic analysis technologies and further data on the relatedness of ''Musa'' species, formulated Häkkinen's two sections and later corroborated them as correct subcategories for the genus. The history of ''Musa'' sections provides an example of genomics superseding morphological evidence and thus classifications.

Species

The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts 68 species and two primary hybrids, , which are listed below. The assignment to sections is based on GRIN (where this gives the species), regrouped according to Wong et al.

Section ''Callimusa'' (incorporating ''Australimusa'')

and indicate known placement in the former sections ''Australimusa'' and ''Callimusa'', respectively.
* ''M.'' × ''alinsanaya'' R.V.Valmayor * ''M. azizii'' Häkkinen
* ''M. barioensis'' Häkkinen
* ''M. bauensis'' Häkkinen & Meekiong !-- Systematics and Biodiversity 2 (2): 169-173 -->
* ''M. beccarii'' N.W.Simmonds ref group=Note name=Note2/>
* ''M. boman'' Argent * ''M. borneensis'' Becc. * ''M. bukensis'' Argent
* ''M. campestris'' Becc. * ''M. coccinea'' Andrews – scarlet banana
* ''M. exotica'' R.V.Valmayor * ''M. fitzalanii'' F.Muell. – extinct
* ''M. gracilis'' Holttum * ''M. hirta'' Becc. * ''M. insularimontana'' Hayata * ''M. jackeyi'' W.Hill * ''M. johnsii'' Argent * ''M. juwiniana'' Meekiong, Ipor & Tawan * ''M. lawitiensis'' Nasution & Supard. * ''M. lokok'' Geri & Ng
* ''M. lolodensis'' Cheesman * ''M. maclayi'' F.Muell. ex Mikl.-Maclay * ''M. monticola'' M.Hotta ex Argent * ''M. muluensis'' M.Hotta * ''M. paracoccinea'' A.Z.Liu & D.Z.Li * ''M. peekelii'' Lauterb. * ''M. salaccensis'' Zoll. ex Backer * ''M. textilis'' Née – abacá
* ''M.'' × ''troglodytarum'' L. – the cultivated Fe'i bananas
* ''M. tuberculata'' M.Hotta ** ''M. violascens'' Ridl. * ''M. viridis'' R.V.Valmayor et al.
* ''M. voonii'' Häkkinen

Section ''Ingentimusa''

* ''M. ingens'' N.W.Simmonds

Section ''Musa'' (incorporating ''Rhodochlamys'')

* ''M. acuminata'' Colla – wild seeded banana, one of the two main ancestors of modern edible banana cultivars
** ''M. acuminata'' subsp. ''zebrina'' ''M. sumatrana''/small> – blood banana
* ''M. aurantiaca'' G.Mann ex Baker
* ''M. balbisiana'' Colla – wild seeded banana, one of the two main ancestors of modern edible banana cultivars
* ''M. banksii'' F.Muell.
* ''M. basjoo'' Siebold & Zucc. ex Iinuma – Japanese fiber banana, hardy banana
* ''M. cheesmanii'' N.W.Simmonds
* ''M. chunii'' Häkkinen
* ''M. griersonii'' Noltie
* ''M. itinerans'' Cheesman
* ''M. mannii'' H.Wendl. ex Baker
* ''M. nagensium'' Prain
* ''M. ochracea'' K.Sheph.
* ''M. ornata'' Roxb.
* ''Musa'' × ''paradisiaca'' L. = ''M. acuminata'' × ''M. balbisiana'' – many of the cultivated edible bananas
* ''M. rosea'' Baker
* ''M. rubinea'' Häkkinen & C.H.Teo
* ''M. rubra'' Wall. ex Kurz (syn. ''Musa laterita'' Cheesman)
* ''M. sanguinea'' Hook.f.
* ''M. schizocarpa'' N.W.Simmonds
* ''M. siamensis'' Häkkinen & Rich.H.Wallace
* ''M. sikkimensis'' Kurz
* ''M. thomsonii'' (King ex Baker) A.M.Cowan & Cowan
* ''M. velutina'' H.Wendl. & Drude – pink banana
* ''M. yunnanensis'' Häkkinen & H.Wang – Yunnan banana, wild forest banana
* ''M. zaifui'' Häkkinen & H.Wang

Section undetermined or unknown

* ''M. arfakiana'' Argent
* ''M. arunachalensis'' A.Joe, Sreejith & M.Sabu
* ''M. celebica'' Warb. ex K.Schum.
* ''M. kattuvazhana'' K.C.Jacob
* ''M. lanceolata'' Warb. ex K.Schum.
* ''M. lutea'' R.V.Valmayor et al.
*'' M. mekongensis'' J.T.Julian & D.T.David
* ''M. sakaiana'' Meekiong et al.
* ''M. splendida'' A.Chev.
* ''M. tonkinensis'' R.V.Valmayor et al.
* ''M. yamiensis'' C.L.Yeh & J.H.Chen

Fossil species

*† ''M. cardiosperma'' Jain

Formerly placed here

*'' Ensete davyae'' (Stapf) Cheesman (as ''M. davyae'' Stapf)
*''Ensete gilletii'' (De Wild.) Cheesman (as ''M. gilletii'' De Wild. or ''M. martretiana'' A.Chev.)
*'' Ensete glaucum'' (Roxb.) Cheesman (as ''M. glauca'' Roxb.)
*'' Ensete lasiocarpum'' (Franch.) Cheesman (as ''M. lasiocarpa'' Franch.) – also placed in a separate genus as ''Musella lasiocarpa'' (Franch.) C.Y.Wu ex H.W.Li
*'' Ensete livingstoniana'' (J. Kirk) Cheesman (as ''M. livingstoniana'' J.Kirk)
*'' Ensete perrieri'' (Stapf) Cheesman (as ''M. perrieri'' Claverie)
*'' Ensete superbum'' (Roxb.) Cheesman (as ''M. superba'' Roxb.)
*''Ensete ventricosum'' (Welw.) Cheesman (as ''M. arnoldiana'' De Wild., ''M. ensete'' J.F.Gmel. or ''M. ventricosum'' (Welw.) Cheesman)
*'' Heliconia bihai'' (L.) L. (as ''M. bihai'' L.)

Distribution and habitat

The native distribution of the genus ''Musa'' includes most of the Indomalayan realm and parts of north-eastern Australasia. It has been introduced to many other parts of the world with tropical or subtropical climates.

Ecology

''Musa'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the giant leopard moth and other ''Hypercompe'' species, including '' H. albescens'' (only recorded on ''Musa''), '' H. eridanus'', and '' H. icasia''.

Cultivated bananas

A number of distinct groups of plants bearing edible fruit have been developed from species of ''Musa''. In English, fruits which are sweet and used for dessert are usually called "bananas", whereas starchier varieties used for cooking are called "plantains", but these terms do not have any botanical significance. By far the largest and now the most widely distributed group of cultivated bananas is derived from section ''Musa'', particularly and , either alone or in various hybrid combinations. The next but much smaller group is derived from members of section ''Callimusa'' (previously classified as ''Australimusa'') and is restricted in importance to Polynesia. Of even more restricted importance are small groups of hybrids from Papua New Guinea; a group from section ''Musa'' to which '' M. schizocarpa'' has also contributed, and a group of hybrids between section ''Musa'' and section ''Callimusa''.

Banana and plantains are the fourth most produced food globally surpassed only by the staple crops of rice, wheat and maize.

Properties

Plants of the ''Musa'' spp. including roots, flowers and fruits have been used in the folk medicine cultures of Africa, Asia, India and the Americas. Modern studies examining the properties of the fruits have found diversity of bioactive compounds among genotypes compared with commercially grown cultivars.

Section ''Musa'' cultivars

When the Linnaean binomial system was abandoned for cultivated bananas, an alternate genome-based system for the nomenclature of edible bananas in section ''Musa'' was devised. Thus, the plant previously known by the "species" name ''Musa cavendishii'' became ''Musa'' (AAA Group) 'Dwarf Cavendish'. The "new" name shows clearly that 'Dwarf Cavendish' is a triploid, with three sets of chromosomes, all derived from ''Musa acuminata'', which is designated by the letter "A". When ''Musa balbisiana'' is involved, the letter "B" is used to denote its genome. Thus, the cultivar 'Rajapuri' may be called ''Musa'' (AAB Group) 'Rajapuri'. 'Rajapuri' is also a triploid, expected to have two sets of chromosomes from ''Musa acuminata'' and one from ''Musa balbisiana''. In the genome of edible bananas from section ''Musa'', combinations such as AA, BB, ABB, BBB and even AAAB can be found.

Fe'i-type cultivars

No such nomenclature system has been developed for the group of edible bananas derived from section ''Callimusa''. This group is known generally as the "Fe'i" or "Fehi" bananas, and numerous cultivars are found in the South Pacific region. They are very distinctive plants with upright fruit bunches, featuring in three of Paul Gauguin's paintings. The flesh can be cooked before eating and is bright orange, with a high level of beta carotene. Fe'i bananas are no longer very important for food, as imported foods have grown in popularity, although some have ritual significance. Investigations are under way to use the Fe'i karat bananas (the name derives from "carrot" due to the intense orange-yellow color of the fruit) in prevention of childhood blindness in Pohnpei. Fe'i bananas probably derive mainly from '' Musa maclayi'', although their origins are not as well understood as the section ''Musa'' bananas. Cultivars can be formally named, as e.g. ''Musa'' (Fe'i Group) 'Utafun'.

Other uses

In addition to the edible fruits, the flowers can be eaten cooked, and the heart of the plant (like heart of palm) can be eaten raw or cooked. Additionally, the rootstocks and leaf sheaths of some species can be cooked and eaten. The leaves are used in several cultures as cooking wrappers, such as for Puerto Rican pasteles or Indonesian pepes, and for food plating. '' Musa textilis'' (abacá) is grown for fiber.

See also

*''Ensete'' – false bananas
*'' Musella lasiocarpa''
*True plantains

Notes

References

Further reading

* Hedrick, U.P. (ed.) (1919):
Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World
'. J.B. Lyon Co., Albany.
* Nelson, S.C.; Ploetz, R.C. & Kepler, A.K. (2006)
''Musa'' species (banana and plantain)

*

External links

Musapedia, page on Musa wild species

Musapedia, page on Musa sections

Musapedia, page on the diversity of banana cultivars





Musarama, banana image bank
*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Musa (Genus)

Zingiberales genera
Musaceae