Murree Formation

Murree () is a mountain resort city in the northernmost region of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Lying in the Galyat region of the Pir Panjal Range under the western Himalayas, it forms the outskirts of the Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area and is located in the northeast of the capital city, Islamabad. The town was built in the mid 19th-century and it served as the summer capital of the British Punjab, for the British troops to escape the scorching heat in the plains of Punjab during the summer.: "Murree was developed first into a sanitarium and retreat for troops, and later into a summer hill station, housing an invalid hospital, cottages for civil and military families, hotels, a brewery, and a Lawrence Memorial Asylum for the education of poor and orphaned European children." It has an average altitude of .

Construction of the town was started in 1851 on the hills of Murree as a sanatorium for British troops. The permanent town of Murree was constructed in 1853 and a church was consecrated shortly thereafter. One main road was established, commonly referred to as "Mall Road". Murree was the headquarters of the colonial Government of the Punjab Province during the 1873–1875 summer; later the summer capital was moved to Shimla.

Murree became a popular tourist station for British citizens of the British Raj. It is the birthplace of several prominent Britons including Bruce Bairnsfather, Francis Younghusband, Reginald Dyer and Joanna Kelley. During the colonial era, access to commercial establishments was restricted for non-Europeans. Such establishments included Lawrence College, Murree.

Since the independence of Pakistan in 1947, Murree has retained its position as a popular hill station, noted for its pleasant summer weather. It is located close to the Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area from where it attracts tourists. The town also serves as a transit point for tourists visiting Azad Kashmir and Abbottabad. The town is noted for its Tudorbethan and neo-gothic architecture. The Government of Pakistan owns a summer retreat in Murree, where foreign dignitaries including heads of state often visit.

History

Murree or ''Marhee'' also spelt ''Marhi'' which means high place, as it was then called, was first identified as a potential hill station by Major James Abbott in 1847. When Abbott arrived at the site he wrote:

"I was probably the first Englishman that had ever set foot upon it... I saw here for the first time the magnificent mass of Mount Maachpoora of which I had heard and dreamed so much, presenting toward the River Jelum a stupendous surface of precipice. Its summit is densely covered with cedar forests and is the resort of Jogies and alchemysts from India, who hold watch there by night expecting, by dint of certain incantations and ceremonies, to discern the spirits which alight as flames of fire upon plants profes-sing alchemical properties."Charles Allen, Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier

The town's early development was in 1851 by the president of the Punjab Administrative Board, Sir Henry Lawrence. It was originally established as a sanatorium for British troops garrisoned on the Afghan frontier. Officially, the municipality was created in 1850.

The permanent town of Murree was constructed at Sunnybank in 1853. The church was sanctified in May 1857, and the main road, Jinnah Road, originally known as Mall Road and still commonly referred to as "The Mall"), was built. The most significant commercial establishments, the Post Office, general merchants with European goods, tailors and a millinery, were established opposite the church. Until 1947, access to Mall Road was restricted for "natives" (non-Europeans).

In the summer of 1857, a rebellion against the British broke out. The local tribes of Murree and Hazara, including the Dhund Abbasis and others, attacked the depleted British Army garrison in Murree; however, the tribes were ultimately overcome by the British and capitulated. From 1873 to 1875, Murree was the summer headquarters of the Punjab local government; after 1876 the headquarters were moved to Shimla.

The railway connection with Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province, via Rawalpindi, made Murree a popular resort for Punjab officials, and the villas and other houses erected for the accommodation of English families gave it a European aspect. The houses crowned the summit and sides of an irregular ridge, the neighboring hills were covered during the summer with encampments of British troops, while the station itself was filled with European visitors from the plains and travelers to Kashmir. It was connected with Rawalpindi by a service tangas.

It was described in the '' Gazetteer of Rawalpindi District'', 1893–94 as follows:

The sanatorium of Murree lies in north latitude 33° 54′ 30″ and east longitude 73° 26′ 30″, at an elevation of above sea level, and contained a standing population of 1,768 inhabitants, which was, however, enormously increased during the ay–Novemberseason by the influx of visitors and their attendant servants and shopkeepers. It is the most accessible hill station in the Punjab, being distant from Rawalpindi only a five hours' journey by tonga dak. Magnificent views are to be obtained in the spring and autumn of the snow crowned mountains of Kashmir; and gorgeous sunset and cloud effects seen daily during the rains uly–August Part of the station, especially the Kashmir end, are also well wooded and pretty.

In 1901, the resident population of the town was 1,844; if summer visitors had been included this could have been as high as 10,000.

In early January 2022, more than 20 people died in their vehicles from hypothermia, after being stranded on the road during a heavy snowstorm in Murree.

Climate

Murree features a monsoon-influenced subtropical highland climate (''Cwb'') under the Köppen climate classification. It is situated in the outer Himalayas, retaining high altitude. This type of area has cold, snowy winters, relatively cool summers with drastically escalated rain, in relation to lower altitudes, and frequent fog. Precipitation is received year round, with two maxima, the first one during winter and the second one at summer, July–August. Total mean precipitation annually is . Murree receives around of snow per year according to a 13-year data. Heavy snowfall starts in January and February.

Administration

The city is the headquarters of the Murree District. The district has two tehsils, Kotli Sattian and Murree. In March 2022, the Punjab Government upgraded the administrative status of Murree by posting Hassan Waqar Cheema as the first Additional Deputy Commissioner (ADC). Its status was updated from tehsil to that of a district in October 2022 after the formal appointment of a Deputy Commissioner in November 2022.

However, the caretaker Punjab Government reversed the status of District in February 2023. The Lahore High Court struck down the move after which the additional charge of the Deputy Commissioner was given to the Rawalpindi Deputy Commissioner.

In September 2023, the Punjab Government posted a Deputy Commissioner in Murree. Agha Zaheer Abbas Sherazi was posted as the second ever Deputy Commissioner on 26 September 2023. The elected government post February 2024 elections decided to stick with the upgraded status of Murree considering its pivotal importance for the tourism industry.

Localities and union councils of the Murree area:

*Bhurban
*Dewal
*Darya Gali
* Gulehra Gali
*Ghora Gali
*Jhika Gali
*Mohra Sharif
* Potha Sharif
* Sehr Bagla
*Patriata
* Phagwari
* Numbal
* Mussiari

Military

For administrative purposes in the Rawalpindi zone, the military areas of Murree are divided into two separate cantonments; Murree Hills Cantonment and Murree Galis (Kalabagh) Cantonment. Murree houses the headquarters of the 12th Infantry Division of the Pakistan Army, several educational and training institutions, and a combined military hospital established to serve Murree and adjoining garrisons.

The Pakistan Air Force also maintains a base at Lower Topa, near Patriata, with its own military boarding school for boys, PAF Public School Lower Topa.

During the British Raj, in the hot season Murree was the headquarters of the Lieutenant General of the Northern Command. The Commissioner of the Rawalpindi Division and the Deputy Commissioner of Rawalpindi also resided here during part of the season, for which period an Assistant Commissioner was placed in charge of the subdivision consisting of Murree Tehsil. The site was selected in 1850 almost immediately after the annexation of the province, and building operations commenced at once. In 1851 temporary accommodation was provided for a detachment of troops; and in 1853 permanent barracks were erected. The regular garrison generally consisted of two mountain batteries and one battalion of infantry.

Notable people

Current

*Ansar Abbasi, columnist and journalist
*Francis Younghusband, explorer
* Jonathan Addleton, American diplomat and author
* Kashif Abbasi, journalist and anchor person
* Muhammad Nawaz Abbasi, former justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and a former justice of Lahore High Court
* Muhammad Waseem (cricketer)
*Parikshit Sahni, Indian actor
* Pushpinder Singh Chopra, aviation expert
* Sadia Abbasi, politician
*Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, former Prime Minister of Pakistan
* Zafar Mahmood Abbasi, Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) of the Pakistan

Deceased

*Reginald Dyer (1864–1927), British Army officer
* Gerald Lathbury (1906–1978), British Army officer
*Muhammad Riaz Khan Abbasi (d. 1979), Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)
*Khaqan Abbasi (d. 1988), politician
* Harold Hall (1913–2004), cricketer and British civil servant
*Muztar Abbasi (1960-2004)
* Raja Ashfaq Sarwar (1954–2020), politician

Sister Cities

*Dujiangyan City, China

Notes

References

Bibliography

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External links

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Cantonments of Pakistan
Galyat of Pakistan
Populated places in Murree District
Populated places in Murree Tehsil
Hill stations in Pakistan
Resorts in Pakistan
Tourism in Punjab, Pakistan
Tourist attractions in Punjab, Pakistan
Populated places established in 1851
1851 establishments in British India
Murree District