(), is the Arabic term for intelligence, as used by an

intelligence agency An intelligence agency is a government agency responsible for the collection, Intelligence analysis, analysis, and exploitation of information in support of law enforcement, national security, military, public safety, and foreign policy obj ...

. In most of the

Middle East The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...

, the term is colloquially used for

secret police image:Putin-Stasi-Ausweis.png, 300px, Vladimir Putin's secret police identity card, issued by the East German Stasi while he was working as a Soviet KGB liaison officer from 1985 to 1989. Both organizations used similar forms of repression. Secre ...

agents who spy on civilians. Organizations using the name include:

Egypt

General Intelligence Service (Egypt) The General Intelligence Service ( ; GIS), often referred to as the Mukhabarat ( ) is an Egyptian intelligence agency, and secret police force, responsible for providing national security intelligence, both domestically and internationally.Sul ...

(Gihaz al-Mukhabarat al-Amma) *

Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance (Egypt) The Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance Administration (), is the agency of the Egyptian Ministry of Defense responsible for military intelligence. It is one of the three Egyptian intelligence services, along with the General Intelligence S ...

(Idarat El Mukhabarat El Ḥarbiya Wel Istitlaʾ)

Iraq

Iraqi Intelligence Service : The Iraqi Intelligence Service () also known as the Mukhabarat, General Intelligence Directorate, or Party Intelligence, was an 8,000-man agency and the main state intelligence organization in Iraq under Saddam Hussein. The IIS was primarily co ...

(Jihaz al-Mukhabarat al-Amma), under Saddam Hussein *

Directorate of General Military Intelligence The Iraqi Directorate of General Military Intelligence (DGMI) () was the military of Iraq, military intelligence service of Iraq from 1932 to 2003. Its responsibilities included: * Tactical and strategic reconnaissance of regimes hostile to Ir ...

(Mudiriyyat al-mukhābarāt al-'Askariyya al-'Amma), under Saddam Hussein *

Iraqi National Intelligence Service The Iraqi National Intelligence Service (INIS; ) is a civilian intelligence agency whose constitutional duties is to collect intelligence, assess threats to national security, and advise the Iraqi government. The INIS is subject to legislative ove ...

(INIS) (Jihaz al-Mukhabarat al-Watanii al-Eiraqii), since 2004

Jordan

General Intelligence Department (Jordan) Jordanian General Intelligence Department, (GID) or Mukhabarat (Arabic: ) is the primary civilian foreign and domestic intelligence agency of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. It functions as both a foreign and domestic intelligence agency as well ...

(Dairat al-Mukhabarat al-Ammah)

Libya

* Intelligence of the Jamahiriya (Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya), under

Muammar Gaddafi Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (20 October 2011) was a Libyan military officer, revolutionary, politician and political theorist who ruled Libya from 1969 until Killing of Muammar Gaddafi, his assassination by Libyan Anti-Gaddafi ...

Palestine

General Intelligence Service (Palestine) The Palestinian General Intelligence Service (GIS; ) is an intelligence agency responsible for internal security and intelligence within the Palestinian territories. It was established in 1994 as part of the Palestinian Authority's efforts to cre ...

(jihaz al-mukhābarāt al-ʻĀmmah) * Palestinian Military Intelligence Service (al-mukhābarāt al-'Askariyah)

Saudi Arabia

General Intelligence Presidency The General Intelligence Presidency (GIP) ( ) is the primary intelligence agency of Saudi Arabia. Structure The highest authority for GIP is the King of Saudi Arabia, King Salman. In accordance with Article 60 of the Basic Law, he has the aut ...

(Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah)

Sudan

General Intelligence Service (Sudan) The General Intelligence Service or Directorate of General Intelligence Service () is the intelligence service of the Government of Sudan, federal government of Sudan, created in July 2019 from the former National Intelligence and Security Serv ...

(jihaz al-mukhābarāt al-ʻĀmmah)

Syria

Ba'athist era

* National Security Bureau (Maktab al'Amn Alwatanii) *

Political Security Directorate The Political Security Directorate (PSD, ) was an intelligence service of Ba'athist Syria. It was divided into an Internal Security Department and an External Security Department. Intelligence division was affiliated to the Ministry of Interior. ...

(Idarat al-Amn al-Siyasi) *

Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria) The Military Intelligence Directorate (MID; ) was the military intelligence service of Ba'athist Syria until 2024. Although its roots go back to the French mandate period, its current organization was established in 1969.Air Force Intelligence Directorate The Air Force Intelligence Directorate () was an intelligence service of Ba'athist Syria from 1970 until 2024, owing its importance to Hafez al-Assad's role as the Air Force commander. Despite its name, it was mainly involved with issues other t ...

(Idarat al-Mukhabarat al-Jawiyya) *

General Intelligence Directorate (Syria) The General Intelligence Directorate (), also known as the ''General Security Directorate'' or ''Syrian GID'', was the most important civil intelligence service of former Ba'athist Syria and played an important role of suppressing the people of ...

(Idarat al-Mukhabarat al-Amma)

Post-Ba'athist era

* General Intelligence Service (Jihāz al-Mukhābarāt al-‘Āmmā)

References

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